The Secret of Science: Why is Jupiter in the solar system called the scariest in the universe?

Io: You will be evaporated by melting seawater and radiation.

Io is the largest satellite of Jupiter and the most active volcanic group in the whole solar system. The whole planet is covered with molten magma, which can be sprayed up to 200 miles high.

Europa: You will freeze to death by salt water.

The whole surface of Europa is covered with ice, just like a giant marble ball. Scientists infer that there is a sea of salt under the ice, but you will freeze to death before drilling through that ice.

Jupiter: You will be crushed by pressure and electrocuted by storms.

Jupiter, the most horrible planet in the universe, if you decide to go to Jupiter, you will be immediately imploded by the greatest pressure in the whole solar system and electrocuted by hundreds of storms in the atmosphere. Jupiter is a giant liquid hydrogen star. With the increase of depth, liquid hydrogen is formed in the high pressure and high temperature environment at a distance of 1000 meters from the surface. It is speculated that the center of Jupiter is a nuclear region composed of silicate and iron, and the composition and density of matter are in constant transition.

Jupiter is one of the four gas planets (also known as wood-like planets): a planet that is not mainly composed of solid matter. It is the largest planet in the solar system with an equatorial diameter of 142984 km. The density of Jupiter is 1.326? G/cm? , ranked second among gas planets, but far below the four categories of terrestrial planets in the solar system.

ingredient

Jupiter's upper atmosphere consists of about 88-92% hydrogen and about 8- 12% helium by volume or gas molecular percentage. Because the mass of helium atom is four times that of hydrogen atom, when discussing the mass composition of Jupiter, the proportion will change: hydrogen and helium account for 75% and 24% of the total mass in the atmosphere respectively, and the remaining 1% is other elements, including trace methane, water vapor, ammonia and silicon compounds. In addition, Jupiter also contains trace amounts of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, sulfur and other substances. There are frozen ammonia crystals in the outermost layer of the atmosphere. Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene and hydrocarbons were also found on Jupiter.

The ratio of hydrogen to helium in Jupiter's atmosphere is very close to the theoretical composition of the original solar nebula. However, the inert gas in Jupiter's atmosphere is two to three times that of the sun. Neon in the upper atmosphere accounts for only 20 millionths of the total mass, which is about one tenth of that of the sun. Helium is almost exhausted, but the proportion of helium in the sun is still 80%. This gap may be caused by the precipitation of elements into the planet.

According to spectral analysis, Saturn is considered to be the most similar to Jupiter, but other gas planets, Uranus and Neptune, have lower ratios of hydrogen and helium. Because there is no analysis of the actual penetration of the spacecraft into the atmosphere, planets other than Jupiter still do not have accurate data on the number of heavy elements. Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of other planets in the solar system. Because of its huge mass, the center of mass of the solar system is located outside the surface of the sun, and the radius from the center of the sun is 1.068. Although Jupiter's diameter is 1 1 times that of the earth, it is very huge, but its density is very low, so Jupiter's volume is 132 1 times that of the earth, but its mass is only 3 18 times that of the earth. Jupiter's radius is one tenth of the radius of the sun, and its mass is only one thousandth of the mass of the sun, so the density of the two is similar. "Jupiter mass" (MJ or MJup) is usually used as a unit of mass to describe other celestial bodies, especially exoplanets and brown dwarfs. So, for example, exoplanet HD? 209458? The mass of B is 0.69 MJ, while the mass of Andromeda κb is 12.8 MJ.

Theoretical models show that if Jupiter's mass is larger than it is now, not just its present mass, then it will continue to shrink. If the mass changes slightly, the radius of Jupiter will not change obviously, but only when the mass of the earth is about 500 (1.6MJup). Although with the increase of mass, the interior will shrink due to the increase of pressure. Therefore, Jupiter is considered as a planet that has almost reached the maximum radius determined by the planetary structure and evolution history. With the increase of mass, the contraction process will continue until it reaches the perceptible star formation mass, which is about 50MJup of high-quality brown dwarfs.

However, it takes 75 times the mass of Jupiter to make hydrogen stably fuse into a star. The smallest red dwarf has a radius of only about 30% of Jupiter's. Despite this, Jupiter still releases more energy. It receives energy from the sun, and the energy generated internally is almost equal to the total energy received from the sun. This extra heat is generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism through contraction. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2 cm every year. Jupiter was a little bigger when it was formed.