What necessary knowledge do you need to survive in the wild or at sea?

First of all, we should have team spirit.

Outdoor sports take a long time and the terrain is complex, so accidents may happen at any time. The success, happiness and smooth completion of outdoor activities depend on everyone's efforts. Especially in harsh and hard environment, team spirit is more important. Tip: 1, some things should be clearly distinguished, such as: clearing roads, breaking roads, making fires, camping, etc. 2. It is very important to choose the team leader in advance, be democratic and centralized, observe discipline and obey the overall situation; 3. When there are many people, pay attention to the type of procession. The team is too long, it is easy to lose teammates or someone can't find out in time; 4. All equipment and materials should be scientifically distributed and carried according to everyone's physical strength and gender, so that the team can maintain a consistent speed; If someone is seriously injured, the whole activity plan must be adapted, and all of them must be abandoned or part of them will retreat with the wounded.

Second, we should pay attention to logistics.

At the beginning of the activity, we should control the excitement, which is easy to be too fast, and we should master the speed of travel. Grasp the rest time properly. Tip: 1, try to keep a constant speed throughout the whole process, master the rhythm, and rest and eat according to the planned rest time; Adjust the plan in time according to everyone's physical condition, and prefer to extend the time if necessary. Avoid unnecessary physical overdrafts and leave room for unforeseen accidents.

Third, we must master the route and direction.

Collect maps and related materials of the activity area as much as possible before going out, and fully understand and consider various possibilities. With the contour map, we can analyze the predetermined route and direction, such as how many mountains to climb, how many customs to pass, and the elevation rise and fall. This helps to determine the direction in the journey. Tip: 1, carry a more accurate compass and altimeter (required in some areas); 2. Carry and protect maps and materials; 3. Take a signal pen and playing cards in case you get lost. 4. If you don't know much about the crossing area and the conditions are complicated, you'd better ask passers-by to accompany you or find a local tour guide to lead the way.

Fourth, pay attention to waterproofing in rainy season or rainy areas, especially when crossing for a long time. If the waterproof preparation is not sufficient, the whole activity will encounter great trouble and personal safety will be difficult to guarantee. Therefore, before going out, you should know the climate of the activity area and prepare the corresponding equipment. Tip: 1. Tents should be made in three or four seasons (alpine tents are not waterproof and should be used with caution in low altitude areas); 2. Cover the backpack with a backpack cover or plastic sheet, even if the backpack has waterproof function; 3. Before the backpack is filled, wrap it in a plastic bag or a sealed bag, which is waterproof and conducive to the classification of items; 4. If possible, use waterproof clothes (waterproof, gore-tex and any material marked breathable), and rain gear is best prepared; 5. waterproof and breathable hiking shoes are very important.

Fifth, pay attention to drinking water.

Water loss is extremely dangerous. During short trips, if it is known that it is difficult to replenish water, you should bring enough drinking water, and each person needs about 2 liters per day. For long-distance crossing, water can be taken from streams, waterfalls, rivers and lakes on the way, but it is best to take running water and observe its pollution. Tips: 1. Drinking water in water-deficient areas should be distributed as planned. Except in special circumstances, don't drink all the water until you find the water source; 2. After taking water in the wild, you need to boil the water (boiling for 5 minutes) before drinking it; 3, when there is a lot of sediment in the water, make the water settle for more than 10 minutes; 4. Water in areas with many leeches must be boiled before drinking; 5. If possible, you can bring filters and water purification tablets instead of using heating; 6. If you are active in water-deficient areas for a long time, you should learn other methods of collecting water in the wild.

Sixth, be careful with fire in the wild.

Take an extra fire source when traveling, such as lighters and waterproof matches. If possible, it is best to bring camping gas stoves and gas tanks. From the point of view of environmental protection, don't make a fire unless it is necessary. When making a fire in the camp, you should pay attention to whether the camp is a no-fire area. If it is not necessary for survival, please don't violate the rules. Tip: 1, pay attention to the wind direction, don't build a fire on the windward side of the tent, and keep a certain distance from the tent; 2. Put out the fire completely with water and earth-rock gland when leaving, and check whether there is smoke.

