Geomorphology is the basis of landscape formation.

First, landform is the dominant beauty factor of landscape.

We emphasize that landscape is a combination of many beautiful factors, but there are also some differences between them. What contribution do all kinds of beautiful factors make to the formation of scenic spots? By analyzing the beauty of various scenic spots, we can know that landforms play an important role in the formation of landscapes, and the beauty of scenic spots is based on landforms. The relationship between landforms and other beautiful factors has the following three situations:

1. The beauty of scenic spots is completely dominated by landforms. Looking at the scenery means looking at the pure landform.

There are quite a lot of such situations, which can be divided into four situations: ① The landform is already beautiful, but adding other facilities will gild the lily, such as the pillar peak in Zhangjiajie, the stone forest in southern Shandong and the ghost town in Xinjiang; ② Scenic spots unsuitable for building facilities, such as beautiful grassland scenery and cave scenery; (3) The conditions are too harsh, the construction is difficult, and there are no necessary scenic spots, such as Yulong Snow Mountain in Yunnan, Siguniang Mountain in Sichuan, glaciers and ice towers; (4) Newly discovered or newly developed scenic spots have not yet built building facilities.

2. The beauty of scenic spots is influenced by many beautiful factors, but the landform is the most important one.

Geomorphology is the foundation of the scenic spot, and all other factors of beauty only treat the landform beautifully, which only plays a icing on the cake. Take Mount Emei as an example, there are ten scenic spots and four natural wonders. Eight of the ten scenic spots are related to landforms. Only Shengji Night Bell and Jinding Xiangguang were artificially built, and Jin Dian wouldn't be so beautiful without Jinding. Among the four natural wonders, the Buddha's light, the sea of clouds and the sunrise are the products of the combination of landforms, astronomical phenomena and climate, while the magic lamp is formed for geological reasons. Although Mount Emei is a famous Buddhist holy land, the terrain is the dominant factor of its beauty.

For the scenic spots with architecture as the core, the ancients left many masterpieces. For example, the Yellow Crane Tower, Cui Hao wrote that "every tree in Hanyang becomes clear in water, and a nest of herbs in Parrot Island", and Li Bai wrote that "the lonely sail is far away from the sky, only watching the Yangtze River flow in the sky"; Another example is Yueyang Tower. Du Fu only wrote that "there is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and we can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth", without mentioning the building. Cen Can's poem "Climbing the Ci 'en Temple Tower with Gao Shi and Xue Ju" is a poem that directly describes many buildings. He used eight sentences to describe the floating picture of Jiuben Temple (Jin 'an Wild Goose Pagoda) and the feeling of climbing the pagoda, but he used 10 to describe the scenery far and near. It can be seen that the beauty of natural objects such as architecture and landforms still dominates, and architecture only creates conditions for appreciating the beauty of these places.

3. Other beautiful factors in scenic spots contribute more than landforms, but without landforms, these beautiful factors will cease to exist.

If rocks are processed, the beauty of their products seems to have nothing to do with landforms, such as grottoes dug on cliffs, Leshan Giant Buddha and the Sphinx of Egypt, but without rocks, these buildings and sculptures will cease to exist. Therefore, landforms are still the basis of their beauty. Their beauty lies in the harmony with the landform. If the landform is removed, their beauty will disappear.

Secondly, landform is the organizer of many beautiful factors and the structural basis of beauty.

Beauty comes from structure and from the wonderful combination of many beautiful factors. Landscape is a synthesis of landform, natural load, cultural load and scientific connotation, with dozens of beautiful factors, extremely complex combination relationship and more important structure. Among so many factors of beauty, only landform can be linked with all other factors of beauty, connecting them all to form a whole. Geomorphology is characterized by the ups and downs of the ground and the growth of vegetation on the ground, such as the relationship between hair and skin; Animals live on the ground, and the ground is where animals move; Clouds of snow and ice, covered with light; Culture is the result of human activities and so on. From the aesthetic point of view, pure man-made objects can be designed and combined at will according to people's wishes and inspiration, and the beauty of scenic spots is processed on the basis of landforms, and all the beautiful factors involved in the combination must adapt to the characteristics of landforms. This "adaptation" contains two meanings: ① a certain landform combined with some beautiful factors can produce a special type of beauty, and the degree is very high; All the beauty of scenic spots is developed on the basis of landform, which is the enhancement and improvement of landform beauty, and the two aspects must be unified and coordinated.

