What are the four famous museums in the world?

The four major museums in the world refer to the Louvre in France, the British Museum in Britain, the Tashi Museum in Elmy, and the Metropolitan Museum in the United States. They are called the four great art halls in the world.

British Museum

The world's first museum open to the public

The British Museum, also known as the British Museum, is the national museum of Britain, located in the Great Russell Square, north of New Oxford Street in London, England.

As early as 1753, Sir hans sloane, a British physician, naturalist and collector, left a will before his death, and donated all his 71, personal collections, a large number of plant specimens, books and manuscripts to the country. The state accepted his gift and approved the establishment of the British Museum on June 7, 1753. At the beginning of the museum's establishment, most of its collections consisted of books, manuscripts, natural specimens of some cultural relics (including coins, badges, prints and sketches) and ethnography of cultural studies. In 1757, King George II donated the books of the "Old Royal Library" of the British monarch to the museum.

On January 15th, 1759, the British Museum was officially opened to the public, becoming the first museum in the world open to the public, and all "people who are eager to learn" can enter for free. Since then, the collection has become increasingly rich, and the government has expanded it many times. By the early 19th century, the museum had many well-known collections, including Rosetta Stone, Tonley's classical sculpture collection and Parthenon sculpture. In 1823, George IV donated his father's library, the King's Library, as a gift to the country, which prompted the construction of the quadrangle building designed by Sir Robert Smirke today. In 1824, the museum built a new building in the north of the original montague Building, which was completed in 184. The old montague Building was demolished soon after. Shortly after the completion of the new museum, a circular reading room open to the public was built in the yard.

In p>1851, Sir augustus wollaston Franks was appointed to the museum to be responsible for the collection and management of British and medieval historical materials. Franks expanded his collection to new areas, not only collecting British and medieval antiquities, but also collecting information on prehistory, ethnology and archaeology in Europe and outside Europe, as well as Asian artworks and other cultural relics, thus enriching the museum's collection. In order to provide more space for the increasing collections in the museum, the natural history collections were moved to the new museum in south kensington District in the 198s, and the British Museum specializes in collecting archaeological relics. In 19, the museum was divided again, and books, manuscripts and other contents were separated to form a new British library, which became a part of the British Museum.

In the early 21st century, the museum continued to expand its public buildings, and in 28 and 29, four new permanent exhibition halls were built and opened, including China Pottery Museum and percival Davide Collection Museum. At present, the museum is preparing for the next major architectural project-the World Conservation and Exhibition Center.

British Museum area

At present, the core building of the British Museum covers an area of about 56, square meters. On both sides of the main entrance of the museum, there are eight thick and tall Roman columns. The grand atrium is located in the center of the British Museum and is the largest covered square in Europe. The top of the square is made up of 1656 pieces of glass with strange shapes. In the center of the square is the reading room of the British Museum, which is open to the public. The whole museum has more than 1 exhibition rooms, including Egyptian Museum, Greek and Roman Museum, Western Asia Museum, European Medieval Museum and Oriental Art Museum, covering an area of 67, square meters, and * * * has more than 8 million exhibits. Among them, the treasure of the town hall is Yani's Book of the Dead, which was written on papyrus around 13 BC, with a total length of 24 meters and a length of 6 chapters, depicting the mantras and conventions needed for the deceased to obtain eternal life in the afterlife. Oriental cultural relics in the collection include works of art from China, India, Japan, Korea, Persia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, etc. Among China's collections, Gu Kaizhi, a painter of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is the most eye-catching, while exquisite Shang and Zhou bronzes and a large number of Dunhuang cultural relics brought to Britain by Stein are also extremely important treasures. Ancient Roman relics, ancient Greek statues and Egyptian mummies are also famous in the world.

except for a few months in 1972, which was the sum of the two world wars, the British Museum has always been open to the public free of charge, and the number of visitors has increased from more than 5, per year to more than 6 million today.

Louvre Museum in France

Overview of the Palace of European Art History

Located on the north bank (right bank) of the Seine River in the center of Paris, France, Louvre is one of the oldest, largest and most famous museums in the world. Founded in 124, it has reached today's scale after more than 8 years of expansion and reconstruction. The Louvre covers an area of about 45 hectares (including lawn), and the building covers an area of 4.8 hectares. The overall building is U-shaped and divided into new and old parts. The old one was built in the period of Louis XIV, and the new one was built in the period of Napoleon. The pyramid-shaped glass entrance in front of the palace was designed by Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei.