Seventh, safe camping. Find a safe, hidden, dry and flat place to camp. Pay attention to six principles: first, don't be in the middle of the canyon to avoid flash floods; Second, don't go near the water to avoid rising water; Third, don't be under the cliff to avoid falling rocks; Fourth, don't avoid strong winds in high convex places; Fifth, don't be under an independent tree to avoid electric shock; Sixth, don't be in the grass and trees to avoid snakes and insects. Prompt: 1, it is better to have water near the camp, so it is convenient to take water; 2. If you need to make a fire, consider whether there is firewood nearby; 3. In rainy days or rainy seasons, pay attention to digging drainage ditches around the tent according to the terrain; 4. When the wind is strong, pay attention to the wind-resistant fixation of the tent to ensure that there is nothing to rest; 5. Put valuables, clothes and food in the account before going to bed (if there is still room in the account).

Eighth, keep warm.

In many areas (such as deserts and mountainous areas), the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the temperature will also be large when the altitude rises 1000M, and the temperature will drop by -6 degrees. In mountainous areas, temperature loss is extremely dangerous. When climbing or crossing at high altitude, keep warm after sweating and before going to bed. Tip: 1. Fully estimate the lowest possible local temperature, prepare warm clothes, and choose appropriate sleeping bags accordingly; When clothes are wet by rain or sweat, the heat dissipation speed is amazing. You should put on dry underwear as soon as possible at this time. If possible, you can choose underwear with sweat-wicking and quick-drying fabrics such as coolmax; 3. Pay attention to shelter from the wind; 4. drink hot water; Mountain areas need more professional equipment and knowledge.

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The second article survival assistance

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Human beings have accumulated the experience of conquering nature through setbacks, and can stand in almost every corner of the earth. Survival is the art of maintaining life. If you put a weak individual in dangerous nature and don't master some survival skills, how can you resist sudden disasters?

First, common sense

Among them, the spiritual factor is the key to get out of the desperate situation. Modern people have already proved the great role of spirit by scientific means, and its significance is self-evident.

1. Don't irritate wild animals. For example, in Africa, there are many free-range animals in Botswana's Chobe National Park. One day, a veterinarian and his assistant chased the elephant on a motorcycle in the forest path of the park. The mother elephant, who had been paying attention to the situation, was worried about the accident of the baby elephant, so she ran over and killed the veterinarian, and the assistant ran desperately to escape. For another example, when a seamstress was making clothes, an elephant passed by and put its nose into the open window. The seamstress pricked the elephant's nose with a needle. A few months later, the elephant came to this street again. It sucked a nose full of water by the fountain, went to the tailor's window and gave the animal lover a cold shower. We can't bring back the cubs of wolves, tigers, leopards, lions and other beasts to play or feed, because the beasts have an amazing sense of smell and will retaliate according to the smell.

2. Master survival skills. For example, during World War II, the British woman Julia's passenger plane crashed in the tropical jungle of North Africa, and Julia survived. At that time, she fought against nature and was rescued a few months later. Her experience is to choose food carefully; Homemade hammocks sleep outside; Keep making road signs to determine the direction of progress, or go with the flow; Save kindling for cooking, heating, lighting and driving away animals. For another example,1July, 994, Lydia almost died in the Arctic. Her experience is to use maps, compasses and terrain to determine the direction of progress; Distribute food evenly, don't eat it all at once; When exploring in the wild, you should bring a life-saving box (the size of a hard tin cigarette case with 20 cigarettes inside).

Don't be careless For example, Nikolai Verodo, a female explorer of Fatu, once went into the jungle alone and caught poisonous snakes with her bare hands, but she was caught in a dilemma by carelessness. One night, she was chasing a giant lizard in the jungle of Australia's virgin forest. Suddenly, the monitor lizard disappeared into the short jungle. She followed, and suddenly the ground caved in. She was thrown on a boulder with a drop of several meters and almost fainted. Later, she climbed back to the tent thousands of meters away with tenacious perseverance, but her left rib was completely broken.

In addition, a botanist visited Lijiapo area in Wuyishan, Fujian in 1950s. When he was climbing, a big tree with a thick bowl broke from the middle (rotten wood), which made him quickly roll to the bottom of the ditch. In an emergency, he was saved by clinging to a sandalwood tree.

