Cultural protection and tourism

First, the definition of cultural relics:

1. According to the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics, cultural relics are of historical, artistic and scientific value and are protected by the state. Probably includes:

Documents and antiquities handed down from generation to generation

(1) Sites of ancient culture, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples and stone carvings of historical, artistic and scientific value;

The Forbidden City in Beijing, Pagoda of Six Harmonies in Hangzhou, Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Royal Mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(two) buildings, sites and relics related to major historical events, revolutionary movements and famous people, which are of great commemorative, educational and historical value;

Precious artworks and handicrafts in all historical periods;

Important revolutionary documents, manuscripts, ancient books and materials of historical, artistic and scientific value.

2. Cultural relics can be divided into:

(a) immovable (i.e. historical sites), in principle, the implementation of "in situ protection".

(b) Movable (i.e. cultural relics in collection) and those collected by museums, memorial halls, libraries or people.

3 the definition of "historical and cultural city":

(a) cities with particularly rich cultural relics and great historical and cultural value will be rated as "historical and cultural cities" by the state.

(2) As of 20 12 * *, there are 1 19 historical and cultural cities.

Ancient City of Jixian and Pingyao in Tianjin

4. Intangible cultural heritage:

Various customs, performances, forms of expression, knowledge and skills, and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites are regarded as cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes even individuals.

Second, the "world cultural heritage":

Refers to the cultural relics and natural landscapes with outstanding significance and universal value confirmed by UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee.

Third, the "heritage application fever":

It refers to the abbreviation of "the upsurge of applying for the World Heritage". Due to the great economic benefits and honors brought by the world heritage, various places compete to select and declare the world heritage, forming a craze.

Second, China and "World Heritage":

As of July 1, 2065438, China has included 43 cultural or natural heritages in the World Heritage List, ranking third in the world, only next to Italy and Spain.

(* * Divided into five categories: world cultural and natural heritage, world natural heritage, world natural landscape, world cultural heritage and world cultural landscape)

Third, the challenge of cultural protection in China.

1. Environmental pollution:

(a) Sulfur dioxide emitted by factories and automobiles causes acid rain and erodes cultural heritage, especially stone and wooden artifacts.

(2) Microbial pollutants accelerate the aging of cultural painting pigments, leading to the gradual fading of colorful cultural relics.

Sichuan Leshan Giant Buddha

2. Economic development:

(1) In the early days of reform and opening up, the state attached importance to economic development, neglected the protection of cultural relics, and lacked funds for the maintenance of cultural relics.

(b) In order to speed up urbanization, individual local governments and developers only focus on commercial considerations and ignore the laws of the central government, and spare no effort to demolish buildings with cultural characteristics and turn them into commercial buildings.

In the early days of reform and opening up, the economy was the main goal, and the protection of cultural relics was ignored.

(c) Even if the developer finds cultural relics during the construction period, in order not to affect the economic benefits, he is unwilling to inform the cultural relics department that the cultural relics will be destroyed.

(d) Even though some local governments use local cultural relics and historical sites to promote economic development, they fail to properly protect them. In order to improve economic benefits, they do not limit the number of tourists, and even build infrastructure around cultural relics, such as hotels, restaurants, shops and so on. , destroyed the overall appearance of the area around the historic site.

3. Develop tourism:

(1) In order to improve economic benefits, there are no restrictions on tourists, which puts pressure on the protection of cultural relics.

(b) Destruction of cultural relics in Zhou Jianshe, such as hotels, restaurants, shops, Internet cafes and karaoke.

(c) In order to attract tourists, some local governments renovate cultural relics and even restore them to their original appearance. However, many workers don't know anything about the restoration of cultural relics, but only transform them according to their own wishes and even fill them with modern materials. These restoration work not only failed to protect the cultural relics, but also made the cultural relics lose their authenticity and destroyed them in disguise.

4. Lack of financial resources:

There are so many cultural relics and historic sites in China that it is difficult to have enough funds for protection or publicity.

5. Lack of consciousness:

(1) Although people's living standards have improved, people's awareness of cultural relics protection is generally weak, such as touching cultural relics with their hands, taking photos with spotlights, doodling, crawling and doodling, spitting, running around in the garbage, or taking parts as souvenirs without authorization, which has caused great damage to cultural relics.

(2) Criminals rob tombs for profit and smuggle precious cultural relics out of the country for sale, resulting in the loss of a large number of cultural relics.

D. Implementing the policy of cultural relics protection

1. Legislation to strengthen supervision:

(1) The Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics was implemented in a) 1982, and 100 historical and cultural names were announced one after another.

