Present situation and protection of tourism resources development in Wuling Mountain

Wuling Mountain Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve is located in Xinglong County, Hebei Province, bordering Beijing in the northwest, 0/30 km from Beijing/KLOC-and 0/68 km from Tianjin/KLOC-(Jinji Expressway). With a total area of 14400 hectares, it is the first national nature reserve in Hebei Province, and its main protection object is "temperate forest ecosystem and the northern limit of macaque distribution". 1995 joined the network of "Man and Biosphere" nature reserve in China, and was named "National Youth Science and Technology Education Base" by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and China Association for Science and Technology in 2002, and "National Forestry Science Popularization Base" by the Forestry Society of China in 2004.

The forest coverage rate of Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve is as high as 83%, and the main peak is 2118m above sea level, which is the main peak of Yanshan Mountain. It belongs to temperate continental monsoon mountain climate, with the characteristics of the same season of rain and heat, long winter and short summer, distinct four seasons, cool summer and large temperature difference between day and night. The complexity of the terrain determines the diversity of the climate, which is known as "peach blossoms float under the mountain, snowflakes fly on the mountain", "rain under the mountain, sunny on the mountain" and "three days in three miles are different, and one mountain has three seasons". The annual average temperature is 7.6℃, and the monthly average temperature in the hottest month is 17.6℃, which is the "summer island" in the "hot sea" of North China. The vegetation of Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve belongs to China's "Pan-Arctic Plant Zone" and is one of the areas rich in plant resources in northern China, and is known as "Natural Botanical Garden", "Green Treasure House" and "Natural Species Gene Bank". There are 668 families, 665 genera 1870 species of higher plants, and there are 10 species listed in the China Plant Red Book "Rare and Endangered Plants in China". There are 55 families 1 12 genera 173 species of wild animals. Among them, golden eagle, leopard and other national protected animals 18 species, and other key protected animals 12 1 species. It is an ideal base for scientific research, teaching practice and popular science education. The reserve has beautiful scenery, high negative ion content, pleasant climate and fresh air, and is an excellent forest tourist resort. Heroic, exotic, beautiful and beautiful is a high summary of the tourism resources of Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve. At present, there are four major scenic spots 100, which are mainly eco-tourism, namely Ren Xian Pagoda Scenic Spot, Wulongtou Scenic Spot, Longtan Scenic Spot and Qingliangjie Scenic Spot. In recent years, the management and construction efforts are increasing day by day, and the six functions of traveling, shopping, entertainment, eating, living and traveling are basically matched, which has a certain scale. Every year, it attracts many tourists to come here for holidays, visits and sightseeing.

Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve takes forest landscape as the main body, Cangshan Qifeng as the skeleton, Qingxi Bitan as the vein, and cultural relics and historic sites dotted in it, forming a vivid picture with unique style, in which static landscape and dynamic landscape are coordinated, and natural landscape and human landscape are integrated. Here the mountains overlap, the mountains are beautiful, the mountains are quiet and magnificent, the meanders are crystal clear, the smoke waves are vast, the pearls are perfect, and the peaks are picturesque. Among them, the canyon stands tall, the stone path is entangled, and the gully is deep. In spring, everything is revived, birds are singing and flowers are fragrant, flowers are red and green, bees and butterflies are entangled, and azaleas, lilacs and honeysuckle are competing to open, colorful and even green, showing different colors and levels. According to the altitude of the mountain, flowers bloom layer by layer, trees are green layer by layer, and everywhere is full of vitality, which makes you feel the infinite beauty of being close to nature. In summer, the sun is like fire outside the mountain, the trees in the mountain are lush, the golden lotus is like gold, the anemone is like a jade slope, the cool wind is blowing gently, the waterfalls are flowing, and the pool is quiet. Natural forests block the sunlight, and artificial forests exude the fragrance of wood and strong sunlight. After being filtered by layers of leaves, only a few gentle spots are left on the earth. Come here for the summer and enjoy the cool, which will make you feel relaxed and happy and linger. In autumn, the mountain is green, the birch and larch on the mountain have turned golden yellow, and the poplar, five-pointed star and oak on the mountainside have turned yellow, red and purple layer by layer. Looking around, pieces of red leaves and strings of fruits are clustered between the peaks, like pieces of red sails floating on the blue waves, and like white clouds floating in the blue sky. When you come here for sightseeing, you can not only see the colorful autumn when the forest is fully dyed, but also pick rare wild fruits and have fun. In winter, the mountains and plains are covered with silver, Yushu blooms with ice flowers, and the vast forest sea is a northland scenery. The pines and cypresses are strong and straight in the snow, and the quiet rhyme is cold, showing the cool and elegant style of Wuling Mountain.

The Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve Administration pursues the harmonious development between man and nature, adheres to and implements the Scientific Outlook on Development, and has invested more than 60 million yuan to completely transform the scenic roads, sightseeing trails, various signs and other facilities, greatly enriching the scientific and cultural connotation of the scenic spot, highlighting its unique ecological taste, and inheriting and carrying forward the long-standing Yanshan culture. In recent years, nature reserves have launched a healthy ecological tour with natural oxygen bar, summer vacation and scientific investigation as the main body, so that tourists can return to the primitive nature surrounded by mountains and rivers, enjoy the gift of nature and appreciate the true meaning of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Let Wuling Mountain become an excellent tourist destination for people to return to nature and eco-tourism.

Nature reserves are specific areas of representative ecosystems selected by the national government for nature protection, scientific research and comprehensive utilization. Protection is divided into national and provincial levels. Wuling Mountain is a national nature reserve. There are 94 forest-type national nature reserves in China and 1 in Hebei province. Wuling Mountain is the only forest-type national nature reserve in Hebei Province, and it is also the national nature reserve closest to the capital Beijing with the most development potential.

The protection object of Wuling Mountain Nature Reserve is "temperate forest ecosystem and the northern limit of macaque distribution". Temperate forest ecosystem means that Wuling Mountain is located at the intersection of Mongolia, Northeast China and North China, with diverse plant components and complex ecosystems. It is a protected area of temperate biodiversity and a treasure house of biological resources. The northern limit of macaque distribution means that there are no wild primates in the world to the north of Wuling Mountain. Although there are macaques in Hokkaido, Japan and Shihezi, Xinjiang, they are only kept artificially.

Wuling Mountain is not only the northern limit of the distribution of macaques, but also the corridor of the north and south animals and the northern limit of the distribution of many southern animals, such as spoons and civets. At the same time, it is also the southern limit of the distribution of many northern representative animals, such as hazelnut with flower tail and finches. There are 0/870 species of higher plants in Wuling Mountain, belonging to 668 families and 665 genera. Among them, ginseng is a national first-class protected plant, walnut is a second-class protected plant, and Juglans mandshurica, wild soybean and Pteroceltis tatarinowii are third-class protected plants. Terrestrial vertebrates 16 1 species, including two first-class protected animals, golden eagle and leopard, and two second-class protected animals, vulture, macaque and impala 15 species. Wuling Mountain, a living natural museum, can feast your eyes on everyone.

Nature reserves have three functions, namely, protection, research and tourism.

Protection function: to protect, restore and enrich all natural resources, natural environment, natural and cultural landscapes in this area for people and future generations to enjoy, provide rich materials for natural science research, provide a good place for eco-tourism, maintain the ecological balance in this area and promote the sustainable development of this area.

Research function: Through the study of geology, meteorology and biodiversity in this area, it lays a foundation for the utilization of nature, the development of eco-tourism and environmental education.

Tourism function: give full play to the advantages of resources and environment in nature reserves, make full use of the research results of natural ecology, and let the people enter nature, receive education and tourism, and accept the edification and education of nature.