There is another typical example. It was 1942, 165438+ October. The German navy submarine sank the Banromon. Pan, a 22-year-old China sailor, grabbed the planking and survived. He climbed onto the life raft and found food, but he was exhausted after a month, so he began to collect rainwater and fish to satisfy his hunger. When you catch a seabird, you forget to collect rainwater and prepare food, and you get thirsty gradually. In desperation, you eat raw fish, suck fish juice and are forced to drink urine. The most painful thing is to get sore all over! His skin is full of wrinkles, scabs and pus. Later, a light rain saved him, and he was rescued after drifting at sea 133 days.

Can you sit back and relax in tents and sleeping bags? I can't. It is reported that a villager in a certain place woke up from a deep sleep in the middle of the night and felt something beside him. When he opened his eyes, he couldn't help flying: it was a leopard lying beside him, sleeping soundly! He crept up, took out the chain and designed a trap. The leopard woke up and moved, and was tied up in chains. When the villagers heard the news, they all came to help him put the leopard in the cage. Later, the village chief advised him to release it into the mountains.

On the night of March 1978, Japanese explorer Uemura Naoki was awakened by the cry of a polar bear in his dream. The polar bear's footprint is less than 10 meters away from him. He was careless, he didn't keep his rifle with him, and the bullets were not loaded. I can't resist, so the only way is to play dead. He lay motionless under the bed, letting the polar bear crush the dog food bowl, biting the plastic bucket filled with seal oil, and then listening to the footsteps approaching the tent. In a flash, the bear's paw has been pressed on the straight temple of Uemura. He held his breath, and the white bear growled, touching Uemura's straight body with his nose and tugging. A small stove fell from the shelf and hit Uemura's straight leg, but he said nothing. His mouth and nose were deeply buried in the snow, and he could hardly breathe. Time passed by ... after a long minute, the white bear left the tent in pain. However, he relaxed his vigilance again and "came back to life" before the white bear left. The white bear is back, and Uemura can't recover his previous posture. His hands and feet trembled with nervousness, and he saw the white bear getting closer and closer. However, a miracle happened. This white bear may have been stuffed with dog food and seal oil. He actually stopped before going to the tent and shouted. The deafening roar shook the tent and made him tremble. After enough prestige, the white bear really left.

4. Preparation before departure

-master tourism information. Wild adventure consumes a lot of physical strength, no healthy body, only temporary enthusiasm. Not only can not complete the task, but also face death threats. Therefore, before and during the field expedition, you must master your health status and have a physical examination in accordance with relevant regulations.

For tourist destinations, the more information, the better. For example, the living habits and characteristics of local people, attitudes towards foreigners (hostile or friendly), national customs and taboos; Basic information of tourist destination (river flow direction, drop, shoal distribution, mountain height and slope, vegetation coverage, temperature and temperature difference, length of day and night, tidal fluctuation, wind direction, etc.). ).

-List the devices. Prepare maps, food, water, medicines, clothes, emergency supplies and special equipment according to the length of the trip.

Clothing should be suitable for the season, loose style, flexible movement, easy to wash, good moisture absorption and permeability; Wear cloth shoes, rubber shoes or sports shoes; Rain gear, tableware, sun hat, goggles, sunglasses, etc.

Foods should be dehydrated foods such as biscuits and instant noodles; Fruits should be washed and disinfected and put into food bags; Tableware should be sanitary and convenient, with cups, kettles and spare food bags.

-Develop an action plan. There should be room for making plans. In particular, we should consider the countermeasures when the target is blocked, the vehicle breaks down, water and food are cut off, the weather is abnormal, the road conditions are bad, and diseases are prevalent. List more relaxed exploration schedules and arrangements; Contact the local government.

-Clear division of responsibilities. This is especially important for team exploration. There should be a special person in charge of medical treatment, translation, cooking, vehicle, driving, equipment and guidance.

-the power of the spirit is infinite. Good training and rich knowledge will bring confidence. Self-confidence can help people overcome fear and anxiety, cold and heat, injury and pain, hunger and fatigue, boredom and irritability, despair and loneliness.