(2) In order to strengthen supervision, the government passed relevant laws and regulations in 1997 and 2000 respectively, requiring all localities to protect cultural relics in situ, maintain their original state and historical information, and remotely stop production and social activities that may undermine the safety of cultural relics, and at the same time prevent environmental pollution from damaging cultural relics.

(c) In c)2002, the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics was revised, which established "giving priority to protection, giving priority to rescue, rational utilization and strengthening management".

Since 2006, the second Saturday of June has been designated as "Cultural Heritage Day".

(e) Establish cultural relics protection institutions from the central government to the local government: National Cultural Heritage Administration-> Provincial/Municipal Cultural Bureau-> Local cultural relics management institutions.

2. Improve the methods of cultural relics protection;

(a) in-situ protection:

(a) to protect the natural and cultural landscape related to the value of cultural relics and historical sites.

Reason: demolishing historic sites and building commercial facilities for local governments and developers.

Measures: In 2005, 65,438+000 "Great Heritage" historical sites maintained by state funds were included, including the Great Wall, the Grand Canal and the Silk Road. It is strictly forbidden to undermine economic construction. It also requires the protection of ancient villages and ancient dwellings with historical value.

(2) Because there are a large number of cultural heritages in rural areas, when the Central Committee proposed "building a new socialist countryside" in 2005, it also included the protection of local architectural cultural heritage in the new rural construction plan, and specifically requested the protection of ancient villages and ancient dwellings with historical value.

Restore to the original state:

The restoration is mainly based on the existing valuable objects.

Demolition and reconstruction:

It can only be used when natural disasters or major national construction projects occur, such as Zhangfei Temple and Quyuan Temple, which need to be relocated and protected during the Three Gorges Project.

(d) Only with the permission of the government can the construction of cultural relics such as Yuanmingyuan be prevented.

3. Application for World Cultural Heritage:

National cultural relics are listed as "World Cultural Heritage", such as Kaiping Diaolou (2007) and its affiliated tulou (2008).

4. Raise awareness of cultural relics protection and open museums free of charge;

In order to raise people's awareness of cultural relics protection, the government issued the Notice on the Free Opening of National Museums and Memorial Halls, and all museums and memorial halls in the country are open to the public free of charge.

With the improvement of people's living standards, the requirements for quality of life are getting higher and higher. As a cultural heritage, museums have become an important place for modern people's cultural life. With the free opening of museums and memorial halls, the public's awareness of cultural relics and cultural protection has also increased.

E. Opportunities brought by reform and opening up to cultural relics protection

1. Cultural aspects:

(1) China's cultural relics and historic sites show China's 5,000-year-old cultural tradition and also reflect the spiritual characteristics and cultural connotation of the Chinese nation.

(2) Understanding the country's history, traditions, customs, beliefs and values through personal contact with cultural relics and historical sites will have the effect of cultural inheritance and increase people's sense of identity with their own culture, thus enhancing their sense of identity with the country and the nation.

(c) The China government attaches great importance to the damage caused by the reform and opening up, and tries to remedy it, such as amending the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, thus gaining unprecedented opportunities for the protection of cultural relics.

(4) Based on the change of lifestyle, people are no longer satisfied with material life such as food and clothing, and then pursue spiritual immaterial life, and their interest in history, culture and architecture is increasing day by day, which also urges the China government to pay more attention to the protection of cultural relics.

2. Economic aspects:

(1) Promoting heritage conservation and developing heritage tourism in China can attract more Chinese and foreign tourists, stimulate the local economy and provide employment and development opportunities.

(B) The use of cultural relics tourism as a "smokeless industry" can bring about the transformation of China's industrial structure and provide new economic opportunities for China's future sustainable development.

(3) Since the reform and opening up, the national economy has developed rapidly, the people's education level has improved significantly, and the protection of cultural relics has been greatly improved. In addition, the substantial increase in fiscal revenue can provide sufficient funds to help China promote cultural relics protection.

3. Social aspects:

(1) Cultural relics and historic sites have demonstrated the 5,000-year civilization of the Chinese nation, embodied the spirit of the Chinese nation, and just played a role in rallying people's hearts and stabilizing society.

(b) By developing heritage tourism, it can help poor areas to develop their economies, increase the income of local people, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor and build a harmonious society.

(c) The protection of historical, artistic and scientific antiquities and the maintenance of public etiquette by the China government can increase people's recognition of the country and be beneficial to the governance of the country.