In the past, nature reserves only carried out protection and research, not tourism, so nature reserves were poor and backward. In recent years, with the deepening of reform and opening up, the old ideas of "closed" and "dead insurance" have been broken, and the guiding ideology of "based on protection, promoting protection through development, combining protection with development, and moderately developing eco-tourism" has been established, eco-tourism areas have been delineated in the protected areas, and Wuling Mountain Forest Park has been established.

1. Geographical location

Wuling Mountain National Nature Reserve is located in Xinglong County, Chengde City, northern Hebei Province, with geographical coordinates of117' ~117 35' and 40 29' ~ 40 38' north latitude. It is located between Beijing, Tianjin, Chengde and Tangshan, with a distance of Beijing 140km, Tianjin 180km, Tangshan 148km and Chengde 135km. The mountainous area in this area belongs to the Yanshan Mountains, which is the middle part of the Yanshan Mountains, and its main peak is located in the center of its core area.

2. Geology

Wuling mountain area was an ancient salt sea from 185 to 850 million years ago. Uplifted to land 850-570 million years ago; Paleozoic, 570 ~ 450 million years ago, fell into the sea, known as the shallow sea of North China. After 450 million years, this area was uplifted into land and accepted long-term continental deposition. In the late Mesozoic (65.438+0.40 ~ 0.65 billion years ago), magmatic intrusion occurred in this area, which was called Yanshanian magmatic intrusion in geology. With the Mesozoic orogeny (called Yanshan orogeny) and Cenozoic orogeny (called Himalayan orogeny), the crust uplifted, the fault activity was strong, and the magma invaded on a large scale, forming a huge bedrock, with Wuling Mountain as the largest activity, forming the main body of Yanshan Mountain. Its strike is consistent with the Yanshan Mountains, from northeast to southwest, with large-scale intrusions interspersed. From the west to the southwest of the main ridge, ancient stone seas (rock kilns) formed by freezing and weathering of Quaternary glaciers are widely developed. Rock composition, magmatic rocks are mainly granite, syenite and basalt; Sedimentary rocks are mainly limestone, shale and sandstone. Gneiss is the most common metamorphic rock.

3. Terrain

Mesozoic Yanshan crustal movement and Cenozoic crustal movement accelerated the relative uplift of mountains. Since Sinian, it has been on the rise, which has exposed granite and gneiss in a large area before Sinian, forming the unique geomorphological characteristics of Wuling Mountain. Wuling Mountain is mountainous. The elevation of the main peak is 2 1 18.2m, the lowest elevation is 450m (Lianyizhai), and the height difference is1668.2m. Most peaks are above1600m. The area around the main peak is obviously prominent, and its periphery is low mountain. The landform is very complicated, including steep ridge peak, flat hilltop terrace (lotus pond), small intermountain basin (fish scale ditch and tiger ditch) and deep ditch and narrow valley (west of North Double Cave). , gentle slope wide valley (Sanchakou, Longzhaogou, Ganmugou, East-West solitary stone), foothills terrace (Dongmei Temple, Chenjiazhuang, Dagou, Garden), etc. The main ridge is north-south, and only the ice ditch is east-west. Most of the valleys are east-west trends? The valley is V-shaped with a width ranging from ten meters to hundreds of meters. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, and it slopes from northwest to southeast. The slope is mostly between 25 and 40.

4. Climate

Wuling Mountain belongs to the warm temperate humid continental monsoon region, which is characterized by the same season of rain and heat, long winter and short summer, distinct four seasons and large temperature difference between day and night. The complexity of terrain determines the diversity of climate. "Peach blossoms float under the mountain, snowflakes fly on the mountain" and "it rains continuously under the mountain and the sun shines high on the mountain", which is known as "three different days in three miles, one mountain and three seasons". The annual average temperature is 7.6℃, 1 month is the highest in Leng Yue, the average temperature is-15.6℃, and the absolute low temperature is-25 ~-28℃; The hottest month is July, the average temperature is 17.6℃, the absolute high temperature is 36℃~ 39℃ ... The average daily temperature is stable, and the date when it exceeds 10℃ is from May to 10. C the accumulated temperature ≥ 10 is 3000 c ~ 3400 c, and the annual average sunshine is 2870 hours. Wuling Mountain, with high mountains and dense forests, has become the intersection of north and south climate. It is foggy in summer and autumn with abundant rainfall, with an average annual precipitation of 763mm. It can reach 900 mm locally. Average annual evaporation 1444 mm, and average relative humidity of 60%. . The frost-free period is 120 ~ 140 days, with the first frost starting at the beginning of 10 and the final frost ending in mid-April.

