The Historical Evolution of the Ancient Capital Hangzhou

1. The historical evolution of Hangzhou The excavation of the site of Xiaoshan Bridge across the lake confirmed that people lived here as early as 8,000 years ago, and the Liangzhu culture in Yuhang 5,000 years ago was hailed as "the dawn of civilization".

Before the Zhou Dynasty, Hangzhou belonged to "the territory of Yangzhou". Legend has it that during Xia's flood fighting, the whole country was divided into Kyushu, and the vast area south of the Yangtze River was collectively referred to as Yangzhou.

2 1 century BC, Yu Xia made a southern tour and was the governor of Huiji (now Shaoxing). He sailed through here and left his boat here ("Hangzhou" is the ark), hence the name "Yuhang". It is said that Yu built a boat to cross here, and the Vietnamese call it "Yuhang". Later, according to oral tradition, Yu was called "Yu" and named "Yuhang".

During the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue competed with China for hegemony. Hangzhou belongs to the State of Yue first, then to the State of Wu, and then to the State of Yue after the destruction of the State of Wu. During the Warring States Period, Chu destroyed the state of Yue, and Hangzhou returned to Chu.

After Qin unified the six countries, a county called Qiantang was established at the foot of Lingyin Mountain, which belonged to Huiji County. Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography records: "In October of the thirty-seventh year, Qin Shihuang went on a patrol ... crossing Danyang and reaching Qiantang, facing Zhejiang, and the waves were all evil ..." This is the earliest name of Qiantang recorded in historical books.

At that time, it was still a beach infested by rivers and tides, and the West Lake had not yet formed. The Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and Hangzhou is still called Qiantang.

When Xin Mang changed Qiantang to Quanting County; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiantang County was restored as Wu County. At this time, the construction of farmland water conservancy in Hangzhou began to take shape, and the first seawall was built from Baoshishan to Wansongling. The West Lake began to break away from the sea and become an inner lake.

During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hangzhou belonged to Wuxing County of Wu State and returned to ancient Yangzhou. In the first year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (326), the Indian Buddhist Association built Lingyin Temple under Feilai Peak, which is the oldest jungle building in the West Lake.

In the third year of Liang Taiqing (549), Hou Jing promoted Qiantang County to Linjiang County. In the first year of Chen Zhenming (587), Qiantang County was established, which governed Qiantang, Yuqian, Fuyang and Xincheng counties and belonged to Wu Zhou.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, in the ninth year (589), the county was abolished as a state, and the name "Hangzhou" first appeared. Jurisdiction over Qiantang, Yuhang, Fuyang, Yan Guan, Yuqian and Wu Kang counties.

The state first ruled Yuhang and moved to Qiantang the following year. In the 11th year of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty, a city was built on the Phoenix Mountain, which was the earliest Hangzhou city.

Daye three years (607), renamed Yuhang County. In six years, Su Yang dug the Jiangnan Canal, starting from Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, passing through Sujiaxing and other places, and reaching Hangzhou, with a total length of more than 400 kilometers. Since then, Chen Gong Bridge has become the starting point of the Grand Canal.

This important geographical position has promoted the rapid development of Hangzhou's economy and culture. At this time, there were 15380 households in Yuhang County, and the household registration statistics in Hangzhou began.

In the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou County was established, Yuhang County was reformed and Qiantang was ruled. In order to avoid the taboo of the country name, Wude changed "Qiantang" to "Qiantang" in four years (62 1).

Taizong belongs to Jiangnan Road, which was renamed Yuhang County in the first year of Tianbao (742) and belongs to Jiangnan East Road. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), it was changed to Hangzhou, which belongs to Zhejiang West Road Festival. Once upon a time, the state belonged to Qiantang, which governed eight counties: Qiantang, Yan Guan, Fuyang, Xincheng, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Yuqian and Tangshan.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wu Yueguo was in the southeast and built Xifu in Hangzhou. At that time, Hangzhou was a western government, ruling Qiantang and governing eight counties: Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yuhang, Anguo, Yuqian, Tangshan, Fuyang and Xincheng.

Under the rule of three generations of wuyue and five emperors for 85 years, Hangzhou has developed into a national economic prosperity and cultural gathering place through the hard work of the working people. Ouyang Xiu described this in You Mei Tangji: "Since the Five Dynasties, Qiantang has gained something for nothing, and the people are happy, rich and comfortable.

