Historical meteorology of Hangzhou

What's the climate like in Hangzhou? Hangzhou is located in the north-central subtropical transition zone. Warm and humid, with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine and rainfall. In a year, with the alternating control of winter and summer monsoon, the atmospheric circulation background, main weather systems and weather conditions will change obviously seasonally, forming the climate characteristics of rainy spring, hot flashes in summer, dry autumn and wet and cold winter. Due to the complex and diverse topography and uneven terrain in Hangzhou, the regional distribution of climate resources such as temperature, light, water and wind is uneven, and local microclimate resources are rich. However, due to the instability of monsoon advance and retreat and duration, especially the great change of monsoon intensity, abnormal cold, hot, dry and wet conditions often lead to disastrous weather and climate events. The main climatic features of Hangzhou are as follows:

First, the light and temperature are synchronized, and the rain and heat are the same season.

Due to the influence of winter and summer monsoon, Hangzhou has formed a climate characteristic of good coordination of light, heat and water in the same season. After the spring, the total solar radiation increases month by month, the temperature rises synchronously, and the rain and heat increase in the same season; From May to June, from spring to summer, precipitation in Hangzhou began to enter the peak period, and the temperature was moderate. The total solar radiation reaches the highest value in midsummer season (July-August), which is also the high temperature period of the year. Controlled by the subtropical warm air mass, the precipitation after the plum rain is obviously reduced compared with the previous period, which is prone to high temperature and drought. Historically, the highest daily temperature in Hangzhou reached 39.9℃. From summer to autumn in September, the light and temperature decrease simultaneously. Influenced by typhoon and cold air, autumn rain came. Autumn weather prevails10-165438+10 month. The sunshine is abundant, the daily temperature difference is large, and the light and temperature conditions are better than those in spring. In winter, light, heat and water are at the low point of the year.

Second, the temperature rises early, quickly and in a wide temperature range in spring.

Hangzhou has a vast area of low mountains and hills, and the plains and basins along the river are surrounded by mountains and waters, with obvious topographic and climatic characteristics. The average monthly temperature in winter (represented by 65438+ 10) in the eastern part of Ningshaoping Plain is 0.9- 1.3℃ higher than that in the western hilly valley, but the first day of recovery is ≥ 10℃ which is the same as that in the eastern plain. On the first day of temperature rise ≥ 15℃, Lin 'an is 3 days earlier than Ningbo; From the initial warming day of ≥ 10℃ to the initial warming day of ≥ 15℃, Lin 'an takes 22 days, while Ningbo in the east takes 25-26 days, and the spring warming is earlier than that in Ningshao Plain. Comparing the average temperature rise in Ningbo and Xiaoshan in the first half of the year, we can see that the average temperature rise in basin and valley areas from February to April is greater than that in plain areas. The daily temperature range in mountain basins and valleys is obviously greater than that in plains. The annual average daily temperature range is 1 1.0℃ in Changhua and/kloc-0.1℃ in Jiande, while it is only 7.9-8. 1℃ in the plain area in the northeast of Hangzhou, which is 2-3℃ lower than that in mountain basins and valleys. This is another climate feature of Hangzhou.

Third, the climate is more suitable and the resources are abundant.

Hangzhou city spans two hot zones, with latitude of 1.3 in the north and south, but the annual average temperature is 2.5℃, the active accumulated temperature is 1000℃, the precipitation in mountainous and plain areas is over 700 mm, and the annual sunshine hours are over 300 hours. This shows that the climate resources in Hangzhou are not only zonal differences, but also topographical microclimate differences.

Xin 'anjiang Reservoir Area, Meicheng Liangjiang Plain and Shou Chang Basin in the southwest of Hangzhou are surrounded by mountains, and there is water transfer in the middle, which is a climatic zone with more precipitation, the best heat condition, the longest frost-free period and superior wintering conditions in Hangzhou.

The river network plain and coastal plain in the northeast of Hangzhou are open to the north, with less precipitation, abundant sunshine, cold winter and poor heat conditions. The valley plains and basins in the central part are between the north and the south, with suitable climate, moderate precipitation and excellent heat conditions. In addition, the superior microclimate resources in Sanjiang basin have created very beautiful natural scenery. Mountains and rivers are interdependent, trees are lush, and scenic spots and historical sites are distributed among them, forming the main scenic tourist area of the southern line of Hangzhou.

In the vast mountainous areas of Hangzhou, the vertical climate difference is significant and the rainfall is abundant. The temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the rainfall in mountainous areas below 1000 meters increases with the increase of height, which constitutes a complex and diverse three-dimensional microclimate.

Fourth, meteorological disasters occur frequently.

