Which nationality are the three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple?

The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, the symbol of Dali Bai culture, are well-known and are the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in China.

Full name: Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, Yunnan

Abbreviation or common name: Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, Three Pagodas of Chongsheng, Three Pagodas of Dali and Three Pagodas.

Overall situation:

The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple belong to the national key cultural relics protection units, and are a number of large Buddhist temples built during Nanzhao and Dali periods. They are located in front of the original Chongsheng Temple, showing a tripartite confrontation. Chongsheng Temple was founded in Fengyou period of Nanzhao (824-859 AD). Build the big tower first, then the south tower and the north tower. The temple is neutral, so the tower is named after the temple. Now the spectacular temple of the temple was destroyed in Xi 'an in the same year, leaving only three towers intact.

The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple are the symbol of Dali's "land of literary fame", the symbol of ancient Yunnan history and culture, and one of the oldest and most magnificent buildings in southern China. 1961March, the State Council announced the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

The building complex is 4 km away from Xiaguan/kloc-0, located at the foot of Leying Peak in Cangshan Mountain 1.5km north of Dali, with its back to Cangshan Mountain and facing Erhai Lake. The three pagodas are composed of one big pagoda and two small pagodas, which stand tall and stand out from a distance. It is one of the scenic spots in Canger.

Construction situation:

According to historical records such as Nanzhao unofficial history (Hu Ben, Wang Ben) and Cooper Tongzhi, when Chongsheng Temple and the main tower were built, there were 7 temples, 890 temples, Buddha 1 1400 kg, and bronze wares of 40,590 kg, which were built in Nanzhao's tenth main tower.

Architectural composition:

Chongsheng Temple Site:

Chongsheng Temple was originally located in the west of the Three Pagodas, near Cangshan Mountain, and its gate is about 120 meters away from the main tower of the Three Pagodas. It was built by Wang Quanfeng in the 10 generation (824-859 AD) of Nanzhao State in the late Nanzhao period. In the middle of Nanzhao, the worship of Buddhism rose, and by the time it was induced, it had won a great victory. There are 3,000 small temples and 800 large temples all over Yunnan. In Dali after Nanzhao, Buddhism is more developed than Nanzhao. Therefore, Dali is known as "the country of Buddhism" and "the country of Miao nationality". After the completion of Chongsheng Temple, it became the center of Buddhist activities in Nanzhao and Dali periods. The "sage" worshipped by Chongsheng Temple is Guanyin. At that time, Guanyin worship in Dali was extremely successful.

Three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple:

The main tower of the Three Towers is called Chihiro Tower, with a bottom width of 9.9 meters and an existing height of 69. 13 meters and 16 floors. It is a square hollow brick tower with dense eaves, one of the highest existing towers in China, and a typical building in the Tang Dynasty. Its shape is similar to the Little Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an, and it is one of the typical towers in the Tang Dynasty. The tower body is painted with white ash and there are niches on all sides of each floor. The two niches opposite are for Buddha statues, and the other two niches are window openings. There is a wooden skeleton in the tower, and the inner wall of the tower is vertical up and down. There are wooden stairs, you can reach the top floor, and you can enjoy the panoramic view of Dali ancient city from the viewing hole. There are metal towers, pagodas and golden cocks at the top of the tower. There are four big characters engraved on marble at the bottom, written by Sun Shijie, a descendant of Mu Ying in Ming Dynasty. The tower foundation is square, divided into three layers, the lower layer is 33.5 meters long, surrounded by stone fences, and the four corners of the fence are carved with stone lions; The upper side is 2 1 m long, and there is a stone wall in the east and middle, where the four Chinese characters "Yongzhen Mountains and Rivers" are located, each word 1.7 m, and the brushwork is vigorous and magnificent. Looking up under the tower, I saw the tower sitting in the clouds, and the clouds moved to the tower, which seemed to be dumping.

