Eco-tourism structure

"Food, shelter, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment" are the six elements of tourism. The corresponding tourism catering, tourism accommodation, tourism transportation, tourist attractions, tourism shopping, tourism entertainment and other enterprises, as well as tourism intermediary service enterprises represented by travel agencies, have become the basic industrial structure of tourism under the conventional mode. The industrial structure of ecotourism is basically the same as that of conventional tourism. However, eco-tourism is very different from traditional tourism in interest objectives and operation modes, and these differences are also reflected in various components of eco-tourism.

(1) Eco-tourism scenic spot

The regions rich in eco-tourism resources are the main areas of eco-tourism, which we collectively call "eco-tourism scenic spots". It is worth noting that eco-tourism scenic spots are very different from conventional tourist attractions. The establishment of conventional tourist attractions is to meet the needs of tourists and obtain the greatest economic benefits as the main goal, and the functions of scenic spots are mainly designed around the theme of serving tourists. However, eco-tourism scenic spots aim at maximizing the comprehensive benefits of ecology, society and economy. Tourism and entertainment are just one of the many functions of scenic spots. In addition, eco-tourism scenic spots also have many functions, such as scientific research, protection of species and their genetic diversity, maintenance of environmental benefits, protection of natural and human landscapes and education. In addition, eco-tourism scenic spots are not open to tourists in all directions like conventional tourist attractions, and their open scope is determined according to the requirements of ecological environment protection. For example, Yellowstone National Park in the United States is the first and oldest national park in the world, with a total area of 89 10 square kilometers, but 99% of the area is not open and remains in its original state. Its main purpose is to provide a good growth and habitat environment for wild animals.

(2) Ecological Travel Agency

The main functions of travel agencies in the tourism industry are: first, to combine, design and process various tourism resources, tourism transportation facilities and various catering, accommodation and entertainment facilities to make them package tourism products; The second is to attract, organize and receive tourists, that is, to sell processed tourism products and provide after-sales service. In fact, the travel route products provided by travel agencies are only simple combination and packaging of some travel service products, which is a kind of low added value production. Under the background of the new era of information liberalization, popularization of e-commerce, improvement of tourists' revisiting rate and rich tourism experience, the work of travel agencies can be easily completed by tourists through technical means (such as online free booking of air tickets, restaurants and even scenic spots tickets), and the low threshold nature of travel agency business makes the status of travel agencies tend to decline. More importantly, under the tide of ecotourism, ecotourism activities should be small-scale, multi-batch and decentralized, which not only conforms to the law of ecological restoration, but also meets the individualized tourism needs of tourists. This is just the opposite of the large-scale and group tourism activities required by the traditional business of travel agencies. Moreover, in the future tourism industry, the really scarce production factors are neither intermediary services nor transportation and accommodation, but high-quality eco-tourism products. Whoever can provide high-quality eco-tourism products will become the leader of tourism. In this respect, eco-tourism scenic spots will have more advantages than travel agencies.

Although the status and role of travel agencies in eco-tourism have declined, if travel agencies can grasp the context of eco-tourism development and actively adjust their business scope and operation mode, they can still make great achievements. First of all, the smoking group of travel agencies will be inevitable, and some small travel agencies that only rely on booking and reception will face the dilemma of survival. Specialization, scale and collectivization will be the development direction of travel agencies; Secondly, the development and investment of ecotourism products will become an important business of travel agencies. The production of eco-tourism products is not only the combination and packaging of the original resources, but also more scientific and technological investment and capital investment. Capital integration and business integration between travel agencies and eco-tourism scenic spots will be the inevitable trend of eco-tourism development.

(3) Ecotourism Hotel (Green Hotel)

