History cannot forget how 3 million Jews in Poland became 5,. Poland knows best.

As the smartest people in the world, Jews have made great contributions to the world economy, society and science and technology. Jews claim to be "God's voters", but in modern times, Jews have suffered the most, and many European countries have given up their worries. The Second World War even massacred Jews, which drastically reduced the number of Jews. It is in this cruel living environment that Jews establish their own country independently. If Jews continue to live with the rest of Europe, maybe the country of Israel will not exist.

good memories

Jews have a long history in Poland. In the 9th century, Jews came to Poland to live in succession. For the early Jews in Poland, people seldom know where they came from and their early living conditions in Poland. But historians believe that these Jews came to Poland from the Black Sea coast and then through southeastern Russia. However, Jews moved to Poland on a large scale and established Jewish settlements, which was in the Crusade era from the 11th century to the 13th century. There are also some Jews from Poland's neighboring country-Germany.

After the Crusade, the Christian forces gradually strengthened in Europe. At this time, Jews who believed in Judaism had conflicts with Christians, and Jews were discriminated against and persecuted, and some were even slaughtered. When Poland surrendered to the German emperor in the 1th century and believed in Catholicism, Germans moved to sparsely populated Poland.

Later, Poland was constantly invaded by Russia in the east, and Poland was willing to immigrate to Poland, so Jews persecuted in Central and Western Europe also came to live in Poland.

We all know that Jews are born to do business, so the economic life of Poland has changed after Jews came to Poland. Poland is very tolerant of Jews. In 1264, the Polish ruler issued a decree to protect Jews and protect their lives and property. And the tax burden is the same as that of Christians. People are not allowed to insult Jewish cemeteries and churches.

The trade that Jews engaged in brought benefits to Poland. In the 14th century, Poland further used laws to protect Jewish trade and transportation and Jewish rights. It is Poland's tolerant and preferential policies that make a large number of Jews flock to Poland. It can be said that Jews at this time were not only pioneers of Polish economy and society, but also the most beautiful period for Jews.

Jews mainly engage in commercial trade with Russia, Poland and Germany in the Polish economy. In fact, Jews are a middleman in Poland. Jews also formed caravans to transport various commodities and goods in three countries. There are also some Jews who act as brokers between the Polish royal family and nobles. Because the Jews can manage it, many Polish nobles are willing to let the Jews manage their surplus real estate and gain profits. Jews also collected taxes and products from farmers, and then gave them to the Polish royal family and nobles. It has become an intermediate link between the upper and lower levels in Poland. Jews are also engaged in food processing, wine, wood and clothing, making Jews an indispensable class in Poland. But at this time, Jews were limited to economic life and could not have political privileges.

Poland's tolerance for Jews is mainly due to economic interests, but Christianity in Poland excludes Jews in life, and even excludes Jews from living areas. The Polish church even issued a fatwa to prevent Jews from living with Christians, so Jews can only live in a corner of the city or on the edge of the country. Christians even claimed that Jews sacrificed their blood to God, and that Jews defiled the holy bread, so conflicts between religions occurred from time to time. At this time, Jews can only choose to live between the upper class in Poland and the church.

Although Jews in ancient Poland were rejected by Christians, on the whole, Jews lived in a relaxed and free environment in ancient Poland, and the number of Jews at that time was also increasing. By the end of the 15th century, after the merger of Poland and Lithuania, there were 15, Jews in Poland, and by 165, there were 5, Jews in hundreds of Jewish settlements in Poland, making Poland the region with the largest number of Jews in the world at that time.

The Jewish community in Poland had a great degree of autonomy in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Jewish community in every city and region had an elected management committee, which was responsible for the educational welfare and other daily affairs of the Jewish community, and collected taxes on behalf of * * *. The management Committee is also responsible for dealing with non-Jews and urging Jews to abide by state regulations. The management Committee is not responsible for protecting Jews who are hurt by not complying with the regulations.

members of the Jewish community management Committee are all "rabbis". They strictly manage community affairs in Judaism, educate Jews in Judaism, and manage facilities such as synagogues and cemeteries. For example, in 156, the Jews in Poland also set up a "four-province conference", which was the highest legislative and executive body of the Jews in Poland and regulated and bound the Jewish community in Poland. This relaxed autonomous environment of Jews continued until the 18th century, during which Jews gradually developed the research system and school of Talmud, which can be said to lay the foundation for the continuation of Jewish "roots".

miserable life

Jews' beautiful and free life in Poland was disturbed and impacted by the mid-17th century. According to historical records, the rise of religious power in Europe is the beginning of the tragic life of Jews. At that time, the power of the Roman Catholic Church rose, and Catholic violence against Jews began to increase. According to historical records, in 1648, Cossacks in Poland were dissatisfied with Polish rule, and they began to oppose the rule of Polish nobles under the leadership of Mirni Tsky. Later, Polish farmers joined the rebels. Because Jews collect taxes for Polish nobles, the insurgents hate Jews the most. The Polish peasant uprising killed many Polish nobles and Jews. According to the records, the uprising resulted in the killing of 2, people, one third of whom were Jews. According to records, in 1768, Cossacks launched an uprising in Uman area, and a large number of Jews were killed in the uprising.

