What are the architectural features of three lanes and seven alleys?

Abstract: The three lanes and seven lanes are the abbreviations of ten lanes arranged from north to south on both sides of Nanhou Street in Gulou District, Fuzhou. Since the Han Dynasty, Fuzhou has built six city walls, including Yecheng and Zicheng. The city has expanded from north to south. The whole layout is based on Pingshan as a barrier, Yushan and Wushan as a confrontation, South Street (Bayi Road) as the central axis, and the two sides become lanes, paying attention to symmetry, and gradually forming a street with three lanes, seven lanes and one street ("Street" guide). Next, this article will introduce the three lanes and seven lanes in Fuzhou in detail. Let's take a look at them together! Three lanes and seven lanes are the abbreviations of ten lanes arranged from north to south on both sides of Nanhou Street in Gulou District, Fuzhou. Since the Han Dynasty, Fuzhou has built six city walls, including Yecheng and Zicheng. The city has expanded from north to south. The whole layout is based on Pingshan as a barrier, Yushan and Wushan as a confrontation, South Street (Bayi Road) as the central axis, and the two sides become lanes, paying attention to symmetry, and gradually forming a street with three lanes, seven lanes and one street ("Street" guide). "Three lanes and seven alleys" were formed in Luocheng, Wang Shenzhi, Tang Dynasty, with antai river as the boundary in the south, the political center and nobles in the north, and the civilian residential area and commercial area in the south. At the same time, it was emphasized that the central axis was symmetrical, and the walls were divided on both sides of the central axis in the south. These residents became the beginning of the lanes and alleys, which formed the present three lanes and seven alleys. In this block, lanes are criss-crossed, and slabs are paved; White-walled tile houses, curved gables, rigorous layout and ingenious craftsmanship; Many of them are decorated with pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, flowers and plants, rockeries, which integrate humanities and natural landscapes. The windows in the back room are mostly double-decked long rows of windows, the bottom floor is fixed, and the upper floor is open or double-opened. The main door of the main room faces the open gallery of the hall, mostly 4-way, and the door is carved with rich patterns and flowers to add to the style of the hall. "Who knows that the five willows are lonely, but they live in the three lanes and seven alleys", where the three lanes and seven alleys are outstanding and fascinating, and many famous politicians, strategists, writers and poets in the past dynasties have gone to glory from here. Some of the names of the lanes and alleys can show the charm and glory of the year. As the largest and most complete ancient building block of Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, Sanfang and Qixiang in Fuzhou was selected as "Top Ten Historic and Cultural Blocks in China" by a high vote in the first "Top Ten Historic and Cultural Blocks in China". On July 19th, 29, a grand unveiling ceremony was held in Nanhou Street, Fuzhou, a famous historical and cultural street in China.

1. Introduction of Three Alleys and Seven Alleys

(1) Tower Alley

Tower Alley is located in the south of Langguan Alley, which is located in the downtown area of Bayiqi North Road in the east and Nanhou Street in the west. According to the "Archaeology of Rongcheng", "The old name was revised, and Chen Su, the magistrate of Song Dynasty, changed his name to Xingwen, and later changed it to Wenxing. Today, we call Tower Lane, and built the Wangta Courtyard here when we were in Fujian. " Located in the north of the lane, this tower is guarded by the tower courtyard and is regarded as a symbol of the prosperity of Fuzhou. In the ninth year of Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (1182), the pagoda was still there and has not been recorded since. In the Qing Dynasty, a half-piece small tower was built in the lane as a monument. In the 195 s, the small tower was moved above the entrance of the lane. The old Jingxiaofang in Tower Lane was the only filial son Gao in the Ming Dynasty. There is a poem that praises him: "Three years of running water is like a gentleman, and it is a natural filial piety. Last night, the moon shone on three mountains, but I didn't know the dew spilled on you. " It is still a beautiful talk.