There are hundreds of thousands of people, lakes and mountains, reflected from left to right, and merchants in Minhai, in and out of the vast waves, can be described as prosperous! "Qian Liu, king of wuyue, built a" sub-city "in Phoenix Mountain, Hangzhou, built a palace as a national rule, and built a" Luocheng "in the periphery and a 70-mile Fiona Fang as a defense. According to the History of Wu Yue, this metropolis starts from Wang Qin in the west, runs along Qiantang River to Jianggan, and is bounded by Qiantang Lake (West Lake) to Baoshi Mountain, and reaches Genshanmen in the northeast.

Shaped like a waist drum, it is also known as the "waist drum city". Yue attached great importance to the construction of water conservancy and introduced the water from the West Lake into the canal in the city. Along the Qiantang River, a hundred-mile revetment seawall was built by "stone pile method". In addition, Longshan Gate and Zhejiang Gate were built along Qiantang River to prevent salt water from flowing backwards, reduce tidal bore and expand land leveling.

Using migrant workers to dig Pingjiang stone beach makes the navigation channel smooth and promotes the water traffic with coastal areas. Hangzhou was actually in charge of Zhexi Road in the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the fifth year of Chunhua (994), the bugle was changed to Ningshui Master's Day. In the first year of Daguan (1 107), it was promoted to Shuaifu, covering six counties of Qiantang, Renhe, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Deng Xin and Yan Guan.

At that time, the population had reached over 200,000, making it one of the most populous counties in the south of the Yangtze River. Economic prosperity, textile, printing, brewing, paper industry developed, and foreign trade further developed. It is one of the four major commercial ports in China.

Hangzhou was a local official and attached great importance to the renovation of the West Lake. In the fourth year of Yuan You (1089), Su Dongpo, a famous poet, was appointed as the magistrate of Hangzhou and dredged the West Lake again. With the excavated silt, it was piled up into a long embankment across the north and south (Su Causeway). There are six bridges on it, and peaches, willows and hibiscus are planted beside the embankment, making the West Lake more beautiful.

Maoshan River and Yanqiao River were opened again, and then six wells were dug, so that brine would not flow into the market and people could drink whatever they wanted. After more than 50 years of development in the Northern Song Dynasty/KLOC-0, the heyday of Hangzhou began in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In the third year of Jian Yan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129), he was promoted to be the prefect of Lin 'an and ruled Qiantang. Jurisdiction over Qiantang, Renhe, Lin 'an, Yuhang, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Xincheng and Gongyan nine counties, the region is roughly the same as that of the Tang Dynasty.

In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), the wall of Hangzhou was expanded and divided into inner city and outer city. The inner city, namely the Imperial City and Fiona Fang Jiuli, is surrounded by Phoenix Mountain, starting from Fengshanmen in the north, reaching Jianggan in the south, Wansongling in the west and Houchaomen in the east. Within the imperial city, there are many temples, halls and pavilions, and there are many palaces and royal gardens.

The outer city crosses Wu Shan in the south, cuts Wulinmen in the north, connects West Lake in the right and Qiantang River in the left, which is magnificent. City gate 13, there is a moat outside the city.

Because many people in the north moved south with the imperial court, the population of Lin 'an prefecture surged. During the reign of Xianchun (1265~ 1274), the number of residents increased to1240,000 (including the county).

As far as Qiantang and Renhe counties, where Hangzhou Fucheng is located, have a population of more than 430,000. In the early Qing dynasty, there was a "flag camp" near the West Lake in the west of Hangzhou, commonly known as "Mancheng".

Ten miles around the city wall, south to Kaiyuan Road, north to Court Road and east to Zhongshan Road.

2. Which dynasty was the seven dynasties in Hangzhou? It seems that Hangzhou is not the Seven Dynasties.

Hangzhou was once the capital of Wu Yue State in the Southern Song Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and one of the seven ancient capitals in China.

The Historical Evolution of Hangzhou

Archaeological findings show that homo sapiens "Jiande people" lived in Lijia Township, Jiande, Hangzhou 50,000 years ago. 200 1, archaeological discovery of the site of Xiaoshan bridge across the lake in Hangzhou. About 8000 years ago, in the early Neolithic period, there were human activities in Xiaoshan. Starting from Liangzhu culture in the late Neolithic period, Hangzhou has a history of more than 5,000 years.

In the 25th year of Qin Dynasty (222 BC), Huiji County was established in Qiantang County and Yuhang County.

In the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (AD 589), it was called Hangzhou.

In the Five Dynasties, Wu Yueguo (907 ~978) made Hangzhou its capital.

In the third year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129), Zhao Gou crossed the river to Hangzhou, and Hangzhou was promoted to Lin 'an Prefecture. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Lin 'an was officially made its capital in the Southern Song Dynasty, which lasted for more than 40 years.