Taking water as an example, rivers have the beauty of "the long river sets the yen" or "the autumn water * * * the sky is one color" on the plain; Rivers combine with cliffs (or scarps) to form waterfalls, such as Hukou Waterfall on the Yellow River, Huangguoshu Waterfall in Guizhou and Yuntaishan Waterfall in Henan.

The beauty of Jiuzhaigou is rare in the world. Take this as an example to analyze how the landform has become the organizer of many beautiful factors. Jiuzhaigou is located on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the highest peak of 4,558 meters. It is a typical deep mountain canyon. The mouth of the ditch is about 2000m above sea level, with a relative height difference of more than 2000m, reaching Caohu Lake and Changhu Lake at the head of the ditch, with an altitude of more than 3000 m, which is in the youth of the river. Far from reaching a smooth curve, the longitudinal profile of the valley bottom dropped by 1000 meters, thus forming a sea in a flat place, a beach or rapids on a slightly lower slope, and a waterfall on a steep cliff. So Jiuzhaigou is a canyon landscape composed of Haizi, rapids and waterfalls. * * * Including 1 14 Haizi (lake and pond), 5 travertine beaches,1/rapids, 17 waterfalls, dozens of springs, 12 peaks and dense forests. Alpine valleys and steep slopes are the causes of these different types of scenery, that is, the organizers of many beautiful factors. In terms of topographical conditions, it is necessary to have sufficient water supply to form a landscape dominated by Haizi Waterfall. The plateau has a large water collection area, and deep valleys are the main drainage areas for surface rainfall, snowmelt water and groundwater, with abundant water sources. The long sea at the end of Chawagou is 4349 meters long and 600 meters wide, and the deepest part is 100 meters. The lake mainly comes from the snow on the mountain. Rizegou Panda Sea Waterfall is 80 meters high and is the largest waterfall in Jiuzhaigou. It was cut into several sections by boulders, and several waterfalls fell to the bottom in one go. Nuorilang Waterfall is the widest waterfall in Jiuzhaigou, with a drop of 24m and a width of 270m (Huangguoshu Waterfall 81m). Wide). Below the Pearl Beach Waterfall is the fiercest torrent in Jiuzhaigou, rolling up thousands of waves and rushing forward. The ravine is deep below the water surface, which not only makes Jiuzhaigou rich in water resources, but also forms many suspended springs, such as Jian Yan suspended springs, which flow vertically from the summit halfway, and the height exceeds 130 meters, such as jade beads hanging in the air and scattered on the ground, with a light and graceful posture.

The groundwater in Jiuzhaigou is not only clear, but also moves for a long distance in limestone with a thickness of 3000 ~ 5000m, dissolving a lot of calcium ions. When the discharge pressure decreases and a large amount of CO2 escapes, calcium carbonate quickly deposits and forms travertine. Dense forests, clear sea water and a large number of pollution-free travertine deposits further push the scenery of Jiuzhaigou to the peak of beauty.

1 14 Haizi in Jiuzhaigou either win by reflection or compete by color, but clear water is its basic condition. If the water in Jiuzhaigou is turbid, those moving beauty will disappear. The fireworks sea is characterized by reflection, and the blue water surface is as flat as a mirror, like a piece of jade hidden in a green jungle. Whenever the morning light shines, the lake sparkles with sparks. The beautiful reflection of rhinoceros lake is the highest in the sea, and the reflection when the clouds are around is also true and false, and it is impossible to tell where the sky is and where the water is. Surrounded by forests, the mirror-like sea surface magically replicates the waterscape-red leaves, green trees, blue sky and white clouds.