(2) Yellow Lane

Yellow Lane is south of Tower Lane. Separated by Nanhou Street, it is connected with the east and west of Yijinfang. According to the records of Fujian, Huang Yuanfang (AD 28-375), a native of Gushi in the second year of Jin Yongjia (38), avoided chaos and entered Fujian, and settled in Nanhou Street, Fuzhou, hence the name Huangxiang. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Pu Huang (837-92), the official school secretary of Chongwen, retired to live here. When Huang Chao army entered Fuzhou, because of Huang Pu's name, he ordered the soldiers to "put out the candle" in Huangxiang at night and not disturb his home. Since then, Huangxiang has gained great fame. . In the past dynasties, many scholars and scholars lived in the alley, which became a gathering place for cultural celebrities and social celebrities. Lin Wenying, the magistrate of the Qing Dynasty, Lin Zhichun, the second runner-up, Li Fu, the governor, Liang Zhangju, the master of couplets, Chen Shouqi, Zhao Xin, etc., all lived in the alley. Once renamed Xinmeifang, it was later called New Miri, Malaysia. There is a "Tanghuangpuju" stone tablet in the lane, which was seen by some people in the early 195s. There is a courtyard named "Xiaohuanglou" in Huangxiang, which belongs to the cultural relics protection unit.

(3) Gongxiang

Gongxiang is in the south of Anmin Lane, and the east and west ends are connected with 1817 North Road and Nanhou Street respectively. According to the Qing Dynasty's "Archaeology of Banyan Scenes", "The old name Xianju was named after the Purple Palace in China. Later, Cui and Li Er were named Gui Xian, renamed Ju Ying Da, and Ming changed to Ying Da. " The giant houses in Gongxiang are exquisite in structure, and the wood carving and stone carving components alone are amazing today. For example, the leaky window is carved with a wisp of air and joined by tenons, and it is decorated with rich patterns through various elaborate arrangements of wooden lattice bones. It is often decorated with key carvings on wooden piercing buckets, inserting buckets, child columns, moon beams and other parts. All kinds of exquisite and vivid stone carvings can be seen everywhere on column foundations, steps, door frames, flower stands and columns. It can be said that Fuzhou is a master of ancient architecture art.

(4) Yijinfang

Yijinfang is the first square in the "three squares", formerly known as Tongchao Lane. According to the Qing Dynasty's "Archaeology of Rongcheng", in the Song Dynasty, "Lu Yun and Lu Zao lived here, named Lu Jin, and later Wang Yixiang sent him to Jiangdong to be sentenced and renamed Yi Jin." In the Song Dynasty, it was called "Lu Jin", and in the Ming Dynasty, it was even more "Yi Jin". In fact, it was said that some people in the workshop went out to be big officials, and then they returned to their hometown in honor of their hometown, so the name of the workshop was changed to "Tongchao" because this place is a water network area, and the tides of Fuzhou West Lake and South Lake can reach the ditches in this lane. No.16 Fangzhong is the residence of Qing Jiaqing Jinshi Zheng Pengcheng, among which Yijinfang Waterfront Stage is the most distinctive. This is a wooden single-storey platform with four columns and single bay, a clear water pond under it, a well in the middle of the day, and an attic on the front. Watching the drama performance here is clear in water, wind and sound, with acoustic principles and aesthetic value. It is the only existing waterside stage in Fuzhou.