The good life of Jews in Poland began to suffer heavy losses, and at the end of the 17th century, the Polish ruling class, which Jews served, was also weak. The Russian forces in the east are rising, and the Prussian Empire is eyeing up in the west. It is impossible for Jews to rely on the protection of the Polish ruling class. Many Jews are poor because they cannot engage in trade.

In the mid-18th century, one third of Jews became marginalized, living in towns and villages, and they were scattered. In some villages, there are only one or two families of Jews, who live scattered and have a small number, so that Jews have no self-defense ability at all. At this time, the Jewish autonomy system was also abolished. In 1764, the Polish Parliament dissolved the four provincial parliaments and directly taxed Jews.

With the political turmoil in Poland, it is impossible for Jews to engage in international trade, which directly leads to the economic depression in Poland. Faced with poverty, some Jews began to believe in mysticism, and Jews hoped for a savior. At this time, a Jew named Shabetai Zevi took advantage of the hope of the Jews to become Frank, claiming that he could save the Jews, so a large number of Jewish believers gathered around him, but the Polish rulers quickly drove Frank away. Jewish hopes were dashed, and soon the Hasidic Sect appeared again.

For the Hasidic Sect, traditional Judaism regards it as a heresy and does not recognize its existence. However, in the turbulent life in Poland, the Hasidic movement was recognized by Jews and developed in eastern Poland. This Sect is mainly supported by the Jewish underclass. Hasidic school also has positive activities, asking people to cheer up, opposing pessimistic and world-weary thoughts, and asking Jews to find comfort in their faith. Now this Sect still has a great influence among Jews.

at the end of 18th century, Poland was carved up by the three countries of Russia and Austria for three times, and then it was erased from the earth by the three countries. A large number of Jews living in eastern Poland were ruled by Russia. The tragic life of Jews is more serious, because Roman Catholicism is more secular and Orthodox Christianity is more hostile to Jews.

when the tsar ruled eastern Poland, Jews were required to live in residential areas and pay double taxes. Young Jews will serve in the Russian army for 25 years. Russia also required young and strong Jews to convert to the Orthodox Church through repression. But at this time, the Jewish life in western Europe has changed, because after the French Revolution, the suppression of Jews was not so strict. So Jews in Eastern Europe and Polish Jews began to participate in their own independent liberation movements.

In 1881, after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, there was a wave of anti-Jews in Eastern Europe, and Russia immediately issued the "May Decree" to expel Jews from the ghetto, and a large number of Jews were massacred. Jews living in Eastern Europe had to move westward. Some Jews took this opportunity to go to the United States, while others with Zionist ideas went to Palestine in the Middle East. Some of these Polish Jews became the first leaders of Israel's founding, such as Sharit, Bei Jing, Perez and Chamil.

cruel fate

since the persecution of Jews living in Poland in the 17th century, the status of Jews has gone from bad to worse until Poland was destroyed. By World War I, after Poland's restoration, there were three million Jews in Poland, and it remained the largest Jewish country in the world. Warsaw, in particular, is one third Jewish and the largest Jewish city in the world.

The real cruel life of Jews in Poland came during World War II. In September, 1939, German fascists occupied Poland by lightning. After occupying Poland, German fascists, who hated Jews deeply, brutally massacred Jews. Jews live in isolation and wear Jewish signs. Jews live a miserable life in the isolation zone, where 5 thousand people died of disease.

Germany also forced Jews to do the hardest work. By 1941, Germany carried out mass extermination of Jews. They massacred Jews on a large scale, drove them to concentration camps, shot them in batches, and even poisoned them with poison gas and burned evidence.

During this period, Jews also rebelled, and some Jews formed guerrillas against the Germans. However, due to the disparity in strength, more than 6, Jewish protesters were killed or captured and sent to concentration camps, and only a few hundred people escaped.

After World War II, there were only 74, Jews left in Poland, out of more than 3 million. More than 2, Jewish communities were destroyed, and only 2 communities still had a small number of Jews. It can be seen that Jews in Poland were almost extinct during World War II. Shortly after World War II, there was even an anti-Semitic movement in Botswana. According to records, in 1946, a brutal anti-Semitic incident occurred in Kerce province, Poland, and the surviving Jews fled to the United States and Palestine. At present, there are only more than 5, Jews left in Poland. Such a small number has to be thought-provoking.

Now there is a strange phenomenon. If you want to travel to Poland, never say "Polish concentration camp", you may be detained illegally. Because now in Poland, it is stipulated by law that Nazi Germany killed Jews in those years, which has nothing to do with Poles. But Israelis don't think so. They know how the number of Jews in Poland has dropped from more than 3 million to more than 5,.

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