Travertine deposition not only adds beauty to Jiuzhaigou scenic spot, but also adds magical color to it. There are two dragon-shaped reefs in Shuanglong Sea, and there is a layer of milky calcium carbonate deposit on the bottom of Wolong Sea, which looks like a dragon lying on the bottom of the water. When the lake is calm, the dragon sleeps on the bottom of the sea, crawls slowly when the breeze blows, and wags its head and tail when the waves fluctuate. Pearl beach is a huge travertine beach, and the travertine surface is covered with potholes. The rushing water came and splashed countless splashes, just like countless beating pearls in the sun. The Nuorilang Group Sea is divided like a ridge at the bottom of the valley by travertine, which makes Haizi cluster in terraces. The lake crossed the travertine embankment and crossed the trees. Waterfalls and rapids are connected in series. The trees are green and the sea is blue, and the waterfalls are light, which is an intoxicating scenery.

Vegetation makes Jiuzhaigou more charming and gorgeous. Due to the travertine deposition at the bottom of the lake and the different distribution of various bright algae and submerged plants, Wuhuahai has formed many colorful blocks, stained with the reflection of the colorful forest on the shore, and the colors are as colorful as kaleidoscope, so it is named Wuhuahai. The bonsai beach is covered with poplars, azaleas, pines and cypresses ... Green water flows through the forest like a huge emerald bonsai. The forests on both sides of Peacock River are completely dyed, and leaves are scattered all over the river. Looking down from a height, colorful floods are involved in a colorful world, like a peacock with its screen open. Jiuzhaigou is colorful in early spring, a green ocean in midsummer and a forest in late autumn. At this time, the lake is bluer, and the blue sky, white clouds, snow peaks and colorful forests are reflected in the lake, showing a beautiful and moving scenery.

The canyon landform characterized by deep V-shaped canyon cross section and steep stepped canyon longitudinal section determines that Jiuzhaigou has rich, high-quality and calcium-rich water resources, which in turn breeds dense vegetation and forms fantastic beauty. Therefore, landform is the organizer of many beautiful factors, and the landform of Jiuzhaigou is determined by the landform on the edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

3. Geomorphology is the starting point and foundation to improve the aesthetic value of scenic spots.

Take the Wuwang Scenic Area (World Geopark) in Jiyuan City, Henan Province as an example to illustrate this problem.

1. Geographical location and special terrain created the culture of our ancestors.

We call all kinds of myths and legends about the occurrence and development of our nation ancestral culture. Ancestor culture is created according to the special terrain of ethnic gathering centers. Wu Wangshan has this condition. Sima Qian said: "Three rivers are in the middle of heaven and earth, if they stand on their feet." King Wu is located in the center of three rivers (Hedong, Hanoi and Henan), between the majestic Taihang River and the Yellow River. Its main peak, Tiantan Mountain, is a beautiful mountain on the southern edge of Taihang Mountain. There is Neoproterozoic quartzite on the peak, which is not integrated with the horizontal output. It is the highest peak nearby, like an altar of communication between heaven and earth, hence the name Tiantan Mountain. Myths and legends are deduced from these characteristics. For example, it is said that Nu Wa tried to mend the sky by refining stones here, caught a huge Ao Bai from the sea, propped up the sky with its four legs, and abandoned Ao Bai in the west, which is a huge flat-topped Ao Bai Mountain.

2. Ancestor culture evolved into Taoist culture.

The Fengmen fault in the south of Tiantan Mountain consists of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in the south and Archean metamorphic rocks in the north. The color and shape of the two are very different, so there is a legend of moving mountains. Li Yukou wrote "Yu Gong Yi Shan". After the rise of Taoism, the Temple of Heaven naturally became the center of Taoism and was honored as the first blessed land. Many magnificent and exquisite palaces, such as Balcony Palace, Wei Zi Palace and Zongxian Palace, have been built. Taoism reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, where Princess Yu Zhen, the sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, practiced.

