Who is Newton?

In the young Newton's time, Newton was born into a peasant family in Walsop, Lincolnshire, England on Christmas Eve. Newton was a premature baby, weighing only 3 pounds at birth. Both the midwife and his mother are worried about whether he will survive. No one expected that this seemingly insignificant little thing would become a giant of science and live to be 85 years old.

Three months before Newton was born, his father died. His mother remarried when he was two years old. Newton was raised by his grandmother from then on. 1 1 years old, Newton returned to his mother after her husband died. Newton was sent to a public school at the age of five, and entered a middle school at the age of 12. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was a teenager. He has average qualifications and average grades, but he likes reading books, reading books that introduce various simple mechanical model making methods, and being inspired by them, he makes some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns and so on. A windmill is being built near the pharmacist's house. After understanding the mechanical principle of windmill, Newton made a small windmill himself. It is not the wind that drives his windmill, but the animals. He tied the mouse to a treadmill with wheels, and then put a corn in front of the wheel, just out of the mouse's reach. The mouse wants to eat corn, so it keeps running, so the wheel keeps turning. He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the water bell will automatically drop water on his face to wake him up.

Later, forced by life, his mother asked Newton to drop out of school and farm at home. But Newton was not interested in agriculture, so he buried a book whenever he had the chance. Every time, when his mother told him to go to the market with his servant and get familiar with the business, he begged the servant to go shopping alone, while he hid behind a tree and read a book. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious and followed Newton to the listed town. He found his nephew sprawled on the grass, absorbed in a math problem. Newton's studious spirit touched his uncle, so he persuaded his mother to let Newton return to school. Newton went back to school and drew nutrition from books. He wrote a poem called "Three Crowns", which expressed his willingness to endure pain in order to realize his ideal of devoting himself to science:

The secular crown, I despise it as the dust under my feet, it is heavy, and the best is just emptiness; But now I am happy to welcome the crown of thorns. Although it hurts, the taste is mainly sweet. I saw the crown of glory before me. It is full of happiness and eternity.

Young Newton Newton 19 entered Cambridge University and became a fee-reducing student at Trinity College. He pays his tuition by doing housework for the university. Here, Newton began to contact a large number of natural science works, and often attended various lectures held by the college, including geography, physics, astronomy and mathematics. Isaac Newton's first professor? Barrow is a learned scholar. The scholar had a unique vision and saw that Newton had profound observation and keen understanding. So he taught Newton all his mathematical knowledge, including the method of calculating the area of curve graphics, and led Newton to the research field of modern natural science.

Newton later recalled: "Dr. Barrow taught courses in kinematics at that time, and perhaps it was these courses that prompted me to study this problem."

Newton relied heavily on teaching himself mathematics at that time. He studied Euclid's Elements of Geometry, Descartes' Geometry, Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum, Barrow's lectures on mathematics and the works of many mathematicians. Among them, Descartes' Geometry and Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum had a decisive influence on Newton and led him to the forefront of mathematics at that time-analytic geometry and calculus. 1664, Newton was elected as Barrow's assistant, and the next year, the Council of Cambridge University passed the decision to grant Newton a bachelor's degree.

Just as Newton was preparing to stay in school for further study, a serious plague swept through Britain, so Cambridge University closed and Newton left school for home. The quiet environment in his hometown made his thoughts spread their wings and fly, with the whole universe as a barrier. This short time became the golden age of Newton's scientific career, and his three great achievements: calculus, gravitation and optical analysis were conceived and formed at this time. It can be said that Newton at this time has begun to describe the blueprint of most scientific creations in his life.

Shortly after the weird Easter in Newton's year, Newton returned to Cambridge University and was elected as the junior college committee of Trinity College in June+10, 5438. He obtained his master's degree the following year and became the senior college committee. 1669, Barrow resigned as a professor to help Newton, and Newton, 26, was promoted to professor of mathematics. Barrow's resignation has always been a story in the history of science.

Newton was not good at teaching. He taught the newly discovered calculus, which the students could not accept. But his ability to solve difficult problems is far superior to others. When he was a student, Newton found a way to calculate infinity. He used this secret method to calculate the hyperbolic area to 250 digits. He once bought a prism at a high price as a tool for scientific research and used it to test the decomposition of white light into colored light. At first, he didn't want to publish his observations. His discovery is just a personal pastime, in order to amuse himself in silent research. He wandered alone in the super world he created. Later, under the persuasion of his good friend Harley, he reluctantly agreed to publish his own manuscript, and the epoch-making masterpiece Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy came out.

As a university professor, Newton was often too busy to be slovenly. He often walks into the university dining room without a tie, garter and breeches. Once, when he proposed to a girl, he was distracted again and only remembered the infinite binomial theorem. He grabbed the girl's finger, mistook it for a pipe, and forced it into the pipe, causing the girl to leave him screaming. Newton never got married because of this.

Newton took his time to observe the little things in daily life and made great discoveries in the history of science. He was sloppy and made a lot of jokes. On one occasion, he boiled eggs while reading a book. When he opened the pot to eat eggs, he found a pocket watch in the pot. On another occasion, he invited a friend to dinner. When the meal was ready, Newton suddenly thought of a problem and went into the back room alone. My friend waited for him for a long time, but he didn't come out. My friend ate all the chicken by himself and left the chicken bones on the plate without saying goodbye. Newton remembered and came out and found the bones on the plate. He thought he had eaten them, so he turned back to the back room and continued to study his problems.

Great Achievements Among all Newton's scientific contributions, mathematical achievements occupy a prominent position. The first creative achievement in his mathematical career was the discovery of binomial theorem. According to Newton's own memory, it was in the winters of 1664 and 1665 that he discovered this truth when he was studying Dr. Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum and trying to revise his series of seeking the area of a circle.

