The answer method of geography short answer questions in senior high school

1. Factors affecting the length of sunshine:

1. Length of day; 2. Terrain (high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset and long sunshine time); Weather conditions.

second, the factors that affect the intensity of solar radiation (that is, the factors that affect the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation) 1. The height of the sun (that is, latitude); 2. Weather conditions; 3. Terrain; 4. Air density.

For example, why is the solar radiation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau the strongest? (1) the latitude is low and the sun is high; ② More sunny days; ③ High terrain; ④ The air is thin and the atmosphere is clean.

3. Factors affecting the temperature:

1. Latitude; 2. Topography and topography; 3, the underlying surface properties (land and sea location, vegetation status); 4. Weather conditions.

Fourth, the factors affecting the temperature annual range and their changing rules:

1. Latitude: low latitude is small, high latitude is large; 2. The nature of underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the vegetation is smaller than the bare land; 3. Weather conditions: The places with more clouds and rain are smaller than those with less clouds and rain.

V. River regulation measures:

Upstream: The principle of regulation is flood regulation, and the practice is to build reservoirs and plant trees; Middle reaches: the principle of flood control is flood diversion and storage, and the practice is to build reservoirs and flood diversion and storage projects; Downstream: the principle of regulation is flood discharge and water harness, and the practice is to reinforce the levee, dredge the river and excavate the river.

VI. Cause analysis of river flood disaster:

Natural causes (mainly considered from three aspects: water system characteristics, hydrological characteristics and climate characteristics); Man-made reasons (mainly from two aspects: vegetation destruction, land reclamation around lakes).

For example, the causes of floods in the Yangtze River are:

1. Characteristics of water system:

1. There are many tributaries and a wide basin; ② The vegetation in the middle and upper reaches is seriously damaged, and the sediment concentration is increased; ③ The middle and lower reaches are mostly plains, with curved rivers, slow water flow and poor water flow.

2. Hydrological characteristics: It flows through humid areas, with abundant precipitation, long flood season and large water volume in the main stream.

3. Climate characteristics; In some years, the climate is abnormal, and heavy rain falls in the basin, resulting in flooding.

There are two human factors: 1. Excessive logging causes serious damage to vegetation and intensified soil erosion, which reduces the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak clipping and drought compensation in the basin; Sediment entering the river and silting raise the riverbed, which reduces the flood discharge capacity of the river.

2. Reclaiming land around the lake and silting up, thus causing the lake to shrink and the capacity of flood peak regulation and storage to decrease.

VII. Analyze the reasons why rivers are rich in water energy:

Mainly analyze from two aspects: first, the velocity (located in the step transition zone, with large river drop); Second, the runoff is large (depending on the amount of precipitation, the size of the basin area and the size of evaporation).

conditions for the formation of an ice flood:

There must be two conditions for the formation of an ice flood: first, there is an ice age; The second is to flow to high latitudes. In China, the most serious ice flood is the Yellow River, which mainly occurs in the upper reaches and the lower reaches (that is, the Shandong reach).

application of the second phreatic isobar:

judging the direction of phreatic water: the direction from the high water level to the low water level perpendicular to the phreatic isobar is the phreatic water direction.

slope of diving surface (diving hydraulic slope): after determining the diving flow direction, take the water level difference at any two points in the flow direction and divide it by the distance between the two points, which is the slope of diving surface.

phreatic burial depth: the intersection of isobar and topographic contour, and the elevation difference between them is the phreatic burial depth. If the location of the location is not at the intersection of the isobar and the topographic contour, the elevation of the ground and the phreatic water surface at this point can be obtained by interpolation, and the buried depth of the phreatic water can be obtained.

the relationship between phreatic water and surface water is judged according to the phreatic water flow direction.

the water intake well and drainage ditch should be arranged reasonably by using the isobar diagram, and generally, the water intake well and drainage ditch should be arranged along the isobar.

3. Measures to solve the problem of water shortage:

Mainly from two aspects: to protect limited water resources and prevent water pollution; Develop water resources and improve water supply capacity; Strengthen water management, enhance water-saving awareness, improve water use efficiency and control the growth of water demand; Control population growth.

VIII. Factors affecting the height of snow line (snow line refers to the altitude at which there is an ice and snow downline) There are two main influencing factors: one is the altitude of ℃ isotherm; The second is the amount of precipitation (the factor affecting precipitation is the slope direction, that is, the windward slope has a large amount of precipitation), so the snow line on the southern slope of the Himalayas is lower than that on the northern slope.

note: windward slope or leeward slope can be judged according to this characteristic.

IX. Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum of mountain areas:

First, the latitude where the mountain area is located (the higher the latitude, the simpler the band spectrum); The second is the altitude of the mountain (the higher the altitude, the more complicated the band spectrum may be).

In addition, the altitude that affects the same band spectrum mainly depends on heat (i.e. sunny slope and shady slope). 1. Location selection of satellite launch base:

Natural factors (meteorological conditions require sunny weather, the initial speed of the earth's rotation: it depends on latitude and topography, and the terrain is flat and open); Human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).