1. The emergence of eco-tourism hotels

For thousands of years, hotels have been accompanied by human tourism activities. However, before the emergence of modern tourism, the number and scale of hotels providing accommodation for tourists were very limited, which was not enough to pose a threat to the ecological environment. From the end of 19, with the rapid development of mass tourism, tourist hotels also bid farewell to the simple inn stage and entered the grand hotel stage, and quickly experienced the commercial hotel stage and the new hotel stage, and entered the modern hotel era in the middle of the 20th century, becoming an important pillar industry of modern tourism development. At this time, the hotel is not only numerous, but also large in scale and luxurious in interior decoration, which has become a tourist reception complex that can provide a variety of facilities and services. At the same time, the impact and destruction of modern hotels on the ecological environment is becoming more and more obvious. According to statistics, a large high-rise hotel with a building area of 80,000 ~ 6,543,800 square meters consumes about 6,543,800 ~ 6,543,800 tons of standard coal, which is no less than a large factory. At the same time, the hotel also releases a lot of smoke, sewage and garbage to the outside world every day. At present, more than 60% hotels in China use coal-fired boilers. A medium-sized hotel consumes about 1400 tons of coal a year, and emits 50 tons of smoke, 24 tons of sulfur dioxide and about 3000 tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere a year. The average daily water consumption of three-star hotels is 250 tons, which means that a hotel will discharge nearly 65,438+10,000 tons of sewage a year. In addition to domestic sewage, these sewage also include kitchen sewage with high oil content and laundry sewage containing various organic substances, which will cause different degrees of pollution to the environment. Hotels will also produce a lot of domestic garbage. If it is not collected and treated separately, some seriously polluted wastes (such as non-degradable plastic bags, plastic products, waste batteries, etc.) will also be mixed into ordinary garbage, causing environmental pollution.

In the late 20th century, with the global awakening of people's environmental awareness and ecological awareness, the conventional development model of modern tourism has been increasingly questioned and challenged, and the ecologicalization of tourism has become the development trend of the industry. In this context, in the late 1980s, hotels in some developed countries began to change their business strategies, strengthen environmental awareness and implement environmental management. 1993, the committee composed of 1 1 an internationally renowned hotel management group held an international conference on hotel environmental protection, adopted the initiative of "Implementing environmental protection plan, improving ecological environment and strengthening international cooperation" signed by this 1 1 international hotel management group, and published "Hotel". Since then, hotels in many European and American countries have re-examined whether their business methods and service procedures meet the requirements of environmental protection, and started to improve their business methods and services, striving to shape the corporate image of "green hotels". In addition, because the effective supply capacity of tourist hotels is growing much faster than the growth rate of tourists' accommodation demand, the competition in the hotel industry is becoming increasingly fierce. Therefore, while actively attracting guests to do open source work, many hotels have also begun to work hard on how to save energy and reduce expenses, thus reducing costs and improving economic benefits and competitiveness.

It is under the joint action of various internal and external market factors that a "green hotel" comes into being, which makes full use of energy, provides hotel products that are harmless to the ecological environment and human health, and meets the needs of contemporary people without causing harm to future generations.

2. Eco-tourism hotel (green hotel) standard

Green hotel is not only a new hotel management concept, but also should have specific evaluation criteria and operation mode. In this regard, Zhejiang Provincial Tourism Bureau took the lead in formulating the first "Green Hotel Evaluation Standard" in China, and based on this standard, it launched the "Create Green Hotel" (hereinafter referred to as "Create Green") activity in the tourist hotel industry in the province. The evaluation criteria of "green hotels" in Zhejiang Province can be divided into two categories: necessary conditions and alternative conditions. There are five prerequisites:

First, participate in the activities of creating a "green hotel" and establish a "green creation" organization, which is in charge of the main leaders and equipped with specialized management personnel. All departments have personnel responsible for "green creation" to form a management network.

Secondly, make clear the goal of "creating green" in this hotel, establish and improve the rules and regulations of energy saving, environmental protection and consumption reduction, and fill in relevant reports accurately and timely as required.

Thirdly, hotel leaders regularly check the problems existing in "greening" activities every quarter, record them and take corrective measures, which are effective.

Fourth, we can consciously abide by the national laws and regulations on energy conservation, environmental protection, health and epidemic prevention.

Fifth, the main public places and departments of the hotel have the atmosphere of "creating a green hotel". The hotel decoration reflects the ecological content, with notices and text descriptions advocating green consumption, and relevant newspapers and magazines.

The alternative conditions of the evaluation standard include energy-saving management, environmental protection, reducing material consumption, providing green products and social, environmental and economic benefits, with a total of 74 sub-items, with a score of *** 130.

Tourist hotels are an important industrial pillar of tourism, and the ecologicalization of tourist hotels is also one of the important components and symbols of the ecologicalization of tourism. With the support of public opinion and driven by the internal interests of the hotel industry and market demand, its ecological process is easier and more operable than other components of tourism.