Among the three towers, the South Tower and the North Tower are located on the west side of the main tower, 70 meters equidistant from the main tower, facing north and south, with a distance of 97.5 meters, all built by Dali in the Five Dynasties. The two towers have the same shape, both of which are 10 floors and 42.4 meters high. They are octagonal hollow brick towers with dense eaves. They are decorated in attic style, and there are pillars in every corner. There are chess fights in the fourth and sixth levels, each level has a flat seat, and there is a gold-plated pagoda at the top, which is very gorgeous. Every eave, the corner is upturned, and there is no need for beam-column arch. Use contour lines to achieve artistic effects. Datong is covered by Carboniferous, like a jade pillar.

The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple are neatly arranged and well preserved, and their appearance and shape are coordinated with each other. The big tower leads to two small towers, highlighting its main position and setting off the exquisite elegance of the small towers; The small tower follows the big tower, setting off its height and majesty. The layout of the three pagodas is like a tripod, towering in the blue sky, becoming the symbol of Dali Bai culture and the most magnificent pagoda group in southern China. The three pagodas complement Cangshan and Erhai in the distance, embellishing the historical charm of the ancient city of Dali. Although it has experienced thousands of years of wind and rain erosion and many major earthquakes, it is still intact.

Architectural style:

Generally speaking, the architectural style of the three pagodas is similar to the Little Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an, which is a typical Tang Pagoda style, showing the close relationship between Yunnan and the mainland during the Tang and Song Dynasties, but the three pagodas have two characteristics different from the mainland pagodas: the floors of the first and third pagodas are even, while the mainland pagodas are mostly odd. Second, the Central Plains Tower linearly contracts upward from the base, and the bottom is large and the top is small, showing a rectangular trapezoid; The three towers are smaller up and down, larger in the middle, and the outer contour is arc.

Protection status:

After the completion of Chongsheng Temple and Three Pagodas, the incense in the temple once flourished. When Yuan Wuzong "decreed" him as the abbot, he protected the temple property and exempted the grain tax. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was renovated again, which made "the temple pavilion rejuvenated, the three pagodas stood upright, resplendent and magnificent, and the mountains and beams were equal". When Li Yuanyang was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, there were also "three pavilions, seven floors, nine halls and a hundred houses". At that time, there were five treasures in the temple: Three Pagodas, Giant Bell, Yutong Guanyin, Zhengbei and Fodu Tablet. When Xu Xiake arrived in Dali, he still saw the "Three Pagodas" in front of Chongsheng Temple, and Nuo Nuo was surrounded by towering clouds. In the west, there is a bell tower opposite the three towers, which is extremely magnificent. Behind the building is the main hall, and behind the main hall is "guanyin temple, a rain bead, copper, three feet high" (Diary 8 of Xu Xiake's travels in Yunnan). It is said that the bell in the temple was built in the 12th year of Jianji (AD 87 1), "the diameter can reach more than ten feet, but it is one foot thick" and "its reputation can reach 80 miles". "There are three towers on the clouds through the ages, and the clock on the first floor is full of wind and rain all day long" has always been popular. The rain bronze Guanyin, solemn and slim in waist, is a relic of Nanzhao. However, with the vicissitudes of life, the giant bell was destroyed in the Qing Dynasty, the Yutong Guanyin was destroyed in the ten-year turmoil, and the Taoist plaque and Buddha brand, together with the temple, have now disappeared.

After thousands of years of vicissitudes and wind and rain erosion, Chongsheng Temple was destroyed in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, but the West Three Pagodas stood tall. 1925 earthquake, tower top earthquake, tower top falling, broken and heavy. After the founding of New China, the government attached great importance to the protection of the Three Towers and carried out large-scale maintenance in 1978. During this maintenance, more than 600 Buddhist relics from Nanzhao and Dali periods were found in the pedestal of Chihiro Pagoda, including a large number of Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures, among which the golden Guanyin statue with respect to1135g and height of 24cm is extremely precious. This is the richest batch of cultural relics discovered so far in Nanzhao and Dali periods, which is of great value and has attracted much attention at home and abroad. These discoveries have uncovered the mystery of ancient Dali, a "Buddhist country".