3. Taoist culture has evolved into environmental protection culture.

The people regard the ancestral culture and Taoist center as sacred mountains and consciously protect every grass and tree. Near Zhenprincess Taoist Temple, the local people once had the habit of not going to firewood. Qiu Chuji, who is famous for The Legend of the Condor Heroes, used to be a Taoist here. He went to the western seas with Genghis Khan and won trust. The inscriptions on the imperial edict of protecting Tiantan Mountain issued by Genghis Khan and the imperial edict of protecting this mountain issued by Jiajing Emperor of Ming Dynasty are now well preserved. Therefore, the trees here are dense and lush, and forsythia is in full bloom in spring, and the mountains are golden; Autumn cotinus coggygria red leaves alternate with oak yellow leaves, adding infinite beauty to the scenic spot. The good ecology here is entirely the result of paying attention to protection.

4. The activities of Yaowang deepened the cultural precipitation.

The good ecological environment made the King of Wu rich in medicinal plants, which attracted Sun Simiao, a medical scientist and pharmacologist in the Tang Dynasty, to live here for a long time and be buried here after his death. Sun Simiao was honored as the King of Medicine, and the King of Wu also improved its cultural value.

Numerous myths and legends have increased tourists' interest in scenic spots.

There are many legends in Wuwang Scenic Area. For example, it is said that swallows and radishes are cultivated as immortals here, and their wives are reluctant to raise livestock, so "one person gets the word, and chickens and dogs ascend to heaven"; A Taoist felt the pulse and inserted a dead branch as a mark. The dead branches actually survived the next day, and there is a story of "the fountain of youth".

6. Suspected to be the birthplace of the dreamland in A Dream of Red Mansions.

In A Dream of Red Mansions, it is said that Jia Baoyu came from the stone left by Nu Wa, and the story and legend of the goddess mending the sky happened here. It can be said that this is Jia Baoyu's hometown. "Big" and "Thailand" are interlinked, and "barren" and "traveling" are homophonic, so the big barren mountain mentioned by Cao Xueqin may be "Taihang Mountain". Tiantan Mountain is located on a long ridge. Tiantan Mountain, Rijing Peak and Yuehua Peak are the three high points in this long ridge. The ridge is a banded place with high terrain. The forest here is lush, as if it were the green ridge peak in A Dream of Red Mansions. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Linghe and Dianthus seem to have corresponding roles here. Could it be that Cao Xueqin refers to the dreamland described here?

7. Special land forms the foundation of the pass construction.

Faults are mostly valleys, so the lowlands formed by faults on the southern edge of the scenic spot have become the traffic arteries in Shanxi and Henan in the mountains. There is a gateway in a dangerous place-Fengmenkou, which has a fixed opening and closing time every day. There are still some requirements for customs clearance. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Japanese army tried to March into Shanxi from here, but the China army refused to guard at Fengmen Gate, which made the Japanese army unable to attack for a long time and caused heavy casualties.

8. Special geological features have formed unique natural wonders.

"The Queen Mother crosses the sky lantern" is a unique natural wonder of the Temple of Heaven. On a windless night, you can see a little "light" rising from Wangmu Cave in the northwest of Tiantan Mountain and drifting south through Tiantan Peak. The ancients had many poems praising this spectacle. Similar scenes can be seen in Emei Mountain and Lushan Mountain, but they are not as bright, dense and spectacular as Tiantan Mountain. It should be induced by the staggered deep continuous electric field of the fault.

Mirages can be seen in the sea and desert, and mirages often appear in Tiantan Mountain. The reason is that the high humidity rising air mass formed by forest transpiration in the scenic spot meets the dry rising air mass formed by the exposed mountain outside the scenic spot, and the air mass interface is clear and stable, which is an optical phenomenon.