5. Land

The soil in Wuling Mountain is divided into four types: typical cinnamon soil, leached cinnamon soil, brown forest soil and secondary meadow soil, and the parent material is mostly slope parent material.

6. Hydrology

Wuling Mountain is the main peak of Yanshan Mountains and one of the cradles of many rivers. The permeability of rocks of the stratum in this area is poor, the precipitation flows radially around the main peak, the groundwater overflow points are widely distributed, there is almost water in the ditch, and the water flow is continuous all the year round. The area is full of forests, clear springs, streams and gurgling water, and water resources are very rich. A towering watershed runs from east to west, crosses the main peak and bends to southwest, dividing the whole area into north and south. The water system in the northern part of the basin is divided into two tributaries. The precipitation in the east flows into Andamu River through Liushuigou, Zhuangmugou, Huayuangou, Dashigou, Zishigou, Gaoyugou and Nanyugou, and flows into Miyun Reservoir in Beijing through tidal river. The precipitation in the west flows into Miyun Reservoir through Sanchakou, Beihuo Road, Beisongshuyugou, Yulinggou, Zhangzigou, Beihuayugou and Shuitougou, and then into Qingshui River. They all belong to Haihe River system, with a catchment area of 7752.6hm2. The precipitation in the south flows into Liuhe River through Binglinggou, Meilinggou, Badao River, Niangniangwa, Ganmugou, Wuchagou, Xiantagou, Taxigou and Banmaqiang, and flows into Panjiakou Reservoir in Hebei Province through Luanhe River, which belongs to Luanhe River system, with a catchment area of 6557.6hm2 Wuling Mountain is an important ecological barrier for Beijing and Tianjin. Wuling Mountain, located in the upper reaches of Chaobai River and Luanhe River, is an important water supply area for these two water systems. Chaobai River enters Miyun Reservoir, which is an important water source in Beijing, and Luanhe River enters Panjiakou Reservoir and Daheiting Reservoir, which is an important water source in Tianjin and Tangshan. It is estimated that only forest litter layer can conserve at least 6.5438+0.39697 million tons of pure water every year, including 8.3523 million tons of Miyun Reservoir (Miyun Reservoir provides 70% drinking water for Beijing) and 5.665438+0.74 million tons of Panjiakou Reservoir. The water conservation function of forests here has an important impact on the water use in Beijing, Tianjin, Chengde and Tangshan.

Wuling Mountain was once known as Fuling, Meng Guang and Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort scenic spots in history and Wuling Mountain in Ming Dynasty. People have lived here since the Xia and Yin Dynasties. Wuling Mountain is located in the place where northern minorities such as Shanrong, Donghu, Tuoba and Qidan in ancient China interacted with Youyan Han people. Because of its characteristics and so-called spirituality, many literati and poets in history praised Wuling Mountain and came here for sightseeing, which impressed them deeply. Li Daoyuan, a geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Zuyong, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, all visited Wuling Mountain and praised its grandeur. Li Daoyuan said in Notes on Water Classics that "Fuling Mountain (Wuling Mountain) is very high and steep, steep and cold. Clouds and cliffs are covered with snow and frozen in summer, so the world is famous. " The ancients also called Wuling Mountain "the mountain is steep and the peaks are arched". In ancient times, it was also called Wuling Mountain in Changping Landscape, which was probably the reason why it was called Wuling Mountain. Also known as Wuling Mountain, "there are many exotic flowers and different grasses on it, also known as Wanhuatai, with peaks and arches on the left and right sides of the mountain, deep pine and cypress".