As early as during the Crusade, Philip II built a castle leading to the Seine River here in 124 to defend the Paris area on the north bank, which was mainly used to store royal archives and treasures, as well as his dogs and prisoners of war. At that time, it was called the Louvre. During the Charles V period, the Louvre was used as a palace, which made it a completely different building. In the next 35 years, with the increasing demands of the royal aristocrats for pleasure, they constantly added gorgeous towers and unique rooms. However, for the next 15 years, there was no king living in the Louvre.

In the middle of 16th century, after Francis I succeeded to the throne, he demolished the palace. He ordered the architect Pierre Leiskow to rebuild a palace on the basis of the original castle. Francis also asked the famous painters at that time to paint portraits for him. He worshipped Italian painters and bought paintings by Faello, the most famous painter in Italy at that time, including the Mona Lisa and other treasures. After Francis I's son Henry II ascended the throne, he rebuilt what his father had destroyed.

During his reign, Henry IV spent 13 years building the most spectacular part of the Louvre-the Grand Gallery. This is a 3-meter-long gorgeous corridor, which is very long. Henry planted trees here, raised birds and dogs, and even rode a horse to chase foxes in the corridor. Louis XIV is a famous king in French history. He is called "the king of the sun". He was only five years old when he became king, and he has been king in the Louvre for 72 years-the longest reigning king in French history. Louis XIV built the Louvre into a square courtyard and built a magnificent gallery outside the courtyard. He bought paintings from various European schools, including works by Kashday, Rembrandt and others. He was obsessed with art and architecture all his life, which made the treasury of France empty. During the reign of Louis XVI, the famous Revolution of 1789 broke out, and the first guillotine of the French revolution was established in the courtyard of the "Arena" in the Louvre. On May 27th, 1792, the National Assembly announced that the Louvre would belong to the public and become a public museum. On August 1th, 1793, the Louvre Art Museum officially opened to the public and became a museum. Since then, the collection here has been increasing, not to mention the artistic tribute that Napoleon requisitioned from those conquered countries.

At present, the number of artworks recorded in the collection catalogue of the museum has reached 4,, which consists of seven parts and six exhibition halls, including ancient Egyptian art, ancient oriental art, ancient Greek and ancient Roman art, medieval Renaissance sculpture art, modern sculpture art, arts and crafts and painting art.. Among them, the treasures of the town hall are: the statue of Venus on the island of Milos, the statue of the goddess of victory without a head and broken arms, and the rare and famous painting Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci. It is no exaggeration to say that the Louvre has become an art palace for a comprehensive survey of European history. However, it is difficult for visitors to see "its full face" because its six exhibition halls are basically open only on Mondays and Wednesdays, and the remaining four days are open in turn, and only half of them are open on Sundays, and the exhibits on display only account for three-fifths of the total collection.

Tashi Museum in Elmy, Russia

Large Palace of Art and Culture

Tashi Museum in Elmy, also known as hermitage museum, is located on the Neva River in St. Petersburg, Russia. Designed by the famous architect Rastrelli, the Winter Palace is an outstanding example of Russian baroque architecture in the middle of 18th century.

In the second half of the 18th century, the Russian Queen Catherine II, who loved collecting, set aside a part of the house in the Winter Palace to store 25 paintings of Rembrandt, Rubens and others she bought from Berlin, and called the place where she treasured these things "Elmy Tashi". The word "Elmy Tashi" comes from French, which means a quiet place. Later, in order to show his power, Catherine II continuously acquired and collected various kinds of artworks in large quantities, and kept his collection here one after another. With the increase of the collection, from 1764 to 1789, the Little Hermitage and the Great Elmy Tashi were built successively, becoming veritable private museums. After the death of katerina II, the owners of the Winter Palace in the past dynasties have continuously enriched and improved the museums in this palace, and the collections are increasing day by day. In 1852, in order to show off the elegance of these collections to the society, the czar government officially opened them to the public after sorting them out. At that time, the whole palace had three floors, about 23 meters long, 14 meters wide and 22 meters high. It was a closed rectangle, covering an area of 9, square meters and a construction area of over 46, square meters.

Before February p>1917, the Winter Palace was the palace of the czar, and was later occupied by the bourgeois provisional government. On November 7, 1917, the uprising crowd captured the Winter Palace. In the early days of the Great Patriotic War, in order to ensure the safety of the collection, the museum transported 1.118 million pieces to Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the rear for preservation. The rest of the collections were tightly sealed in the basement of the museum until the end of the war, and the collections transported to the rear returned to their original places.