(5) Wenru Square

Wenru Square is the second square. The name Wenru Square has been around since Song Dynasty. According to the "Archaeology of Rongcheng", this lane "was originally named the Confucian Forest, and it was renamed after Zheng Muju, who offered a drink in the Song Dynasty". Zheng Mu was appointed as a national supervisor to offer wine sacrifices, and was an important official of the highest institution of higher learning in the country, attached to the official rank of Sanpin. Zhang Jing, a famous anti-Japanese soldier in the Ming Dynasty, and Gan Guobao, a famous Fujian prefect and Taiwan Province company commander in the Qing Dynasty, also lived here. The former residence of Chen Chengqiu, the home of the "people's scholars" (scholars in the five dynasties) who enjoyed a good reputation throughout the country in the Qing Dynasty, is also in the workshop. Chen Chengqiu's eldest son is Chen Baochen, the teacher of Emperor Xuantong of Qing Dynasty. The former residence of Chen Yan, a famous poet in the Qing Dynasty and the author of Shi Yi Shi Shi Hua, is also in the workshop. It is a mansion facing south, and Guanghua Pavilion is the landlord who studies for the disciples. Next door to Chen Yu is the residence of Professor Ke Linghan, a famous modern jurist. This workshop is famous for its numerous scholars and Confucians.

In Wenru Square, there is a deep and quiet alley called Minshan Lane, commonly known as "Sanguantang", which is famous for its ancient Sanguantang. According to the record of "The Second Lane" in Lin Feng's Archaeological Record of Rongcheng during Daoguang Period of Qing Dynasty, "Sanguantang is located in Minshan Lane in the south of Wenru Square, with an alley leading to Guanglu Square in the south and a riverside in Changfengcang in the west. Most of them are named after temples. This is also named after Baofu Temple in Minshan. " This shows the close relationship between Sanguantang and Baofu Temple. It has a long history of at least 78 years in the Song Dynasty.

(6) Guanglufang

Guanglufang is the third of the "three squares". Guanglufang, formerly known as Yuchishan, also known as Minshan, is one of the "Three Mountains" in Fuzhou. Historically, there was a Faxiang Courtyard in Guanglufang, commonly known as "Minshan Baofu Temple" (in the present Guanglufang Park). At that time, Cheng Shimeng, the chief of Fuzhou, who used to be Guangluqing, often visited this place to recite poems, and the monks carved the words "Guangluyintai" on the stone. In order to thank the monks, he recited a poem: "It's always sunny and lonely, and the wild monk wrote a poem on a stone platform. There is no poem like Yan Guanglu, but every time he remembers boarding, he returns." The name of Guanglufang came from this.

Guanglufang is also a place where celebrities live together. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were painters like Lin Youtai, Sun Changyi, his sons Xu You, Xu Bin and Sun Xuyu, his great-grandchildren Xu Ding, Xu Jun, his great-grandson Xu Liangchen and Xu Youchen, all of whom were poets and painters. There were brothers Lin Dong and Lin Ji during the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. Lin Dong is an archaeologist, and he has written "Selected Ancient Works in Laizhai" and "Textual Research on the Stone in Laizhai". Lin Ji is a master of poetry and prose, and he is also good at calligraphy. His hand-written engravings, such as Yu Yang Shan Ren Jing Lu, Yao Feng Wen Copy, Gu Fu Yu Ting Za Lu and Wu Ting Wen Bian, are very famous, and are called "Four Carvings of Lin Ji", which occupies a place in the printing history of China. Huang Ren, a poet and famous Tibetan inkstone writer, Qi Kun, an envoy from Ryukyu Kingdom, two scholars from the same list-Liu Qiqu and Liu Qixian, a naturalist Guo Baicang, a modern novel translator Lin Shu, a famous writer Yu Dafu and so on. There are also many talented women, such as huang shu and Huang Shuming, the daughter of Huang Ren, Qi Xiangdi, the daughter of Qi Kun, and Guo Shizhu, the daughter of Guo Baicang. They are either good at calligraphy and painting or poetry.