Taking Hangzhou as an example, the annual variation of monthly average temperature in winter and autumn can reach above 6℃, and it is also around 4℃ in spring and summer. The interannual variation of annual precipitation can reach more than 1 times (952-2355mm), and the interannual variation of monthly precipitation can reach more than ten times. The interannual variation of annual sunshine hours can also exceed 600 hours (1576-2256 hours). It is precisely because of the great annual change of climate factors that there is no rain for a long time in some years and there is heavy rain in some years, which brings frequent meteorological disasters.

The spring is chilly and the spring rain is continuous; Summer rainstorm, strong convection, high temperature and dry weather; Autumn temperature is low, with early frost and late frost; However, meteorological disasters such as cold wave and heavy snow in winter often bring serious casualties and property losses to all walks of life. For example: 1954, 1983, 1994,1996,2001floods; 1967, 1978, 1994 and droughts in 2003; 1956, 19 1, 1963, 1972, 1974, 1988 and 2005 were all affected by typhoons.

Geographical location, population size, climate and historical attractions of Hangzhou is located in the southeast coast of China, the north of Zhejiang Province, the north bank of the lower Qiantang River and the southern end of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. 1.66 million square kilometers with a population of 6,833,800. Hangzhou has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine and rainfall. It is characterized by rainy spring, hot flashes in summer, dry autumn and wet and cold winter. Hangzhou has a long history. As early as 4700 years ago, human beings lived here and produced Liangzhu culture called the dawn of civilization. Wu Yueguo of the Five Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty established its capital here, which is one of the seven ancient capitals of China.

As early as the Neolithic Age four or five thousand years ago, there were ancestors in Hangzhou. Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was said that Dayu went to Huiji (now a rare county) to attend the governors' meeting and "landed" there. Because it was called "Aerospace", it was later misrepresented as "Aerospace".

During the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue competed with China for hegemony. Hangzhou belongs to Wu first, and then to Yue. During the Warring States Period, the State of Yue was destroyed by the State of Chu, and Hangzhou was incorporated into the territory of the State of Chu.

In the twenty-fifth year of the King of Qin (222 BC), Qin destroyed Chu, which is now located in Qiantang County and Yuhang County of Hangzhou, both of which belong to Huiji County. According to Qin Shihuang's Biography, "In October of the thirty-seventh year, the emperor went on a trip ... crossing Danyang, reaching Qiantang, facing Zhejiang, and the waves were evil ..." This is the name of Qiantang, which was officially recorded at the earliest.

The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system, and the early Han dynasty implemented the parallel system of Taoism, righteousness and Hou. From the first month of the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu (202 BC) to the spring of the sixth year, Qiantang County belonged to the State of Chu in Han Xin. In the spring of six years, Liu Jia was appointed King Jing, belonging to the State of Jing. In 12 years, Liu Bi was appointed as the King of Wu, belonging to the State of Wu. In the fourth year of Emperor Jingdi (BC 153), Wu Wangying was put to death, and Qiantang County belonged to Huiji County and Jiangdu Prefecture. In the second year of Liang Wudi Yuanshou (BC 12 1), Jiangdu was abandoned. The captain system (county-level public security military organization) in the west of Huiji County was moved from Shanyin County (now Shaoxing) to Qiantang County. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (BC 106), Huiji County was placed under Yangzhou Secretariat Department. In the fourth year of Pingyuan (AD 4), Qiantang County was changed to Quanting County, and Wang Mang established a new dynasty to inherit. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the old name of Tang County was restored.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Qiantang County belonged to the State of Wu, ruled by Wu Jun and subordinate to Yangzhou. During the Jin Dynasty, Qiantang County still belonged to Wu County.

In the ninth year of Emperor Wendi (AD 589), Chen disappeared and the money was wasted in Tangxian County. Tonglu and Xincheng entered Qiantang County, Yanguan in Wuxian County (now Haining) and Yuhang in Xing Wu County were cut, and Hangzhou was established in Fuyang and ***5 counties. This is where the name of Hangzhou began.

In the Tang Dynasty, in the fourth year of Emperor Gaozu's Wude (AD 62 1 year), Yuhang County was changed to Hangzhou, and Qiantang County was changed to Qiantang County to avoid the taboo of the country name.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wu Yueguo was in the southeast, with Hangzhou as its capital. At that time, Hangzhou was called Xifu or Xi Du, and it was under the jurisdiction of Qiantang.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was ruled by the "Zhejiang Road" and was the most populous county in the south of the Yangtze River.

In the third year of Emperor Gaozong Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 129), Emperor Gaozong evaded the Jinbing and crossed the border from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, taking Yangzhou as his palace and upgrading Hangzhou to Lin 'an House, also known as his residence. In the eighth year of Shaoxing, the Southern Song Dynasty officially made Lin 'an its capital.