5. Emergency supplies

There are many kinds of emergency materials, and the following materials are only the main parts:

-Lighting and ignition. For example, waterproof collocation is better, but the inconvenience caused by large volume should be solved; If you carry ordinary matches, you can wrap the match head with melted candle oil to ensure safety; In order to save space, the second half of the match can be removed. There are candles, which should be cut into strips and placed; Candles made of cattle and sheep fat can be eaten in emergency, but attention should be paid to the problem that it is not easy to store in hot weather. Flint can still play a role even in humid environment; Miniature flashlights can also be used for lighting, and lithium batteries with high power and long life should be installed. Magnifier, used for gathering light to make a fire, pulling out needles, etc. Beta lamp, used for viewing maps or fishing at night. Signal lamp (board), carrying red and green miniature flashing signal lamp head and pen-sized discharge body, carrying strips made of fluorescent materials, etc.

-Daily necessities. For example, needle and thread are used for sewing and picking; Prepare different types of needles, at least one needle is big, choose tough and wear-resistant thread and wind it on the needle. Hooks and lines for fishing and bird catching; Small hooks can catch both big fish and small fish; The hook can only catch big fish; The fishing line should be as long as possible to catch birds (but be careful not to break the law). Compass, used to identify the direction, requires clear scale, small size, preferably liquid fill-in-the-blank type, no leakage, no bubbles, and the pointer can rotate freely. Trap cable, used to arrange traps or traps, etc. , should choose 60 ~ 90 cm long thin copper wire. The saw blade and the handles at both ends of the saw blade can be replaced by wooden bolts. Pay attention to soaking oil outside the saw blade to prevent rust. Cutters, such as folding knives and crescent-shaped machetes; Sleeping bag, when the environment is humid, choose artificial fabric vacuum cotton sleeping bag; When keeping dry, choose a down sleeping bag; Of course, you can choose a camping bag made of breathable material. For backpacks, choose a backpack that is strong, comfortable, load-bearing and not easy to wear, equipped with a frame, lining, waterproof and leak-proof, and equipped with a safety zipper. When loading things, follow the principle of emergency use, and put the cooker in the side pocket to ensure the balanced nutrition of food.

First aid medicine. First-aid drugs include thermometers and sphygmomanometers for diagnosis; Preventive supplies: bleaching powder, potassium permanganate, alcohol, iodine, mosquito-repellent incense, miehuling, etc. Therapeutic adhesive tape, bandage, multipurpose forceps and tourniquet; And antipyretic, analgesic and sedative drugs, antibacterial and antiallergic drugs, hypoglycemic and antispasmodic drugs, central excitatory drugs, cooling and relieving summer heat drugs, invigorating spleen and promoting digestion drugs, anti-rheumatic drugs, topical drugs, antimalarial drugs and other drugs. Life-saving box (bag), all first-aid medicines should be concentrated in this box and tied on the belt; And put the solidified fuel, food, life-saving bag and signal box into an aluminum lunch box.

-Transportation and communications. It is necessary to ensure that the vehicle is in good condition and carry out special modification and reinforcement to cope with extreme environment. Equipped with oil tank, water tank and other accessories and repair equipment; Bring a mobile phone, radio or mini TV. Report your position, completed work, plans and arrangements for the next day to the headquarters every night. Listen to the weather forecast every morning and check the time. When communication is interrupted, the emergency plan should be implemented immediately; Strive to equip with GPS before departure.

Second, water and food.

Food and water are necessary and guarantee for survival.

1. Looking for water in the wild

We know that life is inseparable from water, all living things depend on water, and all living things will have water. Without food, normal people can live for about 20 days, but without water, they can't live for 3 days. When looking for water, flowing water is the most ideal. Here are some ways to find water in the wild:

-This island is looking for water. On the windward side of the island, there is often water and food; Fresh water can also be found in rock caves; When digging a "well" for water along the coast, the puddle should be dug in a safe zone above the tidal level, and its depth should enable water to collect at the bottom of the pit. Skim the surface water and use the upper water after precipitation. Of course, it will be safer after boiling.

-Plants absorb water. The green nuts of many plants can quench their thirst quickly because of their sour taste; The stems, roots and shoots of Phyllostachys bambusa have water, and the height is 15 ~ 20 cm.

-Animals can drink water. Water accounts for 50% ~ 80% of fish's weight. As long as you eat 3 kilograms of fish every day, you can meet an adult's daily demand for fresh water. The method is to cut the fish into small pieces, or cross the back of the fish with a knife, and then squeeze out the water hard; Or take out the guts of big fish and drink the juice from them.

