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1. Overview of cultural relics

1) Objects and tasks of cultural relics research

The research object of cultural relics science is cultural relics science. On the contrary, the establishment of the discipline of cultural relics has promoted the perfection and development of cultural relics research.

The task of cultural relics science is to reveal the law of cultural relics research, explore the value and art of cultural relics and guide the practical work of cultural relics.

2) Concentration and gathering of cultural relics.

Mainly pay attention to and understand the representative and influential schools, representative experts, main academic works, research methods and system theories in the germination, development and theoretical deepening stage of cultural relics.

2. Main fields of cultural relics research

1) study the value of cultural relics

Generally speaking, cultural relics have historical value, artistic value and scientific value.

Cultural relics can make up for the important role of history. More importantly, cultural relics reflect various human activities at that time, and also reflect the social relations between these activities and the social effects they have produced.

2) Study the function of cultural relics.

The function of cultural relics is embodied in the following two aspects: the historical function and educational function of cultural relics.

The historical function of cultural relics mainly studies the following contents:

Historical function of evidence

Official historical role

Supplementary historical function

Historical data function

The educational function of cultural relics mainly discusses the following contents:

Characteristics of cultural relics education

Cultural relics education places

Forms of cultural relics education

Educational function of cultural relics

3) Study the classification of cultural relics

Classification is a process of classifying the similarities and differences of cultural relics according to different standards.

There are many ways to classify cultural relics, mainly including age classification, region classification, existing form classification, texture classification, function classification, attribute (nature) classification, source classification, value classification and so on.

In addition, it also includes 4) research on cultural relics and remains, 5) research on cultural relics identification, 6) research on cultural relics protection, 7) research on cultural relics management, 8) research team building, 9) research on cultural relics collection, and 10) research on cultural relics tourism.

The classification of cultural relics is conducive to the preservation, publicity and research of cultural relics.

3. Theories and methods of cultural relics research.

1) Cultural Relics Research Theory

dialectical materialism

historical materialism

cultural evolutionism

Positioning theory and system theory

2) Research methods of cultural relics.

General social science method

The application of modern science and technology

4. A brief history of cultural relics development

1) the bud of cultural relics science

2) The emergence of cultural relics science

3) the development of cultural relics science

5. Nature of cultural relics

1) Definition of cultural relics

2) the connotation of cultural relics

3) Time limit of cultural relics

6. Naming cultural relics

Principles and methods of naming cultural relics.

Naming principle of cultural relics

Naming method of cultural relics

7. Cultural relics management and protection

1) Contents of cultural relics management

2) Cultural relics protection and management measures

3) Establish cultural relics management institutions.

4) Cultural relics management

Principles and methods of cultural relics management

Legal management of cultural relics

Collection of cultural relics management

Management of cultural relics protection units

Investigation and management of cultural relics

Management of archaeological excavations

Management of private collection of cultural relics

Cultural relics exit management

Cultural relics market management

8. Cultural relics protection technology

1) traditional cultural relics protection technology

2) Using modern science and technology to protect cultural relics.

3) Special technology in cultural relics protection

9. Protection and management of historical and cultural cities

1) Make a safeguard plan.

2) Strengthen protection management

10. Management of cultural relics staff

1 1. Scientific research and application of cultural relics protection technology

12. Cultural relics protection policy

Main reference books

Li Xiaodong: Introduction to Cultural Relics in China, Hebei People's Publishing House, 1990.

Introduction to Museology

(A) the research object and content of museum science

1. Museology is a science that studies the nature, characteristics, social functions, realization methods, organization and management of museums and the law of their development.

2. The research object of Museology is the theory and practice of preserving, researching and using natural specimens and human cultural remains for social education, including the history of the occurrence and development of museums and their relationship with society, as well as the evolution of social functions of museums, the operation of internal mechanisms and the laws of interaction.

3. The research content of museum science mainly includes two aspects: one is to study the collections, exhibitions, audiences, various works and their relationships, all aspects of museum construction and the relationships between museums at all levels; The second is to study the relationship between museums and the public, as well as the development of social economy, politics, culture and education, science and technology.

(2) The disciplinary nature and research methods of Museology.

