From the 1930s to the founding of the People's Republic of China, what changes have occurred in all aspects of life in Beijing, including food, clothing, housing, and transportation?

Colorful costumes (writing on the blackboard)

①The period of the founding of the People's Republic of China - the transition between the old and the new, revolutionary characteristics (writing on the blackboard)

When New China was first founded, people The clothing still retains the style of the Republic of China period. Urban citizens generally wear robes with buttons on the sides, and women wear cheongsam. Rural men generally wear Chinese-style cardigans and trousers, while women wear left-cardigan shirts and trousers, and some even wear a long skirt. At that time, most of the fabrics people used to make clothes were woven "foreign cloth", cheesecloth, and linen. In addition, suits and tunic suits are also in fashion. In his later years, Sun Yat-sen often wore clothes that stood out among his robes, mandarin jackets, suits and leather shoes. People called this kind of clothes the Mao suit, and associated its style with Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary beliefs and principles. For example, the four pockets symbolized the four dimensions of the country. , namely etiquette, righteousness, integrity and shame; the three buttons on the sleeves represent the Three People's Principles of nation, civil rights and people's livelihood. The Mao suit has become a symbol of the national revolution. In fact, the Kuomintang has already betrayed the revolution.

After the founding of New China, dressing up and revolution were closely linked. Suits and cheongsam are regarded as bourgeois sentiments, and they have gradually disappeared from people's lives for nearly 20 years. Mao suits and Lenin suits have become common choices for people. During the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China, the leaders of New China made a collective appearance on the Tiananmen Gate for the first time. The image of Mao Zedong and the leaders around him wearing Chinese tunic suits attracted world attention. Men wear Chinese tunic suits to look dignified and energetic. The Chinese tunic suit is very orthodox, with many buttons on the top and four flat pockets, but the style is too rigid and lacks innovation. Later it evolved into people's clothing with certain improvements. From that time on, a double-breasted uniform from the Soviet Union, the "Lenin suit", became popular among working women. It is named after Lenin often wore it before and after the October Revolution. The style is a suit with an open collar, double-breasted, three buttons each, and a cloth belt at the waist. This clothing later became the most admired and favored "fashion" of countless Chinese women. Among them, almost all revolutionary female cadres must wear Lenin clothing to show their revolution.

②Before the reform and opening up - simplicity and monotony (writing on the blackboard)

People in the 1950s believed that labor was the most glorious, and simplicity was fashionable. Young girls once fell in love with men's overalls and plaid shirts. In 1956, the three major renovations began to be carried out vigorously. As people's lives improved day by day, the popular colors also changed from blue and gray to rich and colorful. The dress "Braj" introduced from the Soviet Union became the most popular garment. The popularity of Bragi skirts in China is attributed to a Soviet leader. When the leader visited China, he suggested that China's clothing did not conform to the image of a major socialist country and that "women should all wear colorful clothes to reflect the flourishing face of socialism." As a result, brightly colored Bragi skirts have become the most beautiful scenery in major and medium-sized cities.

In an era where diligence and frugality were important, most of the beautiful clothes were made at home. Skilled girls and mothers made their own military uniforms fit and cotton shirts beautiful according to the clothing cutting patterns in the pictures. At this time, the Chinese tunic suit became the most solemn and common clothing in China. At that time, owning a woolen tunic suit was an enviable thing, and inserting one or even two pens in the upper right pocket of the tunic suit was a symbol of knowledge and ability. cultural expression. Later, based on the characteristics of the Chinese tunic suit, someone designed more concise and lively "people's clothing", "youth clothing" and "student clothing". There is also a slightly improved version of the tunic suit, which has a wider collar and a larger lapel, which is very popular among people. At that time, Mao Zedong, the leader of the Republic of China, especially liked to wear this style of tunic suit. Later, some people abroad called this style of Mao-style Mao suit "Mao-style Mao suit." Since then, the popularity of the Mao suit has lasted for nearly 30 years.

The early 1960s was the most difficult period in the history of New China. Due to three years of natural disasters, cotton production was significantly reduced from 1959 to 1960, and the cotton cloth ration was 21 feet per person. People buy clothes, cotton cloth and daily textiles with cloth coupons. In order to save as much as possible, the criteria for buying clothes are wear resistance and resistance to stolen goods. Gray, black and blue have become popular street colors, and they are all the same regardless of season. , Men's and women's clothing styles are also more popular. A cartoonist once vividly described the situation where "everyone is dressed in blue".

