Geological tourism landscape based on internal geological process

We have talked about geological processes in the last section, so we won't repeat them here. This chapter mainly discusses the geological tourism landscape based on internal geological processes. Basic geology (Song, Zhang Zhenchun, 1996) and internal force classification are shown in Figure 2-2.

Figure 2-2 Classification Diagram of Geological Action of Internal Force

The first is the geological landscape dominated by tectonic movement.

Tectonic movement is a mechanical movement that causes the deformation and displacement of lithospheric geological bodies by the dynamics inside the earth. Tectonic movement can induce magmatic activity, metamorphism, earthquakes and other internal dynamic geological processes, which can lead to the proliferation and extinction of continental crust and oceanic crust, and the change of land and sea contour, which deeply affects the results of external dynamic geological processes. Tectonic movement can form many typical tectonic lakes, tectonic springs and some large mountains. These can be excellent geological landscapes. The most famous tectonic lake is Lake Baikal, followed by Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi in Africa. The famous tectonic lakes in China are Dianchi Lake, Fuxian Lake, Lop Nur and Bosten Lake.

Tectonic Lake —— Lake Baikal in Russia

Lake Baikal was listed on the World Heritage List in 1996. The World Heritage Committee commented that Lake Baikal is located in the southeast of Siberia, with an area of 310.5 million hectares. It is the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (65,438+0,700 meters) lake in the world. It has 20% of the world's total frozen fresh water reserves. Known as the "Galapagos of Russia", Lake Baikal has become one of the most diverse and unique areas of freshwater fauna in the world because of its long history and inaccessible places, which is of inestimable value to evolutionary science.

Enjoy the reputation of "bright eyes of Siberia", which was formed by the collapse of the stratum. About 20 million years ago, a strong earthquake happened here, the rocks in the crust broke and a large area of land collapsed, forming a huge basin. The animals and plants here are buried underground, and only the rapids of rivers have not disappeared, running towards the basin, forming waterfalls and continuously injecting into the lake. Lake Baikal is located in Irkutsk and Chita regions of Russia. It is about 636 kilometers long, 80 kilometers wide at its widest point and 48 kilometers wide on average. Lake Baikal has 336 rivers and streams such as Angara River and Serenger River flowing into the lake. Run north to the Yenisei River. Lake Baikal is the oldest and deepest freshwater lake in the world, and it is also a famous freshwater ecosystem in the world. Lake Baikal is extremely clear, with a transparency of 40.5 meters, and is known as "the bright eye of Siberia". Lake Baikal is surrounded by mountains, with trees and beautiful scenery. Brown bears, deer and elk often haunt Lake Baikal. There are about 1340 species of animals in Lake Baikal (745 species are endemic). There are more than 50 kinds of fish in the lake, including herring, salmon, cod, sturgeon and squid. Lake Baikal also has the only freshwater seal in the water world. There are 570 species of plants in waters and coastal areas, of which 150 species are endemic to this area (Sun Keqin, 2008).

Lake Baikal is sunny, with little rainfall, warm in winter and cool in summer, with more than 300 mineral springs. It is the largest convalescent center in eastern Russia. There are 130 tourist bases and rest bases along the coast of Lake Baikal, with passenger traffic of 12000 people. Lake Baikal Folk Museum is located on the east bank of Lake Baikal, 60 kilometers away from the lake, and can be reached by bus. There are many living facilities of nomadic people in the East in the museum: tents made of skins and birch bark by Ewenki people, yurts used by the poor in Buryatia, wooden houses of Buryatia people in ancient Russia, as well as huts, granaries, bathhouses and chicken houses. Coupled with the unique national costumes, costumes and horses with exquisite saddles, all this is a beautiful natural landscape against the backdrop of the big forest. A large number of warm water bays in Lake Baikal and the exotic Lake Baikal Folk Museum have attracted a large number of tourists. Coupled with the relatively suitable climate, beautiful scenery, a large number of natural and archaeological sites, different kinds of biota, fresh air, original ecological environment and unique leisure resources, Lake Baikal has super high tourism and leisure potential.

From 65438 to 0996, Lake Baikal, as a natural heritage, was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.

The second is the geological landscape dominated by magmatic activity.