1. Museology belongs to social science.

2. Museology related disciplines include education, psychology, sociology, bibliography, management and so on.

3. The research methods of Museology include philosophical methods, general scientific research methods (analytical and comprehensive methods, historical methods, investigation methods, comparative methods, etc. ) and specific research methods.

(3) A Brief History of Museology

Understand the brief history of foreign museology and China museology.

Functions and types of museums

1. The concept of museum: Chapter 1, Article 2 of the Measures for the Administration of Museums promulgated by the Ministry of Culture and implemented on June 1 2006: Museums mentioned in these Measures refer to museums that are open to the public for the purpose of collecting, protecting, researching and displaying the witness of human activities and the natural environment, and have been audited by the cultural relics administrative department and approved by the relevant administrative department.

2. The characteristics of a museum include (1) and materiality, without which it cannot be a museum; (2) Intuition, which is a unique way of communication for museums as social educational institutions; (3) extensive, everything has become the object of museum collection, involving a wide range of knowledge.

The function of museum is collection, research and education.

4. Museums can be divided into five categories: (1) and history; (2) art; (3) science; (4), comprehensive class; (5) Other types

(5) History of museum development

Understand the development history of foreign museums and China museums.

(6) Contemporary museums

Learn about the Museum of Contemporary China and the Museum of Contemporary World.

(7) Collection and identification of museum collections

1. The so-called museum collection is the witness of the development of material civilization and spiritual civilization of nature and human society, which is collected and preserved by the museum for the purpose of social education and scientific research according to its own nature.

2. The collection of museum collections is the basic business for museums to continuously supplement cultural relics or specimens through various channels according to their nature and characteristics.

3. The main task of museum collection appraisal is to identify the authenticity and study the connotation, and the evaluation of leaf value should include naming and grading.

Its purpose is to help correct the scientific nature of the collection and protect the real scientific and cultural wealth for the country.

At the same time, it is also the first "portal" for scientific management, public exhibition, research and utilization of museum collections, providing appraisal results such as collection value, name, age and grade.

(8) Museum collection management

The first purpose of collection management is to protect the safety of collections and prevent them from being lost or damaged; Second, it is convenient for research and utilization, so that the connotative value of the collection can be transformed into social value.

Require a sound system, clear accounts, accurate identification, detailed cataloging, proper storage and convenient access.

(9) Digital management of museum collections

Understand its concept, principle and significance.

Understand its working steps and methods.

(10) Museum Display and Exhibition

1. Concept: "Museum display is a scientific combination of cultural relics, specimens and auxiliary exhibits to show the development process and laws of society, natural history, science and technology or a certain discipline for the audience to enjoy."

2. The difference between exhibition and exhibition: China's museology advocates that exhibition is also called basic exhibition, which refers to the exhibition that adapts to the nature and task of the museum, has its own unique exhibits and exhibition system, and its content is relatively fixed and open to the public all the year round.

Exhibition, also known as thematic exhibition, refers to exhibitions with specific content, few types, short exhibition time and frequent changes.

3. The basic principles of display:

(1) Adapting to the nature and tasks of the library, highlighting the collection characteristics, industry characteristics and regional characteristics, with high academic and cultural content;

(2) Rational use of modern technology, materials, techniques and expressions to achieve the harmony and unity of form and content;

(3) The exhibits shall be based on the original, and the restored display shall keep the original historical appearance, and the purpose of the replicas, imitations and auxiliary exhibits shall be clearly stated;

(4) The exhibition hall is equipped with standard safety and technical prevention equipment and exhibition facilities to prevent the exhibits from being damaged by nature;

(5) Providing written explanation and explanation services for the public;

(6) The external publicity activities of the exhibition are timely, accurate and novel in form.

4. The basic procedures of exhibition work include:

(1) Overall research and design;

(2) Content research and design;

(3) Art form research and design;

(4) Design and production of auxiliary exhibits and equipment;

(5) Installation and layout of the exhibition site;

(6) On-site evaluation and opening preparation before the opening of the exhibition;

(7) Evaluation and post-exhibition summary of each working stage.