In the 13th year of Yuan Shizu-Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1276), the Yuan army captured Lin 'an House, and set up the Governor's House of Zhejiang Province, which was soon changed to the appeasement department. The following year, Lin 'an Prefecture was changed to Hangzhou. In the fifteenth year of Yuan Dynasty, it was changed to Hangzhou Road, which was the general manager's office. In the 21st year of Zhiyuan, he moved from Yangzhou to Jianghuai Province and ruled Hangzhou. The following year, it was renamed Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and Hangzhou became a provincial province. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Hangzhou in the 26th year of Yuanzhizheng (AD 1366), and in November, he changed Hangzhou Road to Hangzhou House.

In February of the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Hangzhou House was abandoned, and the original Qiantang County, Renhe County and Hangzhou County were juxtaposed. Hangzhou County was directly under Zhejiang Province and was the seat of the provincial capital. On February 24th, 65438, the Japanese invaders occupied Hangzhou. During the occupation, the original area 8 was changed to area 7.

1May 3, 949, Hangzhou was liberated. Hangzhou is a municipality directly under the central government and the capital of Zhejiang Province.

West Lake, a famous scenic spot, has eaten vinegar fish, Dongpo meat, lotus leaf chicken, tea, shrimp and Song Saoyu soup.

Hangzhou is located in the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta, the western end of Hangzhou Bay, the lower reaches of Qiantang River and the southern end of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is an important central city in the Yangtze River Delta and a transportation hub in the southeast of China.

The geographical coordinates of Hangzhou urban area are 3016' north latitude and12012' east longitude. The northwest and southwest of Hangzhou are in the hilly area of western Zhejiang; The northeast and southeast are located in the northern plain of Zhejiang Province, with dense river networks, which is a part of the famous land of fish and rice.

Hills and mountains account for 65.6% of the total area, plains account for 26.4%, rivers, lakes, swings and reservoirs account for 8%. Hangzhou has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, warm and humid, abundant sunshine and rainfall.

Annual average temperature 16.2℃, summer average temperature 28.6℃, winter average temperature 3.8℃. The frost-free period is 230-260 days.

The annual average rainfall is 1435mm, and the average relative humidity is 76%. Hangzhou has Qiantang River, Dongtiaoxi River, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Xiaoshao Canal and Shangtang River.

Qiantang River system includes Xin 'an River and Fuchun River. Xin 'anjiang Reservoir is the largest reservoir in the eastern coastal area of China, with an area of more than 570 square kilometers and a storage capacity178 billion cubic meters. There are 1078 islands in the reservoir area, so it is also called "Qiandao Lake".

The West Lake in the center of Hangzhou is 3.3 kilometers long from north to south, 2.8 kilometers wide from east to west, and has a water surface area of 5.66 square kilometers. After the West Lake is connected with Qiantang River, about 300,000 cubic meters of Qiantang River water is introduced every day.

The main mountain ranges in the southwest of the city are Tianmu Mountain, Baiji Mountain and Qianligang Mountain, and Longmen Mountain in the southeast. Liang Qingfeng at the junction of the west of Lin 'an City and Anhui Province is the highest, with an altitude of 1787 meters.

Natural resources: The soils in Hangzhou are mainly red soil and paddy soil. Red soil is distributed in hilly areas, suitable for planting tea trees and fruit trees, among which the tea produced in Longjing area of West Lake has the best quality.

Paddy soil is concentrated in the northeast plain, which is the main producing area of grain, oil, cotton, hemp, mulberry and vegetables. Hangzhou is located in the middle subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest vegetation zone, with an average forest coverage rate of 62.8% and rich biological species and resources.

Among them, there are 0/3 species of national first-class protected animals and 55 species of national second-class protected animals. There are 3 species of national first-class protected tree species and 8 species of national second-class protected tree species/kloc-0. Tianmu Mountain and Liangqingfeng Mountain in Lin 'an City are listed as national nature reserves.

[Mineral resources] Mineral resources include large non-metallic minerals such as fluorite, dolomite, limestone and bentonite, and medium-sized metal deposits such as iron, molybdenum and copper. Lin 'an Changhua produces a rare bloodstone with delicate texture and bright color, which is a treasure for collecting stones and Zhang Shi.