During the "Cultural Revolution", owning a military uniform was the ideal of countless young people of that era. Teenagers like to wear grass-green military uniforms, grass-green military caps, and carry grass-green schoolbags on their shoulders. This outfit was considered very luxurious and elegant at the time. Of course, hardship and simplicity were still the most mainstream fashion at that time. In order to show their hard work and simplicity, some people even wear new clothes in water, or put a few patches on undamaged clothes. This kind of behavior seems quite ridiculous to people today, but it became popular during the ten years of the Cultural Revolution.

The jingle at that time went like this: Three years of new life, three years of old life, three more years of sewing... There is also a song that also floated in the streets and alleys in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China: Diligence and thrift are our good traditions, socialism Construction is inseparable, inseparable...

However, even in an era of single color, people's love for beauty will still be revealed. A photographer called this expression "unstoppable" "Living in the Spring Lights", this naturally conveyed pursuit of beauty is a deep imprint of an era left in people's minds.

③Since the reform and opening up - colorful, fashionable and individual (blackboard writing)

Since the reform and opening up, the colors and styles of clothing have become more diversified, and the fabrics and textures have also undergone great changes. Variety.

1980 is the third year of China’s reform and opening up. With the development of the times, people's clothing has become more and more diverse, and the colors have changed from single blue to gray to colorful. The domestic feature film "Love in Lushan" released at that time became a favorite film among young people. The long-lost love story and the novel fashion of the heroine in the film all give people a refreshing feeling. How many sets of clothes she changed in the film became a hot topic among young people at the time. During this period, wearing sunglasses, long hair, bell bottoms, and bat shirts became fashionable. Many people were not used to it, but young people found their individuality and sense of self.

The first fashion model team in mainland China was established in 1981. Although it only enrolled students in the name of "Clothing Advertising Art Performance Class" at that time, what surprised the organizers was the number of people who came to sign up. Four times as much as expected. Three years later, the performance team toured Europe and caused a sensation. Western public opinion exclaimed: "Mao Zedong's children are wearing fashion!" The fashion whirlwind from China has brought a new image of openness to the world.

In 1984, when the Chinese women's volleyball team won three consecutive championships at the Los Angeles Olympics, sportswear became popular in Beijing. Brightly colored sportswear has become the first choice for people who love beauty. People wear sportswear almost anywhere and anytime, and it has even become school uniforms for students and factory uniforms for workers.

In the 1990s, people's lives transitioned to a moderately prosperous life, and their ideas became more open. People's clothing is changing rapidly. Dressing emphasizes individuality and change. It is difficult to summarize fashion trends with one style or color. Emphasizing individuality and not chasing fashion has become a fashion in itself.

From the changes in clothing, we can see the progress of the times and the changes in people's inner concepts. Changes in clothing are based on economic development, and also reflect the changes in people's ideas and concepts with the changes of the times, from the past "herd" mentality to "the pursuit of individuality." Changes in clothing are a manifestation of the improvement of people's quality of life.

2. Increasingly rich diet (blackboard writing)

There is a saying that "food is the first necessity for the people". It can be said that people regard "food" as the minimum standard of life. At the same time, people He also regards "food" as the highest pursuit and enjoyment of life. From the changes in "food", we can reflect the rise and fall of wealth and poverty in a society, and we can appreciate the changes in social history.

① In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China - living in poverty, not having enough to eat or having a meager meal (written on the blackboard)

② Before the reform and opening up - there was great improvement, but food was scarce and monotonous, and tickets were prevalent. There is insufficient nutrition, and some rural areas have not solved the basic problem of food and clothing (written on the blackboard)

Food stamps are a product of the planned economy. In the early 1950s, there was a food shortage in our country. The Central Government Affairs Council issued an order in October 1953: The country will implement a planned supply of grain and adopt a method of selling grain quantitatively based on vouchers. Food stamps appeared. Since August 1960, the city's catering industry in Beijing has implemented ticket-based dining, and limited supplies of cooking oil, poultry, eggs, meat, soy products, and vegetables have also been implemented. During this period, there were many kinds of bills. In addition to grain, oil and cloth coupons, they also issued subsidized bean coupons, pastry coupons, oil coupons for advanced mental workers, and holiday subsidized oil coupons. In some places, briquette coupons, popsicle coupons, and cigarette coupons were also issued. Liquor, candy and tofu tickets. In the era when tickets were popular, there was also an era of material shortages. Only during New Years and holidays, people could buy some pastries, candies, and dry fruits with tickets, and the portions were very small.

