Tie Ying

The whole line of Ji 'er Railway is in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, starting from Jining South Station in beijing-baotou railway and ending at Erenhot Port on the border between China and Mongolia, with a total length of 336 kilometers. At present, it is a non-electrified railway, and the section from Jining south to Benhong is a double line, and the section from Benhong to Erlian is a single line.

Erenhot port

Erenhot-Zamenude Port is located between Erenhot City in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia and Zamenude City in East Gobi Province, Mongolia. At boundary pillar 357, China Ji-Er Railway is connected with Mongolia longitudinal railway through this port. "Zhamen Ude" means "the gate of the road" in Mongolian; The name Erenhot has nothing to do with the army. In Mongolian, "Erlian" means "mirage" and "Haote" means "settlement". Erlian Station is the last stop in China, with 52 wide rails and 65 quasi-rails. It has the largest bulk cargo yard and wheel changing station in Asia. By the end of 20 19, more than 3,000 trains had passed through the Erenhot railway port.

There are several pairs of international passenger trains at Erenhot Port, including K3/4 train from Beijing to Moscow via Ulaanbaatar once a week, K23/4 train from Beijing to Ulaanbaatar, 4653/4 train from Hohhot to Ulaanbaatar, and 68 1/5 train from Erenhot to Zamenud twice a week, and more trains will be added in the tourist season. The famous K3/4 international train leaves on June 4th, 1959. It is the second international train from Beijing to Moscow after taking the K 19/20 train at Manzhouli Port, connecting the capitals of China, Mongolia and Russia, with a total length of 78 19 km, which is shorter than the latter 1 146554.

Wide rail and wheel replacement

China people often call Mongolia "Outer Mongolia" to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia. Outer Mongolia was originally the territory of China. At the end of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty, that is, at the end of 19 1 1, Outer Mongolia declared its independence with the support of Russia. At this time, it was the Revolution of 1911, and the Qing government was about to fall. 19 17, the October Revolution broke out in Russia, overthrew the czar regime and established the Soviet regime. With the support of western powers, the bourgeoisie and the old nobles formed the White Army and launched a four-year civil war with the Red Army. 19 19, the Beiyang government sent General Xu Shuzheng to lead the army to recover Outer Mongolia. But in 192 1, the Russian white army Rome? Feng? Baron Enqin led the so-called "Asian cavalry division" to capture outer Mongolia, and then the Soviet Red Army invaded outer Mongolia in the name of "clearing the white army". 1922, the Soviet civil war ended and the white army was wiped out, but the Soviet army did not withdraw from Mongolia. It also took the opportunity to annex the Tangnu Wulianghai area, which originally belonged to China, and became today's Russian Republic of Tuva. At the end of 1924, the Mongolian People's Party supported by the Soviet Union announced the establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic, with its capital in Kulun, renamed as "Ulaanbaatar" and allowed the Soviet Union to station troops. 1946, under the threat of the Soviet union, the national government had to recognize the independence of outer Mongolia.

After the founding of New China, it belonged to the Eastern Group with the Soviet Union and Mongolia. 1952 September 15, the governments of China, the Soviet Union and Mongolia signed an agreement on the construction of the Jining-Ulaanbaatar railway and the opening of the three countries' railway combined transport. Mongolia runs through the railway, from sukhbaatar on the Soviet-Mongolian border to Zamenude on the Sino-Mongolian border, with a total length of 1879 km, running through the whole of Mongolia from north to south. Today, it is also the only railway trunk line in Mongolia. 1947, the Soviet union began to build a railway connecting Mongolia, which was led out from Ulan-Ude Station in trans-siberian railway and laid in Ulan-Bator in 1950. After the signing of the three-nation agreement, the railway began to extend southward from Ulaanbaatar and was repaired to the border between China and Mongolia at 1955. In China, the Ji 'er Railway started on May 1953, was completed on February 1955 1, and the railway connection ceremony between the two countries was held on the border of China and Mongolia 1956 65438. On June 4th, 65438/KLOC-0, the governments of China, Soviet Union and Mongolia issued a joint communique, announcing the railway integration of the three countries.

Because of the different gauge between China and the Soviet Union, the Soviet railway runs on the right and China runs on the left. In order to facilitate the operation of international trains, both Ji 'er Railway and Mongolian longitudinal railway adopt Russian 1.520mm wide gauge, and all of them drive on the right, making Ji 'er Railway the only wide gauge and the only right-hand railway in China, highlighting the strong position of the Soviet Union as the "big brother". There is a wheel changing garage in Jining South Railway Station, where international trains change wide gauge bogies into quasi-rails.