(1 1) Museum visitors

Every work in the museum (exhibition, lecture, etc.). Due to the limitation of theme, content, art form, activity mode, holding time and appropriate education level, it is always the most suitable for a certain audience, and this particular group is the main service object for holding this activity.

In the international museum circle, it is called the "target audience" of an exhibition or an activity.

The research methods of audience survey mainly include direct survey and indirect survey.

The so-called direct investigation includes oral investigation, direct observation, forum and other forms; The so-called indirect survey is mainly through questionnaires and guest books to the audience.

The so-called Friends of Museums are public organizations that are established to support, help and sponsor museums and are enthusiastic about public welfare undertakings.

(12) Scientific research in museums

It mainly includes the research of collections and related disciplines, as well as the research of museum science.

(13) Museum Management

Understand the museum management system and regulations.

Understand museum personnel management and museum fund management.

(14) Digital Museum

Understand its concept, function, significance, elements, classification and characteristics.

Main reference books

China Museology Foundation, edited by Wang Hongjun, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 200 1 edition.

Introduction to archaeology

I. Archaeological overview

(A) the objects and tasks of archaeology

The research object of archaeology is the material remains unearthed underground. We need to understand the behavior and ideological activities of the ancients from the interpretation of these material cultures, so as to rebuild and supplement the ancient history of China.

(B) the birth and development of archaeology

The birth and development of archaeology, understand the relationship between antiquities, epigraphy and archaeology.

The birth of Nordic three-stage theory, the development from evolutionary archaeology to cultural and historical archaeology, and the new trend of contemporary archaeology development.

Second, the basic concepts of archaeology

(1) branches and types of archaeology

The branch of object time includes prehistoric archaeology, historical archaeology and so on. Methods There are field archaeology, scientific archaeology, underwater archaeology, aviation archaeology, molecular archaeology and experimental archaeology. Special topics include environmental archaeology, human physique archaeology, animal and plant archaeology, settlement archaeology, urban archaeology, agricultural archaeology, industrial archaeology, ceramic archaeology, architectural archaeology, art archaeology, religious archaeology and public archaeology.

(2) Archaeological chronology

Understand various dating methods of archaeology, relative dating methods such as three-phase theory, stratigraphy, typology, animal fossils, tree rings and mud, and the basic principles of absolute dating methods such as carbon 14, potassium argon method, paleomagnetism and uranium series method.

(3) Archaeological excavations

Understand the norms and operations of archaeological excavation, horizontal and vertical excavation, exploration and horizon control, as well as the collection, preservation and recording of unearthed cultural relics.

(4) Site type

Understand the types of archaeological excavations, including wilderness sites, cave sites, paleolithic stone workshops, villages, cemeteries, pits, ash pits, bronze age houses, temples, palaces, aristocratic tombs, village and civilian cemeteries, historical city sites and tombs.

(5) arrangement of archaeological materials

Understand the field treatment, classification, typology methods and the definition of archaeological culture of archaeological materials.

(6) Archaeological interpretation

Chronology of cultural history, cultural relations, communication and migration, cultural ecology, cultural motivation

Third, China's archaeological knowledge.

(1) Paleolithic Age

Human origin and Paleolithic culture, important ancient human fossils in various periods, and representative cultures in the early, middle and late Paleolithic period.

(2) Neolithic Age

Understand the main archaeological cultures in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin in different periods, and master the scope and geographical distribution of each archaeological culture, as well as the main cultural characteristics such as pottery, stone tools, jade, economic form, settlement distribution and burial customs.

(3) The Bronze Age

The main archaeological cultures in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties and their time and space framework, and the characteristics of pottery, bronze, jade, major city sites, tombs and other major cultures.

(4) The Iron Age

Understand the characteristics of city sites and important tombs from Qin and Han Dynasties to Song and Yuan Dynasties, jade, iron, gold and silver, ceramic archaeology, Buddhist archaeology, architectural archaeology, etc.

Four, technology, tools and other cultural relics

(A) stone technology and types

The technology and main types of making stone tools, the development of paleolithic technology.

The development, main types and functions of grinding stone tools, as well as the raw materials, processing and analysis characteristics of the two stone tools.