The whole process from the generation and rise of magma to the cold solidification and diagenesis of magma is called magmatism or magmatism. The magmatic activity ejected from the surface is called volcanism or volcanism. There are many landscapes closely related to magmatic activities, which can usually be divided into basalt landscapes and granite scenic spots.

(A) Basalt Scenic Area-China Heilongjiang Wudalianchi World Geopark

Basalt is a typical basic extrusive rock, so basalt scenic spot is inextricably linked with volcanic activity. The most famous basalt scenic spot in China is Wudalianchi World Geopark.

Wudalianchi World Geopark is located in wudalianchi city, Heilongjiang Province, with geographical coordinates of 48 36 ′ 36 ″ ~ 48 50 ′ 43 ″ north latitude and 65 438+025 57 ′ 42 ″ ~ 65 438+026 30 ′ 48 ″ east longitude, with a total area of 720 square kilometers. The main geological relics are volcanic landforms, with old volcanoes and new volcanoes alternately arranged, and the larger cone-shaped volcano is close to the smaller debris pile and shield volcano. There are many kinds of craters, including round basin craters, round chair craters, funnel craters, fissure craters, compound craters and so on. Lava erupted by new volcanoes appears alternately, and a large number of large-scale and well-preserved jet cones and discs are rare in the world. The recent volcanic eruption blocked the river course of that year, forming five volcanic dammed lakes-Wudalianchi, which are connected by Zhuxi and reflect the mountains, enjoying the reputation of "Natural Volcano Museum".

There are abundant mineral springs with medical value here, also known as "the hometown of mineral water in China". There are four volcanoes 14 regularly distributed in the park, of which 12 was formed in the geological period from120,000 to10,000. These two volcanoes erupted in1719 ~1721,which is one of the latest volcanoes in China.

200 1 wudalianchi volcanic landscape was approved as a national geological park. In February 2004, it was approved by UNESCO as a world geopark.

(2) Granite scenic spot

Granite is a plutonic acid igneous rock formed by magma condensation in the deep underground, and some granites are gneiss or migmatite formed by magma and sedimentary rocks metamorphism. The spectacular granite landscape can bring great pleasure to visitors to appreciate the natural beauty.

Mr. Chen Anze (2007) systematically studied the granite landscape in China and divided it into several types (Table 2-5).

Table 2-5 Granite Landscape Types Table

1. Granite Peak Topography in Sanqingshan, China

Peak granite landform refers to granite with absolute height above 1 500m and specific height above 1 000m, which is mainly formed by freezing and weathering, and is characterized by sharp peaks and sharp edges and corners. Some people once called it "peak forest" landform, but Mr. Chen Anze called it "peak" landform because "peak forest" has become a special term for karst landform. Its biggest feature is the angular peaks standing on the top of the mountain, which are over 1000 meters high. Sanqingshan Mountain and Huangshan Mountain are its typical representatives.

2. Granite landform of fault cliff

It refers to the landform with steep wall formed by the giant granite fault-block mountain with an altitude of1500m and a specific height of1000m. The lithology is uniform, vertical joints are developed, and there are large faults. The rapid uplift of neotectonics is an important factor in the formation of this landform. This is a typical tectonic denudation landform, and Huashan is its representative. Huashan Mountain has been the road since ancient times, which shows the precipitous degree of this landform.

3. Dome granite landform (giant dome)

Refers to the landform landscape where the granite rock mass below the altitude of 1000 meters forms a huge dome. The surface of the dome is smooth, and many dense gullies are often distributed on the curved surface, which looks like a waterfall from a distance. Some people call it "granite waterfall landform". This landform mostly appears at the root of granite. Due to undeveloped joints, dense rocks and good integrity, chemical weathering and precipitation are the main factors that form this landform. Shenlingzhai in Luoning, Henan Province and Fengkai in Guangdong Province are its typical representatives.

4. Stone egg granite landform

Refers to the original or displaced granite block, which is round and egg-shaped, so it is called stone egg landform. Chemical weathering and rainstorm scouring are the main driving forces of its formation, and physical weathering of thermal expansion and cold contraction is also very important. In the warm and humid climate zone, the hilltops and slope turning points that are easy to be washed by heavy rain are the places where stone eggs are most likely to form. Gulangyu-Shiwan Mountain in Xiamen, Fujian and Yishan Mountain in Zoucheng, Shandong are typical examples of this landform.