-Condensed into water. If you drift on the sea, you can set up a "awning" on the boat, so that the water vapor in the air can rise to the top of the awning, and after cooling, it will become water droplets and flow to the bottom of the boat, and be collected for emergencies; Select strong branchlets with dense branches and leaves and put them on plastic bags with the mouth of the bag facing up and the corner of the bag facing down, so as to collect condensed water; Or put fresh plant branches and leaves that have just been cut into large plastic bags, which will produce condensed water when the temperature rises; In the desert, water can be distilled by solar heat energy in wet places, and about 50 ml of water can be collected in 24 hours; Seawater and urine can also be distilled for drinking.

-Find water and purify it. You can look for water in the upper reaches of the river; Looking for water along the flight direction of birds; Looking for water under the dry river bed; Looking for water in the lowest place outside the river bend; Looking for water at the foot of the lush mountain; Looking for springs at the bottom of the canyon and under the slope; Water can be found by tracking the footprints of people or animals (for example, bees leave the hive no more than 6.5km, and most insects will fly within a radius of 90m from the water source); To purify water, you can boil the water, add a little salt, or shake it with household bleach and water purification tablets (1 ~ 2 tablets). You can drink it after half an hour of precipitation.

In the severe water shortage environment, we should reduce consumption and exercise more. For example, talk less, don't smoke, and many people breathe near their noses; Don't lick your lips with your tongue. You can apply anti-cracking oil or animal oil, or you can put pebbles or coins in your mouth to quench your thirst. Or dig a hole in the sand and hide it to the neck depth, which can stop the evaporation of human moisture by heat, and pile the dug sand next to the hole to provide shade.

Note: Do not drink white wine when you are desperate and thirsty (African aborigines call it "tiger milk").

Eating in the wild

-Plant food. We should not rely on a single plant as a food source for a long time, nor should we draw the conclusion that plants eaten by birds, mammals or insects must be eaten by humans.

(1) Try Plants: One person can only try one plant at a time. Use charcoal ash to induce vomiting when you are uncomfortable. You can cut off the plants and smell them. If it smells like bitter almond or peach peel, throw it away. You can squeeze juice and apply it to the upper arm between elbow and armpit, and discard it if you feel uncomfortable; If there is no discomfort, you can touch your lips, tongue or chew a small piece, and discard it if you feel uncomfortable; If there is no discomfort, you can swallow a small piece and wait for a few hours. If there are still no adverse reactions, the plant can be considered safe to eat.

(2) Collecting plants: Collect light green buds, bulbs, tubers, fruit drop, etc. with clean empty bags and baskets. Be careful not to collect plants with milky white or milky white juice; Don't collect bright red envelope plants; Don't collect berries that split into five petals; Do not collect plants with small barbs on stems and leaves; Don't collect withered and yellow leaves; Don't collect mature ferns, etc.

(3) Identify plants, such as dandelion, nettle and plantain in temperate regions; Palm, wild fig and bamboo in tropical and subtropical regions; Cactus and Rosa roxburghii in desert areas; Polar spruce, arctic willow, lichen; Large seaweed and laver in coastal areas can be eaten.

There are also some plants, such as the inner layer of bark, the gum and resin of some trees, the pulp of birch and maple, and some fungi, desert plants, tropical plants, coastal plants and seaweed plants.

Note: Some plants are poisonous. For example, when human skin comes into contact with some plants, it will be stimulated to get a rash, so it should be washed with water immediately; Don't eat some poisonous plants by mistake. If you think weeds are wild lilies or wild onions, you are in trouble.

-Animal food. All animals may be potential food sources. Some animals (such as insects) hardly need any skills when catching, but most animals can only be obtained by setting traps or hunting. Therefore, we should master some knowledge of animal characteristics, living habits and capture methods, but don't kill innocent people indiscriminately.

Delicious and fleshy are adult females. The younger the animal, the thinner it is; The older an animal is, the more fat it has and the rougher its meat quality is.

(1) Grasp the law: most mammals move in the morning and evening, only fierce beasts and birds run in the daytime, large herbivores feed all day, and small animals eat and move frequently, so people can set traps to catch their prey.