Wuling Mountain used to be Foshan. According to records, there were temples in Wuling Mountain in the Song Dynasty, and many temples were built. "At that time, there were more than 10,000 monks and Taoists." During the Yuan Dynasty, monks and Taoists came here to do Buddhism. "Chang Ping Shan Shui" records that "Wenzong (Yuan) ordered the Western Monks to travel to Wuling Mountain in January, and the top can be seen from the plug." Existing temple sites include Hongmei Temple, Zhongguyuan, Yunfeng Temple, etc. At that time, they were called the lower house, the middle court and the upper house. According to legend, in Hongmei Temple, there was a saying that "3,600 famous monks, while unknown monks fought for the cow hair", which shows that there were many Buddhist monks and Taoist priests in Wuling Mountain at that time, and the incense was flourishing. According to Chang 'an Hakka, there is Yunfeng Temple in Wuling Mountain, and it is said that Baozhi Palace Xi is here.

In the Ming Dynasty, Wuling Mountain was an important border area. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Ji (Zibowen) climbed Wuling Mountain when he was playing in Caojia Road, a border town. He was exhausted halfway up the mountain and rested under a boulder. Suddenly, he felt a cool breeze coming, and his fatigue disappeared, and he got the "cool world of Wuling Mountain". Two hundred years later, in the eighth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, later generations carved words on this stone, which became a unique stone tablet in JD.COM and was called the "Great Stone Tablet". There are six big characters on it, each about four square meters, bold and unrestrained, vigorous and powerful, and there are many different types of small characters, most of which are the names and poems of the soldiers who keep the customs.

Wuling Mountain is high, with dangerous cliffs hanging, which has certain military defense value and is at the border. Therefore, there are many Great Walls built on Wuling Mountain, most of which are Ming Great Walls, with an existing distance of nearly 100 kilometers. There are passes such as Heiguguan and Longmen Pass. Besides the Great Wall, there are many beacon towers built on high mountains and dangerous peaks, and now you can see broken walls.

In the second year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, Wuling Mountain was designated as the "Houlong Feng Shui Forbidden Area" in Dongling of Qing Dynasty, and it was closed for 270 years. Dongqing Mausoleum covers an area of 2,500 square kilometers and is divided into two parts: the back dragon and the front circle. Among them, the dragon behind the mausoleum is the birthplace of Feng Shui. It starts from the Great Wall behind the mausoleum and goes north through Wuling Mountain and Shaozu Mountain of the Qing Dongling. The whole Houlong Belt is characterized by rolling mountains, overlapping peaks and beautiful peaks. In order to protect Dongling in Qing Dynasty, this includes the protection of Houlong District. The boundary markers of Houlong are mainly stakes and boundary markers, in which stakes are divided into three colors: white and blue, red stakes are the inner boundary, white stakes are the outer boundary, and green stakes are apart from white stakes 10. On each green stake, it is written "the back of the dragon is heavy with feng shui", stipulating that "within the stake, the military and civilians are not allowed to enter the kiln to burn charcoal." Dare to break the law, hell to pay. " Wuling Mountain was designated as an official mountain. In order to strengthen the protection of Wuling Mountain, the Qing Dynasty specially set up the second camp of Qiangzi Road and Caojia Road to guard the public security in Houlong area. Through strict protection measures in the Qing Dynasty, there has never been a big fire in the history of Dongling in the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years, which undoubtedly played an important role in the protection of forest resources in Wuling Mountain.

With the long-term closure of Wuling Mountain, the temples built in the Song and Yuan Dynasties began to fall into disrepair. There are few cultural and historical relics in this period. Emperor Kangxi, the sage of Qing Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Looking at Wuling Mountain in Xiaofa Gubeikou", "The morning breeze is slightly blowing, the long flag is blocked, the far peak is still visible, the ancient trees are half-caged, the land is vast and sparsely populated, the mountains are crowded with horses, the wind is summer scenery, and the grass is self-contained." As you can see from the poem, all you saw at that time was mountain trees, and few people were there.