Although the Eastern Group is United on the surface, in fact there are many internal contradictions. In the early 1950s, considering that China and the Soviet Union belonged to the Eastern Group, Soviet troops stationed in Mongolia were once evacuated. However, in the 1960s, China and the Soviet Union became enemies, and the former "comrades plus brothers" turned against each other. From 1962 to 1965, the Soviet troops retreated to Mongolia, which actually formed a military occupation of Mongolia. The number of Soviet troops and technicians stationed in Mongolia exceeded 6.5438+0.5 million, which was more than one tenth of the total population of Mongolia at that time. In fact, Mongolia became "the sixteenth country to join the Soviet Union". It was not until 1992 that the Soviet Union disintegrated that all Mongolian troops were withdrawn.

In order to prevent the Soviet Union from invading China with Mongolia as the bridgehead, especially along the Ji-Er Railway. 1965655438+00, General Luo Ruiqing, then vice chairman of the National Defense Commission of China, ordered that the Ji-Er Railway be changed from a wide gauge to a standard gauge, and the wheel-changing depot was also moved to Erenhot, the border between China and North Korea. The Soviet Union also manufactured a number of "wide-gauge-quasi-gauge universal bogies", and the transformation scheme was full of "simple violence", because the difference between the quasi-gauge and the Russian wide gauge was only about 8 cm, and the inner rim of the "universal bogies" was a quasi-gauge, with a particularly wide tread, which could be installed on the wide gauge and barely achieved "compatibility".

Add railway ports

The border between China and China is 47 10 km long, which is the longest among all the neighboring countries of China. But in recent 70 years, Erenhot Port has been the only railway port between China and Mongolia. In 2004, the two countries reached the Agreement between the Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Government of Mongolia on Border Ports and Their Management System, and planned to build three more railway ports: Ceke-Xibekulun, Ganqimaodu-Gashunsuhaitu and Dabuqi-Biqigetu in Junggar.

Ceke-Xibe Kulun Port is located at the boundary pillar 572 between Ejina Banner of Alxa League in Inner Mongolia and South Gobi Province in Mongolia. The purpose of setting up this port is to develop the Nalin Suhaite coalfield in Mongolia, which is less than 50 kilometers away from the border. The highway port was opened in 2005. In 2007, Jiace Railway invested by Jiugang Group was completed and opened to traffic. Jiace Railway starts from Jiayuguan Wine Factory in Gansu Province in the south and ends at Ceke Port in the north, with a total length of 452 kilometers. It is a single-track non-electrified railway managed and operated by Jiugang Group. 20 10 Lince Railway with a total length of 768km from Linhe District to Ceke Port in the west of Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia was opened. It is also a single-track non-electrified railway, which is under the jurisdiction of Lince Railway Company under Hohhot Railway Bureau. China has always planned to extend the railway to Mongolia through Ceke Port, but it has never been implemented.

Maodu-Gashun Suhaitu Port in Ganqi is located between Maodu Town in Ganqi, Urad Middle Banner, Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia, and Suhaitu Town in Gashun, South Gobi Province, Mongolia, at boundary pillar 703, formerly known as "Port 288" and connected by highway. "Ganqi Maodu" means "a tree" in Mongolian. In order to develop and import coal resources in outer Mongolia, in 20 12, the Ganquan railway with a total length of 367 kilometers from Wanshuiquan South Station in Baotou City, Inner Mongolia to Maodu Port in Ganqi was opened to traffic. Ganquan Line is managed and operated by Shenhua Group and is a single-track electrified railway. It is also planned to build a single-track non-electrified railway, with a total length of 267 kilometers, from Maodu Port in Ganqi to Tawen Tolgoi coal mine area in Mongolia. This railway is not connected with other railways in Mongolia, but only with China Railway, so the quasi-rail is adopted. At present, most road sections have been laid, and it is planned to open to traffic in mid-2022.

The Dabuqi-Biqigetu port in Junggar is located between Dongwuzhumuqin Banner of Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia and Sukhbaatao Province in Mongolia, at the boundary pillar 1046, and the highway port has been opened. July 20 14 starts from Zhusihua Station of Tonghuo Railway in Holingol City, Inner Mongolia in the east and ends at Dabuqi Station in Junggar in the west. The Zhuhai-Zhuhai Railway with a total length of 358 kilometers was completed and opened to traffic. Zhuhai-Zhuhai Railway is under the jurisdiction of Shenyang Railway Bureau and is a single-track non-electrified railway. China plans to extend the railway northward through Dabuqi Port in Junggar and connect it with the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway through choibalsan in Mongolia. There is only a preliminary plan at present.