Question: Why do people use tickets on page 112 of the book?

Student answer: Because the productivity level is not high and material supply is tight, vouchers need to be used to limit people's purchasing power.

During the three-year natural disaster period, food and vegetables were in short supply. When they were not full, people often ate carrots to satisfy their hunger. People are a little bloated due to a lack of basic nutrients.

③Since the reform and opening up - not only can you eat well, but you can also eat well, with balanced nutrition and a good mix of thickness and thickness. Green food has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people (blackboard writing)

Since the 1990s, food supply and demand have Going to the market, the demise of food stamps has become a historical necessity. In May 1993, Beijing finally stopped using food stamps, and food stamps completely disappeared from the stage of history. Some cloth stamps, oil stamps, meat stamps, and tofu stamps that symbolized the shortage economy have also withdrawn from people's daily life. Today these symbols of the times have become treasures in the hands of collectors.

Today, our material life has been greatly enriched. We have a wide variety of food in wet markets, supermarkets, and hypermarkets. People's requirements for food are also getting higher and higher. They must not only "eat well", but also eat healthily. The concept of scientific hygiene is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

People pay attention to balanced nutrition, good matching of thickness and light taste. They should eat more fruits and vegetables and less high-fat and high-cholesterol foods. Wild vegetables and whole grains that were used to satisfy hunger in the past due to insufficient food have now become healthy foods on the table.

"Use your brain": Why have wild vegetables and whole grains, which were used to satisfy hunger in the past due to insufficient food, now become delicacies on the table?

Answer: Because in the past, people were short of food and only had wild vegetables and whole grains. People had no choice to satisfy their needs. Nowadays, food supply is abundant, and people not only need to eat enough, but also eat well. People pay attention to nutritional balance, combination of thickness and thickness, and choosing green foods.

The improvement in people's living standards reflects the further development of social productivity and the prosperity of the socialist market economy since the reform and opening up.

3. Residential houses with a new look (written on the blackboard)

① During the first period of the founding of the People's Republic of China - living conditions were extremely poor (written on the blackboard)

Most of the residential buildings of urban residents The area is small and the facilities are simple. For example, the large courtyards in the north and pavilions in the south are very crowded and messy, and the small rooms give people a sense of oppression. In rural areas, most of them are adobe houses and cave dwellings in the northern interior, while most of those in the south live in thatched houses. The houses are dilapidated, in disrepair, and in danger. People and animals sometimes live together in the same room, and sanitary conditions are poor.

②Before the reform and opening up - continuous improvement, but living conditions are still poor (written on the blackboard)

Flat houses with uniform and monotonous styles replaced the dilapidated residential houses in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Pieces of fish-scale tiles replaced the dilapidated roof, and the walls were no longer made of stone bricks, but flat and white walls made of lime. However, there are few decorations inside the house, with only basic furniture such as beds, tables, and chairs. It looks simple and tidy, and is filled with harmony and tranquility.

③Since the reform and opening up - the living area has expanded and living conditions have been significantly improved (written on the blackboard)

Old-fashioned ordinary houses can no longer meet the needs of the people, so new residential quarters Rising from the ground, buildings line up like a new city.

Beijing began to build affordable housing in 1998, providing "affordable and affordable" options for residents of dilapidated housing projects and low- and middle-income families in Beijing. Through affordable housing, people understand what it means to "break the old and build the new". A large number of residents moved out of old houses without kitchens, toilets, water and sewers, and moved into new buildings with guaranteed housing quality, beautiful community environment, and convenient shopping and transportation.

Today, people have more choices for living, including high-rise residential areas, duplex buildings, garden communities, and even unique villas with single doors and courtyards. When we climb high-rise buildings and overlook the city's dazzling scenery, we can also appreciate the ancient people's pride of "being at the top of the mountain and seeing all the small mountains at a glance". With the improvement of people's living standards, decoration has become a hot spot. Decoration in various styles enriches our lives and reflects the improvement of people's quality of life.