(2) Animal footprints: Pay attention to the animal footprints on the ground in the morning. If dew or cobwebs are knocked off or destroyed, it means that animals leave within a few hours; Some animals (such as rabbits) have a small radius of movement. If footprints are found, they are nearby. Some animals will open tunnels in the bushes, and the size of the tunnels indicates their size.

(3) Biting signal: For example, the bark chewed by deer in summer is long, and the bark chewed in winter has vertical tooth marks or scars; The bark chewed by rabbits has smooth edge marks; Sheep eat bark, leaving crooked teeth marks; The bite marks of rodents are mostly located at the bottom of the trunk; If there are scattered tree sawdust on the ground, it may be that there are squirrel holes in the tree, but at the same time, nuts or pine nuts are found scattered under the tree, which means that birds may have done it; There may be rodent caves near a pile of empty fruit shells on the ground.

(4) excreta: The excreta of mammals has a strong odor; The feces of herbivores (cattle, deer, rabbits) are slightly round like horse manure, small in size, and fresh bird manure is liquid; The feces of carnivores (hunters, foxes) are strip-shaped, and this kind of bird droppings are pill-shaped, and there will be small animal residues that are not fully digested; Loose bird droppings indicate that there is water in a certain range; A lot of bird droppings on the ground indicate that there will be a bird's nest around.

(5) Excavated mounds: for example, wild crops will turn over a large area; When larger animals pass by, it is estimated that there will be obvious wet broken soil, and squirrels will leave small scratches on the surface when digging plant roots.

(6) Trap setting: (See survival manual).

Foraging at sea

At sea, the food that people can easily get is fish, but don't take risks.

Fishing. The first method is fishing. Tie the fishing line to the stern and let the boat tow it until the fish bites. Generally, drifters can't find the real bait, so they use rags as fake bait to trick the fish into taking the bait. If the fishing line suddenly stretches straight or is at right angles to the boat, it means that the fish is hooked. If you catch a big fish, you should jump on it when it is pulled into the boat, hold it under your body and give it a fatal blow in the shortest time. The second method is the harpoon, which requires special training.

-Catch the tortoise. Turtles are very sensitive to sounds and extremely powerful. You should use a hook to make a lasso around the turtle's head. If there is no lasso, everyone should cooperate to catch the turtle's fin, not the turtle's head.

-Bird catching. The first method is to grasp with bare hands, which requires quick eyes and quick hands; The second method is to break the wings of birds with bamboo poles; The third method is to hit the bird with a long pole (gently swing the bamboo pole to attract the bird to fly low and then slam it).

-Island survival. When the tide recedes, you can look for oysters and clams under the thin sand layer on the beach; Tie a dead fish to a rope at night, tie a pendant and throw it into the water. When you find it difficult to pull it up, pull it back as soon as possible. After catching lobsters and crabs, knock them out. Don't grab sharp pliers. Cook 15 minutes and you can eat it. Most shellfish can be eaten raw, but it is safer to eat after cooking; You can find turtle eggs along two parallel turtle tracks on the beach; When catching a turtle, turn it over, pry it out with a knife or stick, remove the hard shell and internal organs, and eat it after cooking or roasting; Sea cucumber can be found on rocks and tropical reefs, and its five long white meats can be peeled off for cooking; Look for caves and rocks where seawater enters, with salt dried by the sun on them, dissolve and filter them, and you can eat them.

Foraging in the desert

Cut the excess animal meat into 2cm thick and several centimeters wide, and hang it in the sun for 2-3 days until it is completely dry, which can be stored for a long time. Or cut the meat into pieces and dry it, and bury it with hot and dry sand, which can be preserved for a long time without salt; Or put a shelf on a slow fire and smoke the meat on it.

Note: Don't eat mammals with pathological manifestations, and don't eat animal livers.

Third, living in the wild.

1. Build a shelter

Sleep and rest are people's basic physiological needs. In the absence of tents and other facilities, it is necessary to build shelters in the wild. Shelters can keep out sunlight, wind and rain and keep a certain room temperature. If the mountain wind makes the shelter unsafe, you can find it along the same contour line, or you can find a natural pit, and the surrounding area is heightened and reinforced.