5. Granite landform of Shizhu Group

Refers to the landform with a height of more than 5 meters, straight edges and corners, and isolated or conjoined columns in groups. Because it looks like Yunnan Stone Forest, some people call it "granite stone forest landform". Because "Stone Forest" has become a special karst term, Mr. Chen Anze called it "Granite Pillar Group Landform" or named it "Keshiketeng Landform" after its discovery, which is called "Keqi Landform" for short. The secondary dense horizontal joints and relatively sparse vertical joints are the structural conditions for the formation of this landform, and the freezing disintegration in cold climate area is the main driving force for its appearance. Some stone pillars were eroded by the wind in the later period, and the edges and corners of the pillars became curved. Keshiketeng in Inner Mongolia and Yichun in Heilongjiang are its typical representatives.

6. Tafeng granite landform

The overall shape is similar to that of the peak landform, but the peak is mostly round, so it can also be called "the peak landform with blunt top". There are many small-scale arc-shaped rocks and granite caves piled up by caving rocks contemporaneous with the peak. This landform evolved from the peak landform. In the early Alpine peak landform, due to structural changes, peaks and stone pillars collapsed, and the height of the mountain was reduced to below 1 1,000 m due to weathering and erosion. In addition, the spherical chemical weathering in the later period turned the peaks, the original angular stone pillars and the collapsed rocks into circles, which is a transitional type between the peak landform and the stone egg landform, represented by Chaya Mountain in Henan Province.

7. Granite landform of rockfall (stone shed)

It refers to the landscape characterized by huge collapsed rocks overlapping each other to form irregular cavities, which is called "stone shed" or "rockfill cave". This kind of landscape is formed by the peak of peak landform or the collapse of stone pillars in valleys or foothills due to strong earthquakes and other factors. In the areas where rockfall develops, there are no more groups of stone pillars on most hilltops. Therefore, the rockfall landform is a sign to judge the stability of the crust. Sanqingshan Mountain and Tianzhu Mountain are both high mountains with an altitude of1500m, but their landforms are completely different. In the former, there are few collapsed boulders, many peaks and mountains, and groups of tall stone pillars, among which the stone pillar python rises as high as 100 meters. Among the latter, there are almost no stone pillars at the top of the mountain, but the foothills of the valley are covered with huge rock deposits, forming more than 40 stone-filled caves. This landform is formed by the disintegration and superposition of "peak" landform mountains, which shows that the neotectonic movement of this landform is strong, and Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui Province and Cuihua Mountain in Shaanxi Province are typical representatives of this landform.

8. Granite landforms of sea cliffs, stone pillars and caves

It refers to the granite rock mass near the coast or island area, which is characterized by the formation of sea pillars, cliffs and caves by marine erosion, represented by Pingtan, Fujian.

9. Wind erosion granite landform

It refers to the granite rock mass in arid desert area, with dry and hot climate and large temperature difference between day and night, which makes the rock expand with heat and contract with cold. Strong wind erosion leads to the formation of extremely irregular honeycomb caves or wind-eroded mushrooms on the surface of granite rock mass, which has become the landscape feature of this landform, represented by rock ditches in Bortala, Xinjiang and Alashan Banner, Inner Mongolia.

10. Quanyaling granite landform

It refers to the formation of a long and narrow ridge on granite above 1000 meters above sea level, on which a series of canine-shaped peaks are scattered. The peaks are uneven and uneven, which is the product of freezing weathering, caving and cracking. It shows that the temperature in this area is low in the process of landform formation, which is developed from freezing weathering, with Laoshan Mountain as the representative.

1 1. Round peak ridge granite

This landform is a masterpiece of shaping the long granite body in a warm and humid climate. Hengshan granite, represented by Nanyue, with an exposed area of 450 square kilometers, is an intrusion of adamellite in the early Yanshanian period of Mesozoic. Controlled by large-scale structural faults, the rock mass is generally distributed in the northeast direction in the shape of jujube pits. Dozens of kilometers of ridges are formed along the long axis, and a series of peaks such as Zhurongfeng are scattered on the long ridges. The NW-trending faults intersecting the NE-trending ridge developed and weathered and denuded to form a series of NW-trending or nearly EW-trending mountains. Looking down from a height, a giant eagle headed by Zhurongfeng spread its wings and flew south. The predecessors said that "flying over Hengshan Mountain" is the best summary of this landform.