In p>1922, the new government allocated the original official residence and the whole winter palace to Tashi, Elmy, and formally established the Tashi Museum in Elmy. Since then, the Tashi Museum in Elmy consists of the Winter Palace, Little Hermitage, Old Elmy Tashi, New Elmy Tashi, the Winter Palace Reserve and the Tashi Theatre in Elmy, which can accommodate more than 5 spectators. It has eight departments, including the Primitive Culture Department, the Ancient Greek and Roman World Department, the Oriental National Culture Department, the Russian Cultural History Department, the Coin Department, the Western European Art Department, the Science Education Department and the Restoration and Preservation Department, with a collection of more than 2.7 million pieces. The paintings in the collection are world-famous. From the oldest religious paintings in Byzantium to the modern paintings by Matisse and Picasso, and other impressionists, there are more than 15,8 post-impressionist paintings. Among them, two portraits of the Madonna by Italian Leonardo da Vinci, the picture of the Madonna and the Son and Sancta familia by Raphael, The Return of the Prodigal Son by Rembrandt in the Netherlands, and famous paintings by Titian, Rubens, Velasquez, Renoir and others are extremely precious. In addition, there are 12, sculptures, more than 6, line drawings, more than 1 million coin medals and commemorative medals, and 224, practical artworks. The museum's exhibits are displayed in more than 4 exhibition halls in geographical and chronological order, including special exhibitions such as gold and silver utensils, clothing, gifts, paintings and handicrafts, and the original display of bedrooms, dining rooms, lounges and reception rooms in the Tsar era. The treasure of the town hall is the "sitting statue of Voltaire". The Oriental Art Museum of the museum has 16, exhibits since 4 BC, including thousands of ancient Egyptian artifacts, such as sarcophagus, mummies, reliefs, papyrus documents, sacrificial articles and Coptic textiles, the world's largest Iranian silverware, and cultural relics from Babylon, Assyria, Turkey and other countries. The most striking thing in the museum is the exhibition hall of Peter the Great, which displays collections such as clothes worn by Peter the Great, medals worn, weapons used and his portraits, some of which are made by himself. In a glass cabinet in the exhibition hall, there is a wax sitting statue of Peter the Great, whose hair is the real hair of Peter the Great himself, reappearing the majestic appearance of the monarch. There is a wooden pole next to the portrait, and a line is engraved at the top of the wooden pole more than two meters to show that Peter the Great is more than two meters tall.

It is reported that the exhibition line of Tashi Museum in Elmy is 3 kilometers long, and it is known as the longest art gallery in the world. It will take more than 4 hours to complete the journey at normal speed. If you stay in front of each exhibit for 1 minute and count it as 8 hours a day, it will take 11 years.

The Metropolitan Museum of New York

The largest museum in the western hemisphere

The Metropolitan Museum of New York, also known as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the new york City Museum, is located on 82nd Street on Fifth Avenue in new york, USA, far from the famous American Museum of Natural History.

The origin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York can be traced back to 1866. At an American Independence Day celebration held in the Boulogne Forest, john jay, the grandson and lawyer of the first justice of the US Supreme Court, declared that it was time for Americans to set up their own art museum, and organized a preparatory committee shortly thereafter. In 187, the New York State Legislature approved the Statutes of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the museum was officially built on the former site of Dodsworth Dance School at 681 Fifth Avenue in New York. In the same year, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and the United States actively purchased many works of art that survived the war. In 188, the museum moved to its present location and officially opened. Later, it was built by the opening of the museum until it was completed in 192.

new york's Metropolitan Museum is backed by new york Central Park, with quiet and quiet environment. However, the architecture does not reflect American creativity, high steps and large colonnade, which is as rigid and monotonous as any standard museum. However, the contents of the exhibition are rich and varied, reflecting the American style with sufficient funds and great style. The entire 2,46-year-old Egyptian tomb was relocated in a giant glass cover in the hall specially built in the museum, which is amazing and can be described as the treasure of the town hall. The clothing museum is also the best in the world, collecting 15, pieces of national costumes from five continents in the past four centuries.

since then, the number of collections in the museum has increased rapidly, and the art treasures and donations donated by Morgan, Rockefeller and other rich people have greatly enriched the collection of the museum. After the first world war, the donations and donations received by the museum are endless. In addition, the museum itself also actively participates in the excavation of ancient relics in various places, and spares no effort to protect human cultural heritage. With the increasing collection, the museum has been expanded several times, and now it covers a total area of 13, square meters, with three floors and 248 exhibition rooms, which contain various cultural relics and artistic treasures from Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Far East and Near East, Greece and Rome, Europe, Africa, pre-Columbian America and New Guinea in the past 5, years, including architecture, sculpture and art treasures from all historical periods.