Xi. Tunneling:

Two problems should be paid attention to when tunneling: one is leakage; The second is the problem of landslide. Therefore, the tunnel should be dug in the anticline, because the anticline rocks arch upward and the groundwater seeps to both sides, so the leakage problem is not easy to occur; Moreover, the anticline is dome-shaped and not easy to collapse.

XII. Location selection of reservoir dam site:

Mainly consider the following three aspects: 1. Choose the narrow river or the outlet of basin and depression (because of the small engineering quantity and low project cost); 2. Choose a place with good geological conditions and try to avoid faults and karst landforms to prevent reservoir earthquakes; 3. Considering the situation of land occupation and relocation, try to minimize flooding of fertile land and villages and towns.

XIII. Analysis of agricultural location factors:

1. Natural conditions land (topography, soil)+climate (light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night)+water source (irrigation water source) Note: transformation of natural factors: through technical reforms such as cultivating improved varieties and improving farming system, the location scope of a certain crop will be expanded; In addition, according to the economic and technical conditions, people transform the natural factors that are not suitable for agricultural production to make them suitable for developing agriculture.

2 socio-economic factors:

1. Market: Market demand ultimately determines the type and scale of agricultural production. The change of market location and demand has the most prominent influence on agricultural location.

2. Transportation: The improvement of transportation conditions and the development of technologies such as preservation and refrigeration of agricultural products have greatly expanded the influence of the market on agricultural location, that is, the influence of the market on agricultural location has decreased. Form regional specialized production in the most suitable place, thus forming a regional or worldwide agricultural product production base. For example, the United States, Canada, Australia, France and Argentina have become the world's major commodity grain producers; Holland, Denmark and New Zealand have become the main suppliers of dairy products in the world. Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia and South Asia have become the production bases of tropical cash crops in the world.

3, policy 4, labor force 5, science and technology 6, industrial foundation 14. How to analyze the climatic conditions for the growth of a certain crop:

1. Analyze it from two aspects: favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions; 2, from the light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night, meteorological disasters and other aspects to analyze; 3. Analyze the climatic conditions in four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

For example, try to analyze the climatic conditions of cotton growth in North China.

favorable conditions: it is hot and rainy in summer, with rain and heat in the same period; There is less rain and sunny weather in autumn, which is beneficial to the later growth and harvesting of cotton.

Disadvantages: The sowing date coincides with the spring drought, and the irrigation water source is insufficient.

XV. Analysis of industrial location factors:

1. Natural conditions: location, land and water source.

second, economic factors; Agricultural foundation, raw materials, fuel, market, transportation, labor force, technology.

three social factors: policy, personal preference, industrial inertia, social cooperation conditions, national defense security needs, social needs, historical conditions and policies.

four environmental factors; Mainly used for micro layout.

There are many factors of industrial location. Among them, there may be only one (or a few) dominant factor to be considered in the location selection of an industry. Therefore, in the realistic location selection, the dominant factor or conditions with obvious advantages should be considered first.

note: ① the influence of raw material location on the location of the factory is gradually weakening (because the range of raw materials used in industry is getting wider and wider, and there are more and more alternative raw materials, coupled with the improvement of transportation conditions); ② The influence of the market on the location of the factory is gradually strengthening; (3) coastal areas, ports along the river, railway hubs, and areas along expressways are very attractive to industry; ④ The accessibility of information communication network is becoming more and more important; ⑤ The influence of labor quality on industrial location is gradually strengthening.

XVI. Analysis of regional industrial development conditions:

1. Analysis ideas:

Generally, the conditions for industrial development in a certain place are analyzed from the following aspects: geographical location; Resource conditions; Agricultural foundation (agriculture can provide food, non-staple food, raw materials, labor, etc.); Traffic conditions; Market conditions; Labor conditions; Technical conditions; Historical conditions; 9 major aspects such as policy conditions.

Note: ① When analyzing the industrial development conditions of a certain place, it is not necessary to analyze every aspect. To grasp the local characteristics, what is provided above is only the analysis angle; ② The analysis should be made from two aspects: favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions.

Two examples:

Example 1: Analysis of the conditions for the development of industry in China's four major coastal industrial bases are as follows: ① They are all located on the eastern coast of China, with convenient shipping, which is conducive to opening to the outside world, and railways, highways, waterways and pipelines are connected to all parts of China, which is convenient for the exchange of materials, personnel and information; ② The local and neighboring areas are rich in resources or raw materials, such as iron and oil in central and southern Liaoning, coal, iron, oil, sea salt and cotton in Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan; ③ The Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou regions have strong scientific and technological strength, and the industrial base in central and southern Liaoning is good. The Pearl River Delta is close to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Southeast Asia, and is the hometown of overseas Chinese, which has the advantages of attracting foreign investment, advanced technology and management experience. There are many open cities and special economic zones in the four bases, which enjoy preferential policies for economic development.