Third, the geological landscape dominated by metamorphism.

Metamorphism refers to the change of physical and chemical conditions in a specific underground geological environment, which changes the composition, structure and structure of solid original rocks and forms new rocks, thus achieving a new equilibrium relationship between rocks and the environment.

Metamorphic rock is a kind of rock formed by the change of geological environment and physical and chemical conditions, which changes the mineral composition and structure of magmatic rocks and sedimentary rocks. There are many kinds of metamorphic rocks. Due to the difference of original rock lithology and metamorphic degree, the lithology of metamorphic rocks is very different, and the style and characteristics of mountain scenery are also different. Metamorphic rock landscape can be divided into metamorphic rock landscape, typical special deposits and some ornamental stones formed by metamorphism.

(1) Metamorphic rock landscape-Mount Tai in China.

There are many metamorphic rocks in China, which are widely distributed in the north and south of the Yangtze River. The famous ones are Mount Tai, Songshan, Lushan, Wutai, Cangshan, Wudang and Fan Jing.

Mount Tai is located in the middle of Shandong Province, spanning Tai 'an and Jinan, with a total area of 426 square kilometers and an altitude of 1532.7 meters. Mount Tai is famous for its height and majesty, especially the south slope composed of ancient complex rocks, whose main body is formed by the metamorphism of ancient granodiorite. Mount Tai was formed in Archean, and it was folded and uplifted due to the compression in the southwest and northeast. After deep metamorphism, Taishan Group, the oldest stratum in China, was formed. Later, due to crustal changes, it was divided by multiple sets of faults, forming a huge mountain. Now it continues to grow at a rate of 0.5 mm per year. The essence of Taishan metamorphism is Taishan stone, and its rocks include plagioclase gneiss, biotite amphibole plagioclase gneiss, gneiss granite, granite gneiss and amphibole. Its texture is hard, its tone is calm, dignified and vigorous, and it mostly appears in the form of transparent and semi-transparent texture pictures, which is famous for its beautiful and changeable texture. Taishan stone is famous at home and abroad for its simple, vigorous and dignified style. In addition, folklore such as Taishan stone can ward off evil spirits, towns and houses, etc. It started to run away from home. The "writing stone", "digital stone" and "writing stone" in Taishan stone,

Mount Tai is adjacent to the magnificent sea in the east and the Yellow River with a long history in the west, which is superior to Qilu. For thousands of years, it has been the political, economic and cultural center of the East. Mount Tai has profound cultural connotations. Its ancient buildings are mainly in Ming and Qing dynasties, integrating architecture, painting, sculpture, rocks and trees. It is a great and solemn symbol of oriental civilization.

1987, Mount Tai was listed in the World Heritage List by UNESCO because it met all six criteria for selecting cultural heritage and 1 criteria for natural heritage, and became a dual heritage of nature and culture.

(B) typical mineral tourism resources-gems

A large number of ornamental stones will also be formed after metamorphism. Ornamental stones (strange stones, elegant stones) refer to all kinds of stones that are naturally formed, scientific, rare, peculiar, ornamental, artistic and commercial, and have appreciation and collection value in the earth's lithosphere.

As a kind of ornamental stones, precious stones are distributed all over the world. Due to different geological conditions in different regions, the distribution of gems in different zones will show different characteristics (Wu Shengming, 2007). Even the same gem has its own characteristics in different places of origin. Take Sri Lankan sapphire and China Shandong sapphire as examples, the color of China Shandong sapphire is darker and darker. As far as the output value of world gem resources is concerned, the output value of diamonds accounts for 80%. The distribution of gem resources is also extremely uneven. Most of the world-famous large gem deposits are distributed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and more than 0/0 countries in Europe. Such as South Africa, Madagascar, China, Myanmar, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the United States, Brazil and so on (Table 2-6).

Table 2-6 Distribution Table of Gems and Gems around the World

When evaluating gems, we can judge them according to their three elements. Three elements of natural gemstones:

(1) Beautiful. Bright colors, high transparency and high purity. Good gloss and special photochemical reaction.

(2) Durability. Certain hardness, toughness, corrosion resistance and high chemical stability.

(3) rare. The less natural output, the less commodity output and the higher price.