Under the long-term ban of the Qing Dynasty, the residents of Wuling Mountain were forced to move out, which created conditions for the growth of forests, and forests and wild animals grew carefree. Wuling Mountain has formed a magnificent landscape of "mountains and forests, trees covering the sky, countless wild animals and springs everywhere".

With the decline of Qing Dynasty, Wuling Mountain, as a forbidden area of royal geomantic omen, was also reclaimed. In the second year of Xuantong in the late Qing Dynasty (19 10), due to the financial difficulties of the imperial court, the "Feng Shui Treasure Land" in Dongling was allowed to be reclaimed by the Qing army. Because of land reclamation, mountain fires often occur, and there is no heavy rain for several months, and the virgin forest is destroyed. Later, the direct line and the Bong warlord scuffled, and Wuling Mountain was looted by the war, which was very serious.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Wuling Mountain was the anti-Japanese base of the Eighth Route Army. 1On February 9th, 938, comrades instructed the headquarters in front of the Eighth Route Army to "open up guerrilla zones with Wuling Mountain as the center and create base areas behind enemy lines", and the fourth column of the Eighth Route Army set out from Zhaitang in Pingxi, marched eastward into Wuling Mountain, launched guerrilla warfare with Wuling Mountain as the center, and created Xing (Dragon), Luan (Ping), Feng (Run) and Cheng (Germany).

The Japanese army adopted the "cage policy", created a no-man's land, drove the people down the mountain, entered the "people's circle", and kept releasing Yamakaji, trying to cut off military-civilian ties. The Japanese invaders tried to achieve the goal of "isolation between the people and bandits" by inhuman means such as "encircling with iron walls" and "combing combs", but the people in Wuling Mountain area never put out the fire of resistance against Japan and persisted in the war of resistance.

From 65438 to 0948, Wuling Mountain experienced the baptism of blood and fire for 37 years, and finally returned to the embrace of the people, injecting vitality into the development of Wuling Mountain.

After liberation, the party and government attached great importance to Wuling Mountain. In order to build Wuling Mountain, develop Wuling Mountain and protect this fast-growing green treasure land, 1950 set up a forest management organization and a Wuling Mountain forest management office to comprehensively close the mountains to facilitate afforestation and afforestation in barren hills. In order to better build and manage the precious forest in Wuling Mountain, 1962 is an experimental forest farm directly under the Ministry of Forestry, and 8,000 mu around the main peak is designated as a nature reserve. With the change of national situation and policy, the organizational system of Wuling Mountain has also undergone different changes. After the reform and opening-up, the party and the government have paid more and more attention to environmental construction and realized the important position of forestry. 1984 is a provincial protected area, and 1988 is a national protected area. Wuling Mountain entered a new period of development and joined the China Man and Biosphere Network on 1995.

Wuling Mountain has paid attention to the excavation and construction of green culture since the establishment of the reserve. After years of protection and construction, forest resources have been increasing, forming a natural culture dominated by ecology. The obvious distribution of vegetation belt spectrum, rich biological community, magnificent natural landscape and spectacular Qifeng strange mountain in Wuling Mountain all come from this forest, this green and this nature.

Wuling Mountain Nature Reserve is divided into three areas: core area, buffer area and experimental area.

1. The core area covers an area of 4 136.8 hectares, accounting for 28.9% of the total area. It is a natural forest area, with broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, mixed coniferous forest and meadow as the main vegetation. It is an area where protected plants are concentrated and an important habitat for protected animals.

2. The buffer area is 2545.4 hectares, accounting for 17.8% of the total area. Mainly natural broad-leaved forest, with a small amount of artificial forest.

3. Experimental area, with an area of 7628.0 hectares, accounting for 53.3% of the total area. It is mainly natural broad-leaved forest, and most of the artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forests and larch forests are distributed in this area.

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