-Location selection. For example, choose a leeward place to avoid rain and be close to water sources; There are trees nearby, empty, flat and dry, close to each other, without too many stones; Where mountain torrents cannot be submerged; Stay away from beehives and dead trees, lonely trees, paths where wild animals run, valleys and caves; Places with human activities, etc.

It is forbidden to have picnics and camping in areas where fireworks and firecrackers are prohibited; When lighting a bonfire, build a temporary firewall to prevent the fire from spreading; Put out the fire completely after the picnic; It is necessary to prepare self-defense articles and take turns to be on duty at night to prevent sudden disasters such as wildlife invasion and ensure safety. We must abide by the national laws and regulations on the protection of rare birds and exotic trees, and pay attention to fire safety.

-Temporary shelter. Temporary shelters should be built according to local conditions, using natural terrain (such as pits, which are covered with pit tops) and ground features (such as broken branches, fallen trunks, stones, etc.). ).

(1) Tapered tent: One end of a plurality of round rods are tied together to form a conical vertex, and the other end is obliquely inserted into the ground and covered with ponchos, plastic films, canvas, etc.

(2) Roof tent: Tie the rope between two trees, put the poncho on the rope, and press the bottom edge with stones after opening.

(3) Tent with slope: one end of the poncho is fixed on the broken wall or ridge, and the other end is fixed on the ground.

(4) Jungle refuge: In the tropical jungle area, choose a highland that is convenient for drainage. It is necessary to "put up scaffolding first, then cover the roof, and make a bed with a fence at the same time. Finally, dig out the drainage ditch, eradicate weeds and level the ground." In wet and wild places, it can be built on trees. Two ends of the hammock are tied to a tree, a rope is pulled on it, waterproof cloth is spread on it, and four corners are fastened with ropes to form a waterproof tent.

Establish a camp

In field exploration, an organization should be set up to designate or elect a special person to be in charge, or take the rotation system of responsible persons, with a clear division of labor, and be responsible for firewood collection, water supply, cooking, hunting, duty and communication. No matter what kind of sudden disaster happens, we should maintain high morale.

Camp hygiene. The camp should be far away from garbage and toilets, and the garbage should be burned or buried with fire as much as possible to prevent drinking water pollution.

-Camp layout. Establish fixed water intake points (such as the upper reaches of rivers) to collect drinking water. Go to the lower reaches of the river to take a bath and wash clothes; Toilets and garbage pits should be built on the downhill and downwind of the camp; It is forbidden to urinate and dump garbage anywhere; Bury the old toilet when rebuilding it.

Camp equipment. There should be beds, ladders, pulleys, ponchos, goggles, ropes, etc.

-Knotting skills. Wild adventures are always tied with ropes. We should exercise ourselves and be able to tie knots freely in dark and harsh conditions. For example, single knitting, double knitting, single collar (life-saving buckle), climbing knot, dead bottle buckle, live bottle buckle, shoulder pole buckle, morning glory buckle, manned buckle, cat ear buckle and eye buckle; Rope eye knot, rope knot, rope needle knot, clove knot, round material knot, quick release knot, etc.

Fourth, site orientation and weather forecast.

1June, 1996, the explorer Yu Chunshun was lost in the middle of the lake after a day's hiking through Lop Nur. In case there is no compass, how can you determine your direction in the wild?

1, using natural features for orientation

-Use the sun to orient. As we all know, the sun moves from east to west, while the shadow moves from west to east. For example, at 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun rises in the east, and the shadows of all objects fall to the west; By noon 12, the sun is due south and the shadow points to the north; By 6 pm, the sun is due to the west and the shadow points to the east. So you can roughly determine the direction according to the shadows of the sun and objects.

(1) solar reference. Datum can play a role when using sun orientation. Find a tall and thin pole, make it perpendicular to the ground, and put a stone at the vertex A of the pole shadow. After at least 10 minutes, put another stone when the vertex of the polar shadow moves to B. Then, the connecting line between A and B is the east-west direction, and the direction perpendicular to it is the north-south direction. The end facing the sun is the south, and the opposite direction is the north.

(2) solar watch. Watches can also play a role in using the sun to orient. At 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun is in the east, and the hour hand of the watch points to the sun. At this time, "12" on the dial points to the west; If "3"