The establishment of calculus is Newton's most outstanding mathematical achievement. Newton founded this mathematical theory, which is directly related to physical concepts, in order to solve the problem of motion. Newton called it "flow counting". Some specific problems it deals with, such as tangent problem, quadrature problem, instantaneous velocity problem, maximum and minimum value of function, have been studied before Newton. But Newton surpassed his predecessors. From a higher angle, he integrated the scattered efforts in the past, unified all kinds of skills to solve infinitesimal problems since ancient Greece into two common algorithms-differential and integral, and established the reciprocal relationship between these two operations, thus completing the most critical step in the invention of calculus, providing the most effective tool for the development of modern science and opening up a new era of mathematics.

In, Newton's algebra lecture notes were published and named General Arithmetic. He mainly discussed the basis of algebra and its application in solving various problems. This book states the basic concepts and operations of algebra, illustrates how to transform various problems into algebraic equations with a large number of examples, and deeply discusses the roots and properties of equations, thus achieving fruitful results in equation theory. For example, he drew the relationship between the root of the equation and its discriminant, and pointed out that the power sum of the root of the equation can be determined by the coefficient of the equation, that is, Newton's power sum formula.

Newton contributed to both analytic geometry and synthetic geometry. In Analytic Geometry published by 1736, he introduced the center of curvature, gave the concept of closed line circle (or curve circle), and put forward the curvature formula and the curvature calculation method of curve. And summed up many of my own research results into a monograph "Counting Cubic Curves", which was published in 1704. In addition, his mathematical work involves numerical analysis, probability theory, elementary number theory and many other fields.

Newton was a natural pioneer of classical mechanical theory. He systematically summarized the work of Galileo, Kepler and Huygens, and got the famous laws of gravity and Newton's three laws of motion.

Newton's discovery of the law of universal gravitation is his most brilliant achievement in the field of natural science. It was during holidays, and Newton often came to his mother's house and sat in the garden for a while. Once, as it happened many times before, an apple fell from the tree. The accidental landing of an apple is a turning point in the history of human thought, which opens the mind of the person sitting in the garden and causes him to ponder: What is the reason why almost all objects are attracted by the center of the earth? Newton mused. Finally, he discovered the gravity which is of epoch-making significance to mankind. He believes that the sun attracts planets and planets attract planets, and all objects on the ground are forces of the same nature. He also used calculus to prove that the sun's force on the planet in Kepler's law is attractive, and proved that any particle moving in a curve, if its radius points to a stationary point or moves in a straight line at a constant speed, will be affected by the centripetal force pointing to that point. If the square of the circle period is proportional to the cube of the radius, then the centripetal force is the square of the radius. Newton also proved that there is gravity between any two objects through a lot of experiments, and summed up the law of universal gravitation:

(m 1 and m2 are the masses of two objects, and r is the distance between two objects). At the same time, Ryan, Harley, Hooke and other scientists are exploring the mysteries of celestial motion, among which Hooke is more prominent. He had long known inverse square law of gravity, but he lacked Newton's mathematical talent and could not get a quantitative expression.

Newton's three laws of motion are the theoretical basis of classical mechanics. These laws are summarized on the basis of a large number of experiments and are the basic theoretical basis for solving mechanical motion problems.

In, Newton published his masterpiece Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which is a classic work of mechanics. In this book, Newton set out from the basic concepts of mechanics (mass, momentum, inertia, force) and the basic laws (three laws of motion), and established a complete and rigorous classical mechanical system by using the sharp mathematical tool of calculus invented by him, which unified celestial mechanics with ground object mechanics and realized the first large-scale synthesis in the history of physics.

Newton also made great achievements in optics. He used a prism to test the decomposition of white light into colored light and discovered the composition of white light for the first time. He accurately analyzed the refractive index of various colors of light and explained the essence of dispersion phenomenon. He pointed out that due to the different refractive index and reflectivity of different colors of light, the color difference of objects was caused, thus revealing the mystery of color. Newton also put forward the "particle theory" of light, thinking that light is formed by particles and takes the fastest straight-line motion path. His "particle theory" and Huygens' "wave theory" later formed two basic theories about light. In addition, he also made Newton color wheel, reflective telescope and other optical instruments.

Newton's research field is very extensive, and he has made important achievements in almost every scientific field he set foot in. He has studied thermometry, observed the fixed temperature when water boils or solidifies, studied the cooling law of overheated objects, and other topics that are only inferior to his main achievements.

With the improvement of Newton's scientific prestige in his later years, Newton's political status was also improved. 1689 was elected as a university representative in the National Assembly. As a congressman, Newton gradually began to alienate the science that brought him great achievements. From time to time, he expresses his disgust at the field he represents. At the same time, he spent a lot of time arguing with Hooke, Leibniz and other famous contemporary scientists about the priority of science.

Newton lived a splendid life in London in his later years. 1705, he was made an aristocrat by Queen Anne. Newton was very rich at this time and was generally regarded as the greatest scientist alive. He was the chairman of the Royal Society. During his twenty-four years in office, he ruled the society with an iron fist. No one can be elected without his consent.

In his later years, Newton began to devote himself to theological research. He denied the guiding role of philosophy, sincerely believed in God, and buried himself in writing theological works. When he met the inexplicable celestial movement, he put forward the fallacy of "God is the first driving force". He said, "God rules all things, and we are his servants, so we fear him." .

March 20, 2008, the great Isaac? Newton passed away. Like many other outstanding Englishmen, he was buried in Westminster Abbey. His tombstone is engraved with:

Let people cheer that there was such a great human glory in the world.