Chongsheng Temple in Dali:

The restored Chongsheng Temple in Dali, also known as the "Three Pagodas Temple", is located 3 kilometers away from the historic and cultural city of Dali. It is surrounded by mountains and waters, with green peaks and beautiful environment. It is really a "vulture resort". It combines the characteristics of "Zen Buddhism" and "Tantric Buddhism", combines Mahayana Buddhism, Dali Ali Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism, and complements Santa Park, a national AAAA-level scenic spot, reappearing the glory of ancient "royal gardens and temples", which is row upon row and magnificent, and has become a famous Buddhist cultural charm point at home and abroad. The "Buddha Capital" is dazzling and colorful. The famous "Royal Garden Temple" in ancient South Asia and Southeast Asia was the "Royal Garden Temple" of Nanzhao State and Dali State of local governments more than 1000 years ago.

The Three Pagodas Chongsheng Temple was built in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (AD 7 13-74 1). The great pagoda "Chihiro Pagoda" was first built, with a height of 69.13m. It is a square brick tower with dense eaves and a floor of *** 13. Later, the South Tower and the North Tower were built, both 43 meters high. It is a pair of octagonal brick towers, both of which are 10. The three pagodas are integrated, magnificent and have a quaint national style.

The construction of the three pagodas, in addition to Buddhism, has an important reason, that is, Dali was once a "country with frequent floods". The ancient book "Jin Bian" records: "It is said in the world that the dragon worships the tower and fears Peng. Dali used to be Long Ze, so it is a town. "

According to legend, there were three towers in ancient times, which were paved with one layer of soil and repaired with another. After the tower was repaired, the soil was dug up layer by layer, which made the tower appear, so there was the saying of "piling up the civil tower" and "digging up the tower now" When the tower was completed, the bridge was as high as a hill and as long as 10 Li. When repairing the tower, the transportation capacity was insufficient, and the bricks were transported by goats. Now Yinqiao Village in Dali is called Taqiao Village in ancient times. According to ancient records, these three towers are. It took 7.7 million craftsmen and 40 thousand gold, and it took eight years to build all this.

After the completion of the three pagodas, a large-scale Chongsheng Temple was built. After several generations of expansion, it reached its peak in the period of "Dali Kingdom" in the Song Dynasty. According to Nanzhao unofficial history, Chongsheng Temple "has a base of seven miles and a weekly area of more than 300 mu, consisting of 890 houses, 11,400 buddhas and 45,550 bronze welcome"; It has the scale of "three pavilions, seven floors, nine halls and a hundred houses".

In the 18th year of Tang Zhenyuan in Nanzhao (AD 802), Wang Yongqiang of Qi State (now Myanmar) and Prince Shunandou, accompanied by Yi Mouxun, king of Nanzhao, went to worship and burn incense at the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, which became the "Buddhist Capital" advocated by Southeast Asia and South Asia. During the Dali period, Duan Siping, the first king of Dali, loved Buddhism. Nanzhao unofficial history said that Duan Siping "is good at Buddhism, building temples every year and casting thousands of Buddhas". In A.D. 1056, Yedo, king of Luo Xing (now Thailand), visited Chongsheng Temple twice to greet the Buddha's tooth, and Duan Silian, king of Dali, gave him a jade Buddha. Dali Buddhism is very popular because of its vigorous advocacy. Nine of the twenty-second generation kings of Dali became monks in Chongsheng Temple. They are: the second generation of Wang Duan Ying Si, the eighth generation of Wang Duan Su Long, the ninth generation of Wang Duan Su Zhen, the eleventh generation of Wang Duan Si Lian, the thirteenth generation of Wang Duan Shou Hui, the fourteenth generation of Wang Duan, the fifteenth generation of Wang Duan (also the father of Duan Yu in Eight Dragons) and the sixteenth generation of Wang Duan (also). Among them, the second generation of Wang Duan became a monk in Chongsheng Temple in less than one year. Of course, these kings also love Buddhism, but it is mainly a way out after the failure to compete for the throne. Therefore, there are records of "abdicating as a monk" and "avoiding the world as a monk" in the history books. The Buddhist classic "The Great Infatuation Volume" copied in the Ming Dynasty records the complicated scenes of the king's accession ceremony. It is a unique phenomenon in the history of Buddhism in the world that so many kings become monks. Therefore, it attracted pilgrims from the mainland and Southeast Asia and South Asia to make a pilgrimage to Chongsheng Temple, which became the "Royal National Temple" respected by Southeast Asia and South Asia.