Guanglufang, the most famous scenic spot, is Guanglu Yintai, which excels in pool, terrace, pavilion, stone, flower and wood, as well as many inscriptions on cliffs from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. In 1961, it was included in the first batch of cultural relics protection units in Fuzhou. Under the litchi tree in the west of Guanglu Yintai, the original stone carving "Crane" is a place to commemorate Lin Zexu's crane release in his later years. There are also large wooden structures in the Qing Dynasty, the spacious and bright Liujia Courtyard (now a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit), Huang Ren's former residence with quaint wooden houses in the late Ming Dynasty, Zaoti Lane with high walls and narrow roads, and the old Foting Bridge paved with stone slabs in the Ming Dynasty, all of which have preserved the architectural characteristics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(7) Yangqiao Lane

Yangqiao Road is the northernmost lane among the seven lanes. Yangqiao Road, formerly known as Dengjunfang, was renamed because it can connect yangqiao in the west. In the Republic of China, due to the needs of urban construction, it was expanded into a road, so it was later renamed "Yangqiao Road". Lin's mansion at the intersection of Yangqiao Road and Nanhou Street is the former residence of Lin Juemin martyr, which was later sold to the writer Bing Xin's grandfather Xie Shuan. Bing Xin lived here when he was a child. In My Hometown, there is also a vivid description of his former residence. After the roadway was expanded into a road, a considerable part of the former residence of Bing Xin, a martyr and female writer in Lin Juemin (see the entry "Former Residence of Bing Xin in Fuzhou") was preserved. There is a "Double Throw Bridge" in Yangqiao Lane (South), which is small in scale but full of legends. First, the river channel where this bridge is located is the place where the east and west waters "meet the tide", and the inland river wonders of "Wan Li tide comes and breathes" are most vividly felt here. Second, a pair of banyan trees facing each other on both sides of the Shuangshuai Bridge, branches and leaves tied together in the air, embracing each other in shade, so there is a sad story of young men and women dying for love, which has been passed down for a long time, so that future generations can't tell whether love comes first, trees come first, bridges come first, or vice versa. Recently, some overseas writers compared it with Romeo and Juliet's swan song, which added a bit of sadness. However, due to the river reconstruction and urban construction, the Double Throw Bridge has gradually changed from a "bridge" to a "pavilion" on the street, becoming a place for passers-by to stop for tea.

(8) Anmin Lane

Anmin Lane is located in the south of Huangxiang, opposite to Wenru Square across Nanhou Street. Anmin Lane was formerly known as "Xilei Square", and it was renamed "Anmin", which was related to Huang Chao's entry into Fujian. According to "Fuzhou Local Records", "When Huang Chao, a peasant uprising army in the Tang Dynasty, entered Fujian, he showed his daughter in this lane, hence the name." The old tin workshop was known for its filial piety by Song and Liu Zao, and was later renamed as "Yuan Tai Yu De". Historically, most people in the alley were social elites. In Yuan Dynasty, all provinces were occupied by Jia Neju. The old houses on the west side of the lane still retain the symmetrical pattern and quaint charm. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period, the office of the New Fourth Army in Fujian was located in it. Today this old house is listed as a revolutionary cultural relic protection unit.

(9) Langguan Lane

Langguan Lane is located in the south of Yangqiao Lane, to the east of Nanhou Street, and the east end of the lane leads to Dongjiekou Scenic Resort, Bayiqi North Road, the downtown area of Fuzhou. Langguan Lane was also a port in the Song Dynasty. According to the Qing Dynasty's "Archaeology of Rongcheng", Liu Tao lived here in Song Dynasty, and his descendants were Langguan for generations, hence the name Langguan Lane. Chen Lie, a poet in the Song Dynasty, was originally from Changle, and also lived in Langguan Lane when he moved to Fuzhou. The former residence of Yan Fu, a modern enlightenment thinker and translator in China, is also located in the alley. There is a memorial arch at the west end of Langguan Lane, and there is a couplet on the column: "The translation is brilliant, and now it is still passed on to Yan Fu House; The door is at its peak, and later generations trace back to Liu Taoju. "

(1) Jipi Lane

Jipi Lane, one of the three lanes and seven lanes in Fuzhou, is commonly known as "Jibi Lane". When the No.1 scholar in Song and Zheng Dynasties returned to his hometown, the residents in the lane quickly avoided him because they had insulted him, so they called it "urgent avoidance of the lane". In the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed as "Jipi Lane" by homophonic, which was auspicious. After the reform and opening up, Jipi Lane became a main road connecting east and west, and was once renamed as "Jipi Road". In 29, Fuzhou renamed it "Jipi Lane" and began to transform the damaged ancient buildings on the north side. The famous "Antailou" restaurant in Fuzhou is also located at the corner of Jipi Lane.