(2) Pottery technology and types

Understand the characteristics of pottery processing, process changes, raw material treatment, shape characteristics, the relationship between processing technology and use, the difference and significance of manual, slow wheel and fast wheel.

(3) Metal technology and types

Production, types and uses of bronze and iron.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) reconstructs history.

(A) the reconstruction of prehistoric livelihood

From the environment, animals, plants, utensils, human bones (recipe analysis) and tools, the information about the relationship between man and land is extracted to understand the transformation of human beings from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

(B) the reconstruction of prehistoric society

Understand the characteristics and development of social complexity, population size, economic form, settlement size and grade, tomb size and grade, temples, city sites and memorial buildings from the settlement form.

(3) Explore ancient human thoughts.

Understand the symbolic significance of tomb placement, memorial buildings, jade and bronze luxuries, and how funerary objects and tomb murals reflect the world outlook and life and death of ancient people.

Mining, protection and utilization of intransitive verbs

Understand that archaeological excavation is a kind of destruction, underground cultural relics are non-renewable cultural heritage, and human activities and grave robbery have become a severe challenge to the protection of underground cultural heritage. Establish the concept of contemporary cultural heritage protection and carry out public archaeological education activities.

Main reference books

General Archaeology of China, edited by Zhang Zhiheng, Nanjing University Press, 2009.

Introduction to cultural relics protection

First, museum environmentology

(A) the mission of museum environmental science

Basic concepts such as temperature, absolute humidity, relative humidity, illuminance, ultraviolet proportion of light source, concentration of main air pollutants, etc.

Measuring instrument for relative humidity, illuminance and ultraviolet proportion of light source.

(B) the impact of museum environment on cultural relics damage

(3) Recommended environmental parameters for the protection of various cultural relics

Second, the main methods and key points of dating cultural relics and instruments.

(a) such as the principle and application of carbon-14 method.

(2) The principle and application of thermoluminescence method.

Third, modern analysis methods of cultural relics materials and structures.

(A) the principle and application of X-ray fluorescence analysis

(2) The principle and application of X-ray diffraction analysis.

Four. Internationally recognized principles of cultural relics protection and restoration

According to the spirit of Venice, the principles of cultural relics protection and restoration are as follows:

(a) do not change the original appearance of cultural relics, maintain their authenticity, and the repaired part is obviously different from the unrepaired part.

(2) Aging products (such as corrosion products of bronzes) should be retained when repairing, so as to "repair the old as the old".

(3) The method of protection or restoration (or materials used) should be reversible.

(four) the protection or repair materials used should be tested many times before they can be put into practical use.

(5) When there is no suitable method and it is not urgent, conservative environmental control methods can be adopted.

(six) the protection and repair process should be recorded.

(7) In the process of repair, it shall not be forged.

If there is no sufficient basis for the missing part, it cannot be supplemented.

Five, can use the basic knowledge of cultural relics protection and protection principles to analyze and solve some practical problems of protection.

Calculation of (1) relative humidity

A well-sealed showcase has a volume of 2 cubic meters and contains 1 1g water vapor at 10℃. What is its relative humidity? Due to improper installation of lighting system, the temperature in the cabinet rose to 30℃. What is the relative humidity at this time? If both metal and wood series are displayed in the cupboard, which series may be dangerous? Please give an example. What kind of danger could this be?

(2) Preparation of solution

The specific gravity of ethanol is known to be 0.7893. How to simply and approximately prepare 1000 ml benzotriazole ethanol solution with 10% mass percentage concentration?

(3) Lighting control

What measures can be taken in museum lighting to protect paper collections?

1. Selection of light source: as far as possible, choose the heritage lamp without ultraviolet rays, at least limit the proportion of ultraviolet rays in the light source.

2. Control the illumination below 50 lux.

3. Use heat-sensitive or voice-activated light source. Only when the audience is close to the assembly will some light sources light up.

4. Use collections and replicas to exhibit in turn to reduce the total light consumption.

Main reference books

, Luo, Kang Zhongrong. Fundamentals of cultural relics protection. Sichuan University Press, 2009.

Edited by Wang Huizhen. Cultural relics protection. Cultural relics publishing house, 2009.