Xu Xiake, a geographer in the Ming Dynasty, wrote in Travel Notes of Yunnan: "The temple was built under the Ten Peaks of Cangshan Mountain, and it was named Chongsheng Temple in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. The first three towers stand upright ... The towers are surrounded by towering pines, and the west is entered by the mountain gate. The bell tower is opposite to the three towers, which is extremely magnificent. There is a clock in the building. It is extremely large, with a diameter of more than ten feet and a thickness of one foot. It was cast during the reign of Mongolia (Nanzhao) and its reputation can reach 80 miles. Then there is the hall, followed by the monument ... then there is "Rain Copper Guanyin", a bronze statue more than three feet high ... From the later level, it is Jingtu Temple. " Chongsheng Temple in Ming Dynasty is famous for its five weapons: Three Pagodas, Nanzhao Bell Hood, Yutong Guanyin Statue, the plaque of Buddhist Capital written by monks in Yuan Dynasty, and the golden statue of Sansheng in Ming Dynasty. Incense is more prosperous, and it has been heard in South Asia and Southeast Asia. (Selected from official website, the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali)

Reasons for the destruction of Chongsheng Temple in Dali and its restoration and reconstruction;

Over the past 1000 years, the three pagodas have survived wind and rain erosion and many strong earthquakes, still standing tall, showing the wisdom of the working people in ancient Dali. 1056 (the year of Chen Bing), on the sixth day of the fifth lunar month, a major earthquake occurred in Dali. Historical records record that "the city wall is barren, the middle tower (tower) is cracked like bamboo, and it is recovered in ten days, safe and sound". The two small towers at the back were distorted by the earthquake, and they have been distorted until now. It's a wonder. "Dali County Records" records: "Chen Bing's change was completely destroyed, and the three towers survived alone." It shows that Chongsheng Temple was destroyed in the late Qing Dynasty after a strong earthquake, war and catastrophe, which is really a pity.

1994 5438+00 In June, the Three Pagodas Cultural Relics Protection and Management Office of Chongsheng Temple was established, and then the Three Pagodas Park was established. Under the guidance of the principles of "building a national cultural power" and "protection first, rescue first, effective protection, rational utilization and strengthening management", the provincial, state and municipal cultural departments have made scientific planning for Santa Park, raised funds by themselves, invested more than 80 million yuan, and restored and rebuilt a number of exquisite historical and cultural landscapes-recasting Nanzhao Bell (rebuilding Bell Tower) and recasting Yutong Guanyin (recasting the bell tower). In the exhibition "Rare Picture Scroll-Historical Biography of Nanzhao Kingdom, Fan Xiangjuan's Warm Painting in John Zhang", Baoding was set up, the history of the Three Towers was marked, the Three Towers Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall, the night lighting project, the Three Towers Photo Studio and the Three Towers Hotel were built, the scenic spots were afforested and beautified year by year, and 20,335 trees (including 687 rare trees) were planted and lawns were planted140,000. The area of the park has expanded from 85 mu to more than 400 mu, becoming a large-scale cultural relics protection unit and a unique cultural tourism park with complete service functions, tree-lined, blooming flowers and elegant environment. June, 5438+October, 2002 10, in order to integrate Dali tourism resources, the state and municipal government decided to establish Dali Tourism Group, and Santa Park was subordinate to the group. As the three scenic spots, Santa Park vigorously promotes modern enterprise management and carries out the work of upgrading and reaching the standard. In 2003, it obtained the national 4A-level certificate of tourist attractions, and in 2004, it passed the certification of ISO 90014001quality and environmental management system. Become a national scenic spot.