[Tourism Resources] In 2000, there were 70,765,438+million overseas tourists coming to Hangzhou, an increase of 19.5% over the previous year, and the foreign exchange income from tourism was 292 million US dollars, an increase of 23.4%. The number of domestic tourists was 23.05 million, up by 4.4%, and the domestic tourism income was 654.38+09 billion yuan, up by 654.38+04%. Hangzhou and Lin 'an and Jiande under its jurisdiction have successively become "excellent tourist cities in China"; West Lake Scenic Area is listed as one of the top ten demonstration sites of civilized scenic spots in China. Song Cheng and Qiandao Lake won the first batch of "4A" scenic spots in China.

Hangzhou has unique scenic tourism resources, unique environment and thousands of years of cultural accumulation, which makes it a gathering place of scenic spots in southeast China. There are two national scenic spots in Hangzhou-West Lake Scenic Area and "Two Rivers and One Lake" (Fuchunjiang-Xin 'anjiang-Qiandao Lake). Two national nature reserves-Tianmu Mountain and Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve; Five national forest parks-Qiandao Lake, Daqishan Mountain, Wu Chao, Fuchunjiang River and Qingshan Lake Forest Park; National tourist resort-Zhijiang national tourist resort.

The city has more than 20 tourist attractions/kloc-0, and receives more than 0/0000 tourists per year. Tonglu, Lin 'an and Chun 'an have all become major tourist counties (cities) that receive millions of tourists from scenic spots every year, and the strategic outline of Hangzhou's "Westward Journey" has initially appeared.

With the West Lake as the center, "three rivers, two lakes and one mountain" as the main line and Zhijiang National Tourism Resort as the focus, the tourism pattern of Hangzhou radiating the whole city has basically taken shape. The West Lake Scenic Area centered on the West Lake is one of the top ten scenic spots in China, with a total area of 60.8 square kilometers.

It is a combination of scenic spots and historical sites and garden landscapes. The West Lake is surrounded by green trees, with beautiful mountains and rivers and deep streams, which are beautiful all year round. The "Double Ten Scenes" of the West Lake complement each other, and Lingyin Temple, Wang Yue Temple, Pagoda of Six Harmonies, Tiger Run and other famous scenic spots attract worldwide attention.

In recent years, the newly-built Song Cheng, Future World, Hu Xueyan's former residence, Town God Pavilion and Manlong Guiyu Park have become new tourist hotspots. At present, the West Lake Scenic Area has more than 100 parks and scenic spots open to tourists.

The West Lake Scenic Area has been included in the preparatory list for declaring the world natural and cultural heritage by the state. The name of "Ten Scenes of West Lake" originated from the title of West Lake Landscape Painting in Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy.

The ancient book "Yu Fang Sheng Lan" records: "Ten good people's rewards are: autumn moon in Pinghu, spring dawn in Su Causeway, residual snow on the bridge, sunset glow of Leifeng, night bell in Nanping, wind lotus in Quyuan, fish watching in Huagang, singing (waves) in Lu 'an, moon in Santan and clouds in two peaks". After that, these ten scenes were used for painting, poetry and painting. Emperor Qianlong wrote a poem about "Ten Scenes of the West Lake" when he toured Hangzhou in the South of Qing Dynasty, and two of them were renamed as "West Photograph of Leifeng" (later generations also called "Sunset Photograph of Leifeng") and "Twin Peaks in the Cloud".

In 1985, 65,438+ten thousand Chinese and foreign tourists and Hangzhou citizens voted for the "New Ten Scenes of West Lake": Tiger Running Mooncherry, Longjing Tea Asking, Manlong Guiyu, Yun Qi Bamboo Trail, Jiuxi Tobacco Tree, Soft Pier Huanbi, Wu Shan Tianfeng, Huanglong Cui Tu, Huang Yu Fei Yun and Gem Leaving. The double ten views of the West Lake make it famous all over the world.

Fuchunjiang-Xin 'anjiang-Qiandao Lake, with clear flowing water as the main scenery, is another national scenic spot in Hangzhou, with unique Pinghu, Xia Chuan, islands, strange mountains, caves, waterfalls and historical legends. Famous scenic spots include Stork Mountain, Xinshadao Farmhouse, Scout, Yaolin Wonderland, Yan Ziling Diaotai, Tianmuxi Drifting, Jiande Daciyan, Lingqi Cave, nine planets Fisherman's Wedding, Twin Towers Lingyun, Qili Sailing, Qiandao Lake and other scenic spots.

The upstream of Qiandao Lake is Tunxi, Anhui Province, and the "Two Rivers and One Lake" tourist line connects the West Lake Scenic Area and Huangshan Scenic Area, which is a famous "golden tourist line" in southern China. Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve, known as "Tree Kingdom" and "Natural Botanical Garden", consists of two Tianmu Mountains in the east and west. The elevation of Xianrending in the west is1.507m, and the distance between the two peaks in the east and west is only1.5km..