(d) ecotourism traffic

1. Traffic characteristics in ecotourism

Eco-tourism transportation is a cross-industry and a relatively independent industry at the same time. It not only has some characteristics of national economic transportation and tourism, but also has remarkable characteristics different from traditional tourism transportation:

(1) Environmental protection. The environmental protection of eco-tourism means that eco-tourism should adopt new means of transportation that meet the requirements of environmental protection. Traditional means of transportation have a great impact on the environment, such as traditional cars. According to the investigation, every time 1 kg gasoline is burned, 15 kg of fresh air is consumed, and 0. 15 ~ 0.2 kg of carbon monoxide, 4 ~ 8 g of hydrocarbons, 4 ~ 40 g of nitrogen oxides and a small amount of tetraethyl lead are discharged at the same time, which is more toxic than inorganic lead. For another example, trains in China used to use coal fuel, which was very harmful to the environment. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce the pollution of vehicles to scenic spots. On the one hand, it is necessary to prevent motor vehicles from entering eco-tourism areas; On the other hand, we should seek solutions, such as promoting the use of unleaded gasoline, preventing tetraethyl lead pollution, using electricity as vehicle power and reducing vehicle exhaust.

(2) nature. The naturalness of means of transport in eco-tourism refers to the adoption of non-motorized and natural means of transport in eco-tourism areas, especially in ecologically fragile areas, and the promotion of means of transport with animal power, manpower and natural energy (wind energy and drifting) or hiking, so as to reduce the pollution to natural ecology, get close to nature and people's lives and travel freely. Even if the motor vehicle needs to meet the requirements of environmental protection for some reason, its color and style should be coordinated with the natural and human environment in the region to avoid visual pollution. Moreover, the route design should consider the biological habitat, and the proximity should not interfere with the normal survival of rare and endangered species.

(3) locality. The locality of eco-tourism vehicles means that the vehicles used meet the natural and other cultural characteristics of eco-tourism areas and their communities, such as climate conditions, topography, traditional customs, local customs and so on. For example, in Shangri-La, Diqing, Yunnan, horses are a traditional means of transportation for local Tibetans, and raising horses is their traditional habit. Therefore, taking horse riding as the main mode of transportation in Bitahai Scenic Area not only makes eco-tourists have the heroic spirit of riding on the plateau, but also community residents are willing to participate and take the initiative to join the tourism service industry.

2. The basic composition of eco-tourism traffic

According to the place of use, the traffic in eco-tourism mainly consists of two parts, namely, the traffic mode outside the eco-tourism area and the traffic mode inside the eco-tourism area.

(1) modes of transportation outside the eco-tourism area. The mode of transportation outside the eco-tourism area is also the mode of transportation used by eco-tourists to reach the eco-tourism area, which mainly depends on the tourism transportation network outside the eco-tourism area and consists of four modern modes of transportation: highway, aviation, water transport and railway. Eco-tourists often combine the above four ways, complement each other and use them comprehensively to reach their destinations.

(2) The mode of transportation in the eco-tourism area. The vehicles in the eco-tourism area not only have the function of transportation, but also have the function of tourism participation. Considering the traffic function, it should meet the requirements of environmental protection, and starting from the function of tourism participation, it should have local characteristics, that is, rich local ethnic characteristics. Therefore, the modes of transportation are rich and colorful, and each has its own characteristics. The combination of culture and tourism is very attractive to eco-tourists and can meet the different needs of eco-tourists to the greatest extent. The main modes of transportation in eco-tourism areas are land transport, water transport and air transport.

(5) Ecotourism commodities

"Purchase" is one of the six elements of eco-tourism. Developing the production and management of ecotourism commodities can increase tourism income, prosper the market, spread traditional excellent culture and art, promote the improvement of light industry level, improve the utilization rate of resources, and turn waste into treasure.

1. Concepts and types of ecotourism commodities

Eco-tourism commodities refer to the physical commodities purchased by eco-tourists in the process of eco-tourism. These goods generally have commemorative, appreciation, preservation, gift significance or practical value. Ecotourism commodities mainly include five categories: tourist souvenirs, tourist handicrafts, tourist supplies, tourist foods and other commodities.