4. Transportation extending in all directions (writing on the blackboard)

① In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China - transportation was inconvenient (writing on the blackboard)

In big cities (such as Beijing and Shanghai), trams , cars are more common, rickshaws and bicycles are more common means of transportation. In general small and medium-sized cities, there are a small number of bicycles and rickshaws. In rural areas, there are horse-drawn carriages and human-powered carts in the north, and ships and ox-carts in the south. Walking is the most common way to travel.

②Before the reform and opening up - there was some improvement, but bicycles were mainly used (written on the blackboard)

Baocheng Railway and Yingxia Railway were built during the "1st Five-Year Plan"; Xinzang, The Qinghai-Tibet and Sichuan-Tibet highways were built to the "roof of the world", which has strengthened the connection between the mainland and the border areas, and also facilitated economic and cultural exchanges. In 1957, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed, connecting the transportation from the north to the south of the Yangtze River. The country's overall transportation level has improved.

Before the reform and opening up, urban transportation resources were extremely limited. In addition to walking on two feet, the only means of transportation for people to travel were buses and bicycles. However, there are few bus routes and the carriages are often overcrowded. In comparison, the most convenient means of transportation is of course bicycles. China was once called the "Bicycle Kingdom", which shows people's dependence on bicycles. However, road construction at that time was also very backward, which brought a lot of inconvenience to people's daily lives.

③Since the reform and opening up - transportation conditions have improved significantly, and railways, highways and routes have grown rapidly (blackboard writing)

In China in the late 1980s, traveling was not a problem for many people. It is not a pleasant thing, it is difficult to buy tickets, difficult to take the bus, and difficult to transport. Due to insufficient railway transportation capacity, railway passenger traffic at that time was overloaded by 50% every day and 100% at peak times. 800,000 people stood and took the train every day, and the country's annual backlog of materials reached 150 million tons. North-south transportation The gap reaches 60 million tons.

During the Republic of China, the Beijing-Hankou Railway was the main artery connecting the north and the south. However, the progress of the times has made it unable to meet the needs of the people. In 1992, the central government made a decisive decision: the Beijing-Kowloon Railway would be opened in three years, and the concept of the Beijing-Kowloon Railway had been updated. The southern end point was extended from Jiujiang in Jiangxi to Kowloon in Hong Kong. On May 2, 1993, the main railway line with the largest scale, the largest investment, and the longest mileage built at one time since the founding of the People's Republic of China started. On the morning of November 16, 1995, the entire Beijing-Kowloon Railway was laid. On September 1, 1996, four months ahead of schedule, the Beijing-Kowloon Railway was fully operational.

This steel artery spans nine provinces and cities, easing the contradiction between north and south transportation and solving the bottleneck problem of railway transportation; it connects Hong Kong and Beijing, which are about to return to the motherland, and maintains the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and Macao; it passes through many This revolutionary old district has brought hope to the people of the old district to get rid of poverty and become rich.

Highways are an important symbol of a country’s transportation modernization. The ownership of highways has also become an indicator of economic development. In December 1984, the construction of the Hujia Expressway began in Shanghai and was completed and opened to traffic on October 31, 1988. This is the first highway in my country that is fully open to traffic, and has opened a new page in the history of highway construction in my country. In addition to inter-provincial highways, many provinces and regions across the country are building short- and medium-distance highways within their regions, forming a nationwide highway network. At the same time, it should be pointed out to students that convenient transportation has also brought environmental problems in urban development, and there is an urgent need to solve the problems of environmental pollution and traffic congestion. Interested students are required to write an article "My View on Urban Traffic". We are reminded to enhance environmental awareness and understand the importance of building and developing ecological cities.

Now we see that the roads in modern metropolises are full of life, with crowds of people and traffic flowing through them. These means of transportation are also diverse, with more bus routes and improved facilities (not only ordinary buses, but also more advanced luxury buses and double-decker buses, with air conditioners and mobile TVs installed in the vehicles); taxis are just around the corner, and private Cars are also common, and new forms of transportation such as subways and light rails have emerged. In their busy work, people find that the round-trip travel time has been shortened, and the roads have become smoother... People's concepts of transportation have also changed greatly. Holiday travel has increased, and domestic travel and overseas travel have begun to shift from sightseeing to leisure travel. model, and outbound tourism is becoming more and more popular, with more and more choices. Moreover, superficial tourism is increasingly unable to meet the needs of tourists. Personalized tourism is quietly gaining popularity. People are relaxing on vacation and starting to truly Enjoy the fun of traveling.

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