Fourthly, the landscape of earthquake remains.

A sudden earthquake on the earth is called an earthquake. General earthquake refers to the vibration caused by natural action, mainly a form of energy accumulation and release in the lithosphere, and also a geological action that often occurs in nature (Song, Zhang Zhenchun, 1996). The earth can be divided into three layers, the middle layer is the core, the middle layer is the mantle and the outer layer is the crust. Earthquakes usually occur in the earth's crust. The interior of the crust is constantly changing, and the resulting force (that is, internal force) makes the crust strata deform, fracture and move, so an earthquake happened. Earthquakes are extremely frequent, and there are about 5.5 million earthquakes every year in the world. Earthquakes often cause serious casualties and house damage, which can cause fires, floods, toxic gas leakage, the spread of bacteria and radioactive substances, and may also cause secondary disasters such as tsunami, landslides, collapses and ground fissures.

China, located between the Pacific seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic belt, is a country with many earthquakes. The seismic activity in China is characterized by wide distribution, high frequency, high intensity and shallow source. According to statistics, there have been 22 major earthquakes of magnitude 8 and above in China. 1920 There was a famous Haiyuan earthquake. A strong earthquake of magnitude 8.5 occurred in Haiyuan County, Ningxia, with the epicenter split 12 degrees and the focal depth 17 kilometers. 240,000 people were killed, 4 cities were destroyed and dozens of counties were damaged. 1976 Tangshan earthquake occurred in Tangshan, Hebei Province (the epicenter was 39.4 north latitude, and the east longitude was 1 18.0), with a magnitude of 7.8 and an epicentre crack of VII. Most buildings in Tangshan city basically collapsed or were seriously damaged. The rails twisted into a snake shape, and a large number of cracks appeared on the surface, as well as water spraying, sand falling and collapse, accompanied by the phenomenon of light before the earthquake. More than 240,000 people died and 65,438+600,000 people were injured. Nearby Tianjin has also been damaged by Ⅶ ~ Ⅶ. The earthquake felt in Liaoning, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and other 14 provinces, cities and autonomous regions, and the radius of the damage range was about 250 kilometers. The study of focal physics shows that the process of focal dislocation of this earthquake is complicated.

Strong earthquakes caused landslides, river diversions, terrain changes, house destruction, human and animal casualties, and brought huge losses to people's lives and property. China is one of the countries with the most serious earthquake disasters in the world, and it has also left us the oldest and richest earthquake relics in the world. They have both special natural landscapes and long-standing human landscapes. It has not only scientific research value, but also strong ornamental tourism value. Today, with the rapid development of tourism, it has become a part of tourism geoscience resources. Earthquake tourism has become a branch of geoscience tourism.

Earthquake Relics-Tangshan, China

Tangshan, China is relatively mature in the development and protection of earthquake relics. Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Tower, Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Hall and Tangshan Earthquake Victims Memorial Hall have been established in the whole city.

(1) Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Tower. A 33-meter-high Tangshan earthquake memorial tower stands in the central square of Tangshan, which is a landmark building of Tangshan. It consists of a main tower and an auxiliary tower. The auxiliary tower shows the heroic deeds of Tangshan earthquake relief in the form of ruins. The tower is composed of four independent trapezoids, symbolizing the support of the motherland from all directions to the Tangshan disaster area. People come here every day to pay their respects.

(2) Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Hall. The museum is located on the west side of Tangshan downtown square, covering an area of 5,300 square meters. There is a sense of sculpture, which gives people rich imagination. The museum introduces the general situation, disaster situation, disaster relief achievements, reconstruction of homes and resumption of production of Tangshan earthquake through pictures and information systems. It has become one of the special activities of people's scientific investigation and tourism. Since the opening of 1986, the museum has received a total of10.5 million visitors, including more than10.5 million foreign visitors, and many national leaders and diplomatic envoys in China have also visited it.

(3) Memorial Hall for Victims of Tangshan Earthquake. In memory of the victims of the Tangshan earthquake, china charity federation cooperated with Yanshan Taling Co., Ltd. to build a memorial hall for the victims of the Tangshan earthquake in Yanshan Taling, zunhua city. There is a monument to the 240,000 victims of the Tangshan earthquake in the memorial hall, which is 1.75 meters high, making it the largest monument with the largest number of people in the world.