2. Characteristics of ecotourism commodities

Eco-tourism commodities should highlight their characteristics, that is, their "four characteristics"

(1) local. Regionality is the key to embody the characteristics of ecotourism products. The stronger the locality, the deeper the impression it can leave on tourists and the more profound its commemorative significance. Mainly manifested in local raw materials, local design, local cultural connotation, local artistic style and local packaging.

(2) environmental protection. Some traditional tourist commodities do not meet the requirements of environmental protection in the utilization of raw materials, processing or packaging materials. It is required that the production and packaging of eco-tourist commodities be improved on the premise of ensuring their characteristics, so that they are pollution-free, pollution-free, in line with environmental protection and hygiene standards, and have better quality.

(3) practicality. Practicality refers to the practicality of eco-tourism products, which can meet the various needs of eco-tourists, such as soft packaging of tourism food, miniaturization and serialization of washing products, comfort, portability and safety of tourism shoes and hats.

(4) convenience. Eco-tourists stay at their destinations for a short time, so they can't have much time to shop. Therefore, small and exquisite, beautifully packaged goods are easy to attract tourists' attention, and tourists are also easy to get tired during the trip. In order to avoid the heavy burden, it is urgent to miniaturize tourism products, and the packaging is firm, light and easy to carry.

(6) Ecotourism and Leisure

Eco-tourism recreation means that tourism enterprises provide various facilities and services for eco-tourists, and carry out fitness exercises and cultural and recreational activities. It is organically combined with other ecotourism elements to form an ecotourism system.

1. Significance of ecotourism recreation activities

"Entertainment" is an indispensable part of the recognized tourism activity mode of "eating, living, traveling, traveling, entertaining and shopping", and its significance is as follows:

(1) can meet the psychological needs of eco-tourists, such as pleasure, novelty, knowledge and fitness. The existence and development of eco-tourism depends on whether it can meet the needs of eco-tourists. When eco-tourists come to nature, they should not only understand and protect nature, but also take nature as the stage to carry out colorful eco-tourism and entertainment activities to meet their psychological needs of seeking fun, innovation, knowledge and fitness, such as attending local folk song and dance parties, rock climbing, mountaineering exploration, rafting and skiing.

(2) It can be used to mobilize tourists and adjust the structure of tourists. Eco-tourism is dynamic, which can be divided into off-season, peak season and peace season in time and hot spots and cold spots in space. The arrangement of recreational activities can increase or decrease the stay time of eco-tourists in a place, balance the passenger flow as a whole, and alleviate the adverse effects of seasons on eco-tourism, speed up the passenger flow in the peak season and attract tourists in the off-season. For example, the China-Japan Youth Friendly Exchange Conference with the theme of cultural exchange has been arranged in winter for several years in a row, and tourists will be added in the off-season.

(3) It can increase tourism income. Eco-tourists participate in eco-tourism leisure activities. On the one hand, some activities themselves need to pay a certain fee, which directly increases the tourism income, such as renting ski tools for skiing activities; On the other hand, it prolongs the stay time of eco-tourists at the destination, which has an indirect effect on increasing tourism income.

2. Types of ecotourism entertainment activities

Eco-tourism leisure activities can be divided into three categories according to places: leisure activities in tourist hotels, leisure activities in amusement parks and special tourism leisure activities:

(1) Entertainment activities in tourist hotels. Three-star tourist hotels and resorts generally have relatively complete entertainment facilities, which are provided as supporting service facilities for eco-tourists, mainly including dance halls, gymnasiums, saunas, bowling, table tennis, squash, swimming pools, tennis courts and surfing. Eco-tourists can choose their favorite entertainment activities with the help of the above facilities after traveling.

(2) Entertainment activities in amusement parks. In some eco-tourism areas, amusement parks or playgrounds have been set up, and activity facilities have been designed according to the needs of different ages, colors and sexes, such as fairy tale worlds, swings, turntables, slides and seesaws suitable for children. And thrilling projects suitable for teenagers to climb artificial rock walls, simulate field battles, and "fly over space".

(3) Special tourism and entertainment activities. Eco-tourism activities are composed of colorful special tourism, such as bicycle tourism, forest eco-tourism, grassland eco-tourism, mountaineering adventure tourism, etc., among which there are many leisure and entertainment activities. Take forest ecotourism as an example. Camping, picnicking, fishing, bonfire party, outdoor survival, physical exercise, skiing, skating, horseback riding, boating, group gathering, golf and other activities can be carried out in the forest ecological environment.