(11) Nanhou Street

There are not only three "squares" and seven "lanes" in Fuzhou, but also a famous Nanhou Street. Nanhou Street, Fuzhou, starts from yangqiao intersection in the west and ends at Kipiruda Macau Bridge in the south, with a total length of about 1 meters, which is the central axis of "three lanes and seven lanes" in Fuzhou. It has seven lanes on the east side and three lanes on the west side. It was the main commercial street from Fuzhou's three lanes and seven lanes to the Republic of China, and merchants gathered from north to south. Here, there are all kinds of daily necessities and 36 shops (all walks of life). There are also bookshops, second-hand bookshops, mounting shops, and lantern fairs for the Lantern Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. "Liulichang outside Zhengyangmen, Nanhou Street in front of Yijinfang. When I went to the book market, I didn't see enough fun. " In the poem "Juren Wang Guorui" in the late Qing Dynasty, Nanhou Street was compared to the Liulichang outside Zhengyangmen in Beijing, which reflected the cultural features of Nanhou Street before. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nanhou Street was still a busy market with "white-walled and tiled stone road" and many pavements on both sides. In the Republic of China, the road surface was widened and changed to asphalt road.

Nanhou Street is the central axis of three lanes and seven alleys. The renovated Nanhou Street will be full of antique charm, and the width of the pavement will reach 12 meters, including the pedestrian street with a width of 7 meters in the middle and the roadside strips with a width of 2-2.5 meters on both sides. Nanhou Street, which starts from Yangqiao Road and ends at Jipi Road, is only 634 meters long. Positioning, it is a leisure and cultural commercial street combining tradition and modernity.

In the history of Nanhou Street, there were many traditional craft industries in Fuzhou, such as lanterns, mounting and bookshops. According to relevant planning, Nanhou Street is positioned as a commercial street of traditional culture, and it is initially planned to restore some time-honored brands according to their operating status, such as Mijia Boat, Juchengtang Bookstore, Lantern Festival and other century-old brands, and the traditional lantern fair, which the citizens like, is also initially planned to be held regularly every year. In addition, relevant departments also intend to invite Fuzhou traditional arts and crafts masters such as Shoushan stone carving, bodiless lacquerware and cork painting to set up exhibition shops for arts and crafts masters in Nanhou Street, so as to increase the traditional business atmosphere. In the business format planning of Nanhou Street, there are "new faces" such as bars, cafes and top luxury goods. The appearance of these new faces will inject modern factors into traditional Nanhou Street.

The protective restoration project along the street in Nanhou Street was completed in January 29, and the street has been opened, reappearing its historical features of "Liulichang outside Zhengyangmen and Nanhou Street in front of Yijinfang".

2. Architectural features of three lanes and seven lanes

It is customary to say three lanes before seven lanes. In fact, from the analysis of architectural position, there should be seven lanes before three lanes. The ancestors of the Tang Dynasty first built a group of neatly arranged "new villages" along the axis of the city-South Street. Then, across a Nanhou Street, it developed westward, and built a group of lanes, which became a block with a non-zigzag structure with the south back street as the central axis. After thousands of years of wind and rain changes, most of them set the name of Fangxiang in the Song Dynasty, and formed the current architectural pattern in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, becoming a landmark building of Fuzhou's historical and cultural city. Judging from the treatment of architectural space, the main hall with three lanes and seven lanes on the central axis is larger than that in the north.