Example 2: What are the favorable conditions for establishing a large-scale steel enterprise in Shanghai? Why hasn't Hainan established a steel enterprise yet?

Shanghai is coal-free and iron-free, and lacks raw materials and fuel. The reason why it can develop the steel industry is as follows:

① The location is superior and the transportation is convenient. Shanghai is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, at the midpoint of shipping between the north and south coasts of mainland China, where the two railways, Beijing-Shanghai and Shanghai-Hangzhou, meet, making it a land and water transportation hub. Coal and iron can be imported from the mainland and abroad by convenient sea transportation and cheap river transportation, and the coastal steel industry can be developed.

② Close to the consumer market. Shanghai is the largest comprehensive industrial base in China, and the Yangtze River Delta Industrial Zone, where Shanghai is located, is also the largest comprehensive industrial zone in China. The development of various industries needs to consume a lot of steel, and the establishment of steel enterprises can reduce transportation costs and costs.

③ industrial water is convenient. Shanghai is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and the large-scale modern Baoshan Iron and Steel Joint Enterprise is built on the bank of the Yangtze River, which is very convenient for industrial water use.

④ Strong technical strength and confidence. Shanghai has a long history of industrial development. It is an old industrial base in China's coastal areas, with intensive knowledge and technology, developed higher education and science and technology. It can produce high-quality, refined, cutting-edge and new products for China, and train and transport advanced technology and management talents for national iron and steel enterprises.

Although Hainan Island is rich in iron ore, due to energy shortage, late development, backward technology and narrow market, large-scale iron and steel enterprises have not yet been established. Since the establishment of Hainan Province in 1986, it has become the largest special economic zone in China. With the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, Hainan's steel industry will also rise.

XVII. Location factors affecting cities:

1. Topography:

(1) Most big cities in the world are located in plain areas. Because the plain area has flat terrain and fertile soil, it is convenient for farming, and it is conducive to transportation and saving construction investment. It is an area with concentrated population distribution and an ideal environment for urban development.

(2) In tropical areas, the lowlands are sultry and the living conditions are unfavorable, so cities are mostly distributed on the plateau.

(3) Mountain cities are generally distributed along river valleys or in relatively open lowlands.

2. Climate: Most cities in the world are located in coastal areas with moderate temperature and precipitation in the middle and low latitudes.

3. Rivers; The influence of rivers on urban location is mainly reflected in the functions of water supply and transportation. Cities are most likely to appear at the beginning or end of river transportation, at the confluence of rivers or at the estuary.

(2) Socio-economic factors:

1. Natural resources; 2. Transportation; 3. Politics, military affairs and religion; 4. Technology and tourism.

XVIII. Analysis method of location factors of transportation network center line:

Including socio-economic factors-decisive factors; Natural factors-restrictive factors; Scientific and technological factors-security factors.

1. Considering the natural factors, it can be summarized as follows; (1) Terrain: the terrain is flat and there are few restrictions on the choice of traffic lines; The terrain is undulating, and the railway needs to build holes and bridges; The project is difficult, and roads and pipelines need to extend along contour lines to extend the mileage; The river is turbulent and unfavorable for navigation; But it has little impact on aviation.

(2) geology: karst terrain-preventing collapse and leakage; Geological instability-strengthening foundation, avoiding faults, etc.

(3) climate: rainstorm, flood, frozen soil, debris flow-roads and railways; Meteorological disasters (strong winds, fog, etc.) water transport and aviation.

(4) land; Less cultivated land, especially fertile land.

2. Considering the human factors, it can be summarized as follows:

(1) Reasonably distribute the transportation network-distribute the passenger and freight volume on the transportation line to obtain the maximum economic benefits.

(2) economy: the economy has developed-the passenger and freight volume has increased greatly, and the funds are sufficient; On the other hand, traffic construction-speeding up the circulation of materials and promoting regional development.

(3) funds-minimize bridges and tunnels, shorten mileage and save investment.

(4) population distribution-try to contact towns and densely populated areas to maximize benefits.

(5) Pollution-trunk lines should not pass through urban areas and stay away from important cultural relics and historical sites.

[6] politics; Beijing-Kowloon Line-maintaining the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong; Railway into Tibet-strengthening aid to Tibet and consolidating national defense, etc.

⑺ technology-such as the technology of building railway on frozen soil has been solved.

note; Analysis methods of highway route selection:

(1) General principles of national highway route selection; The basic direction of the route is mainly direct transportation, and the important economic points along the route are properly taken care of, and the length of the route is shortened as much as possible to save operating time.

(2) general principle of route selection for local roads: local roads mainly meet the needs of local economic development and residents, and can pass through local residential areas, railway stations and docks as much as possible.

(3) General principles of highway route selection:

① From a macro perspective, natural, socio-economic and scientific factors should be considered;

② From a micro perspective, it is to seek a balance among the largest traffic volume, the shortest route and the least occupation of cultivated land.

XIX. Location factors of transportation network points:

1. Location selection of transportation points is also influenced by socio-economic, technological and natural factors, but the leading factors of different points are different. such as