The promotion of the aesthetic value of scenic spots is a icing on the cake process. Geomorphological foundation is the starting point of this process. The higher the starting point, the more beautiful factors are added later, and the more beautiful the scenery is.

9. The rich geological relics make the King of Wu known as the "World Geopark".

The rapid rise of Tiantan Mountain has deeply eroded the mountain and exposed rich geological relics, making it a treasure house of scientific resources and helping it win the title of "World Geopark". Important geological relics are as follows:

1) The continental crust has just sprouted from the oceanic crust, and the first island (land) exposed to the sea is called the continental core. The ancient Mesoproterozoic strata in Tiantan Mountain Scenic Area are thousands of meters thick. After crossing Zhengping eastward, the ancient Mesoproterozoic strata disappeared, and the Archean strata were directly covered by the Neoproterozoic strata. It is located at the edge of the Huang-Huai continental core and is an ideal area for studying the formation of continental crust.

2) There is obvious evidence of crustal uplift in the scenic spot: the meandering plane shape of the river is combined with a V-shaped deep valley, there are multi-stage terraces on both sides of the valley, and there are fractures at the direct contact between Archean strata and Quaternary loess.

3) Archaean strata have a red archaize surface, indicating that there is some oxygen in the atmosphere at this time.

4) The land in North China Plain is in its youth; The top of the hilly area of Wuwang Mountain is land and the valley is rock, which belongs to ancient times. The land in Tiantan Mountain Scenic Area has been completely eroded and is in the extinction period. These three stages of land life cycle come together and are extremely valuable scientific resources.

5) There is obvious unconformity.

See Figure 3- 1 for the above evolutionary relationship and its contribution to the scenic spots.

Figure 3- 1 Beauty Factors of Wuwang Scenic Area

Fourth, it is difficult for astronomical phenomena and climate to form a landscape independently. Only by matching with landform, vegetation and architecture can its beauty be highlighted.

Sunlight and moonlight shine on the earth, morning glow and sunset glow can be seen everywhere, and rain and snow are everywhere. Not all the places where you can see these are scenic spots. Simple astronomical phenomena and climate are only one of the beautiful factors of scenic spots, and beauty can only be expressed by matching with landforms, vegetation and buildings.

"Purple smoke from the incense burner in Rizhao", "Flowers in the forest at sunrise, the clouds return to the cave", "The treetops in the morning sun point there", "Looking at the sunshine castle in the evening, the water is picturesque" and "Cangshan is like the sea, and the sunset is like blood" are all descriptions of the beauty of the sun, but they all show the beauty when the sun matches other beautiful factors.

Sunrise is one of the most beautiful astronomical landscapes, but only on the mountains facing the plains (or hills) or the mountains facing the sea can we see spectacular and moving scenery. Mount Tai and Huangshan belong to the former, while Gulangyu Island in Fujian belongs to the latter.

The beauty of clouds must also be matched with different landforms to have its own characteristics. The beauty of clouds in different specific environments and landforms is reflected in Wei Yun on the Mountain, Yellow Crane in Nine Schools of Clouds, Clouds, When I look back, they are behind me, and the fog disappears when I enter them, The bright moon rises from the mountain of heaven in the infinite haze of the sea of clouds, and the white clouds are shining. Looking at the Jinding of Emei Mountain, you can see the boundless sea of clouds, and the peaks are hidden from time to time, just like the fairy island on the white clouds, showing endless changes. Looking from the top of the Buddha to the east, the steep top of the mountain stands in the clouds, and the temple in the sun is magnificent and radiant, just like the temple of the soul, which is the beauty of the combination of clouds and landforms.

5. The various beauty factors of scenic spots are intrinsically related to the scenic spots, and their combination forms are determined by the geology and geomorphology of the scenic spots.