In April 2005, the large-scale restoration and reconstruction of Chongsheng Temple was completed, ending the history of the three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple for a hundred years and forming the beautiful scenery of Baota Temple. The planning and layout of Chongsheng Temple is centered on the protection of the three pagodas, which originates from history, transcends history, draws lessons from the layout characteristics of famous temples at home and abroad, and integrates the essence of architectural characteristics in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the primary and secondary axes, eight platforms, nine entrances and eleven levels, the planning and construction will be carried out. The whole antique building community covers an area of 600 mu, with a building area of 20080 square meters and a total investment of 65438+82 million yuan. On the main axis are Dapeng Golden Winged Bird Square, Shanmen, Dharma Hall, Maitreya Buddha Hall, Eleven Guanyin Hall, Daxiong Hall, Ayiye Guanyin Pavilion, Shanhai Daguan Stone Archway and Wanghailou in turn. On both sides of the central axis and on the secondary axis, there are the logistics communication office of the Ministry of Justice, the abbot hall, the sitting room, the fasting hall, the arhat hall, the Thousand-Buddha Temple, the ancestral hall and the Buddhist research institute. The statues in the temple are based on the Warm Picture of John Zhang, the Five Hundred Arhats carved by Li Guangxiu in the Ming Dynasty and the cultural relics unearthed from the Three Pagodas, which combine the characteristics of Zen and Tantric Buddhism and form a unique Dali statue style. 6 17 Buddha statues and utensils in the temple are all cast in bronze, with more than a thousand tons of copper, of which 599 (pieces) are painted with gold, which is the highest in the country. All kinds of statues are lifelike and can be called fine sculptures. The main building in the temple adopts steel-concrete structure, and the doors, windows and bucket arches are all carved with high-quality Toona sinensis wood. The central axis adopts the highest standard golden dragon, golden phoenix and seal color, the secondary axis adopts solemn and elegant spiral color, and the courtyard in the gallery adopts lively and humorous Soviet color. The whole building is ups and downs, strewn at random, magnificent, without losing national characteristics; Wood carving art, such as John Zhang Warm Scroll, The Story of Buddha, Eighteen Changes of Guanyin, etc. , elegant and unique, it is a treasure; Stone carving art forms are diverse and lifelike. The whole architectural, painting and sculpture styles are combined with the fresh and beautiful greening and beautification in the temple. The dazzling lighting art creates a rich and solemn Buddhist atmosphere in Chongsheng Temple, which is a model of modern Buddhist temples.

Jin Yong, a famous contemporary martial arts writer in Hong Kong, wrote in Tian Bu: "This novel is called Tian Bu and tells the story of Dali Kingdom in Yunnan in the Northern Song Dynasty. Tianlong Babu, the term comes from Buddhism. When many Mahayana Buddhist scriptures describe the Buddha's statements to the bodhisattvas and monks, there are often eight dragons involved in listening to the dharma. " "Tianlong Babu" includes eight kinds of Shinto monsters, led by "Tianzhong" and "Longzhong"; This happens to be an important content in the famous picture scroll "The Fanxiang of Dali" drawn by Dali painter Zhang. The "Tianlong Temple" described in the novel is the resplendent Chongsheng Temple. (Selected from official website, the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali)

Transportation: Visitors can take the shuttle bus from the third tower of Chongsheng Temple in Shimonoseki, and the fare is 3 yuan. If you go to the scenic spot from the ancient city of Dali, you can choose to walk, which only takes half an hour; You can also ride a pony to the Three Pagodas at the cost of 4 yuan; Or take a private bus directly, the fare is 1 yuan.

ticket price

Adult ticket: 12 1 yuan/person.

Child ticket: 62 yuan/person