Each scenic spot has many unique scenic spots or carriers of many different beauty factors. In a scenic spot, the carriers of scenic spots or scenic factors are intrinsically linked, and similar scenic spots always combine relatively fixed members of scenic spots or carriers of scenic factors. For example, there are always red cliffs, solitary peaks and gentle caves in Danxia scenery. Limestone scenic spots are always composed of peak forests, stone forests, tiankeng, karst caves and stalactites. Huangshan, Huashan and other scenic spots are made up of steep peaks, deep valleys and grotesque rocks. The endemic members of some groups will not appear in other landscapes, such as stalactites in karst landscapes, and will not appear in scenic spots such as Huangshan and Huashan. Caves with karst scenery are also different from caves with Danxia scenery in form. The special combination of scenery is determined by geological reasons, that is, the rise and fall of the ground, the hardness of rocks, solubility or insolubility, bedding and other factors. Even cultural carriers are closely related to it, such as grottoes and plank roads dug on cliffs, passes set on the watershed of two canyons, reservoirs built on rivers in mountainous or hilly areas, etc. Therefore, the special combination of landscape members also contains the content of cultural carriers. Most of the carriers of beauty factors are directly located on the landform, which is the expression of geoscience connotation on the earth's surface, so landform plays a connecting role, connecting these three aspects into a whole, and is the link connecting various carriers of beauty factors. Therefore, the diversified combination of landscape must be based on landform, which is the internal reason of the carrier combination of beauty factors. As can be seen from the later narrative, the unique combination of various landscape members coincides with the genetic types of landscape. The consistency of the two shows that the classification of landscape causes in this book goes deep into the essence of landscape, so the classification is correct.

Six, the classification of various beautiful factors in scenic spots

Scenic spots are composed of various carriers of beautiful factors, so the essence of landscape classification is the classification of the organization and combination of carriers of beautiful factors. As mentioned above, there are many carriers of beauty factors, which will make the classification too complicated and meaningless. Therefore, before discussing landscape classification, it is necessary to classify the carriers of beauty factors in order to make the classification simple and clear.

Based on the surface, the carriers of beauty in scenic spots can be divided into two categories.

Superficial beauty factors can be divided into natural factors and cultural factors. Nature is a natural product, such as plants and animals, which have life and grow on the ground; Water, snow and smoke cloud illumination are all inanimate, in which water and snow can be directly attached to the ground, while smoke cloud illumination covers the ground and can only be combined with the ground to form a landscape. In the field of landscape, landforms can be used to represent the ground, so we call the above substances the natural load of landforms. Culture is the product of human activities, which can be divided into material and intangible. Material things are things that can be seen directly, such as architecture, sculpture, engineering, etc. They are directly attached to the ground, just as plants grow on the ground. Intangible assets can only be understood through books or people's memories and legends, such as wars, political events, stories of celebrities and myths and legends. Jinggangshan, Yan 'an, Xibaipo, these revolutionary holy places, not only have a large number of revolutionary documents, but also the remains of the life and work of revolutionary leaders such as Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi. Religious holy places not only have religious legends, but also temples and other buildings. This is the cultural load of landform.

What is below the surface is a relic of the earth's evolution and development, and it is a historical masterpiece about the earth's evolution. From it, we can see the evolution process after the astronomical period of the earth: the characteristics of the ocean crust, the formation of the continental crust, the division of the continental crust and the expansion of the ocean, the change of the composition of the earth's atmosphere, the change of the earth's temperature, and how organisms occur and evolve ... This is a science. Starting from the tourism demand, you don't need to know too much, so it's good to popularize science for tourists.

People pay more and more attention to the ecological problems such as vegetation, animals and landforms above the surface, so there is the rise of ecotourism and the construction of nature reserves. Geological relics and ecology are the scientific beauty factors of scenic spots.

To sum up, the factors of beauty can be divided into four categories: landform belongs to the foundation; Vegetation, animals, smoke, light, snow and ice belong to the natural load on the landform; Culture, religion and folk houses belong to the cultural load of landform; Ecological geological relics belong to the scientific connotation of landforms. This book will classify the causes of landscape according to the combination of various loads and landforms.