In February of the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Qiantang County was juxtaposed with Renhe County. In May of the Republic of China 16 (1927), counties and districts in Hangzhou set up Hangzhou and Hangzhou set up a city.

1May 3, 949, Hangzhou was liberated.

Hangzhou, one of the seven ancient capitals in China, is now the capital of Zhejiang Province, one of the national 15 sub-provincial cities, an important central city in the Yangtze River Delta, and is listed as a national historical and cultural city and a key scenic tourist city by the state.

Hangzhou is the ancient capital of several dynasties, from Yuhang to Qiantang. Before the Zhou Dynasty, Hangzhou belonged to Yangzhou.

Legend has it that during Xia's flood fighting, the whole country was divided into Kyushu, and the vast area south of the Yangtze River was collectively referred to as Yangzhou. In the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, Yu Xia made a southern tour, and the vassal state of Huimeng was in Huiji Mountain (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). He sailed through this place and left his Yuhang ("Hangzhou" is the Ark) here, hence the name "Yuhang".

It is said that Yu built a boat to cross here, and the Vietnamese call it "Yuhang". Later, according to oral tradition, Yu was called "Yu" and named "Yuhang". During the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue competed with China for hegemony. Hangzhou belongs to the State of Yue first, then to the State of Wu, and then to the State of Yue after the destruction of the State of Wu.

During the Warring States Period, the State of Yue was destroyed by the State of Chu, and Hangzhou was incorporated into the territory of the State of Chu. After Qin unified the six countries, a county called Qiantang was established at the foot of Lingyin Mountain, which belonged to Huiji County.

There is such a record in Historical Records of Qin Shihuang: "In October of the 37th year, the first emperor traveled ... across Danyang, to Qiantang and to Zhejiang, and the waves were terrible ..." This is the earliest recorded name of Qiantang in Historical Records.

The current urban area is still the beach frequented by rivers and tides at that time, and the West Lake has not yet formed. The Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and Hangzhou is still called Qiantang.

When Xin Mang changed Qiantang to Quanting County; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiantang County was restored as Wu County. At this time, the construction of farmland water conservancy in Hangzhou began to take shape, and the first seawall was built from Baoshishan to Wansongling. The West Lake began to break away from the sea and become an inner lake.

During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hangzhou was Wuxing County of the State of Wu, belonging to Yangzhou. Due to foreign invasion, Jinshi moved south, which promoted the economic and cultural development on both sides of Jiangnan and Qiantang River.

At this time, the West Lake has been called "Ming Sheng Lake" and "Jinniu Lake". In the first year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (326), Huili, an Indian Buddhist, built Lingyin Temple under Feilai Peak, which is not only the oldest jungle building in the West Lake, but also the oldest famous temple in the south of the Yangtze River.

Later, alchemists Xu Mai, Ge Hong and others carried out activities such as writing books and alchemy and spreading religion at the foot of Wulin Mountain, Taoguangshan Mountain and Baoshishan Mountain, and the West Lake was gradually developed. In the third year of Taiqing in Liang Wudi (549), Qiantang County was promoted to Linjiang County.

In the first year of Zhenming, Chen Houzhu (587), Qiantang County was established, which governed Qiantang, Yuqian, Fuyang and Xincheng counties and belonged to Wu Zhou. (2) The name "Hangzhou" first appeared. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, the name of "Hangzhou" appeared for the first time in the ninth year of Emperor Kai (589).

Jurisdiction over Qiantang, Yuhang, Fuyang, Yan Guan, Yuqian and Wu Kang counties. The state first ruled Yuhang and moved to Qiantang the following year.

In the 11th year of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty, a city was built on the Phoenix Mountain, which was the earliest Hangzhou city. Daye three years (607), renamed Yuhang County.

In six years, Su Yang has dug the Jiangnan Canal, starting from Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, and reaching Hangzhou via Suzhou and Jiaxing, with a total length of more than 400 kilometers. Since then, the Chen Gong Bridge has become the starting point and end point of the Grand Canal. This important geographical position has promoted the rapid development of Hangzhou's economy and culture.

"Geography of Sui Shu" describes: "Hangzhou and other counties are rich in rivers, land and sea, rare and exotic, and merchants merge." At this time, there were 15380 households in Yuhang County, and the household registration statistics in Hangzhou began.

In the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou County was established, Yuhang County was reformed and Qiantang was ruled. In order to avoid the taboo of the country name, Wude changed "Qiantang" to "Qiantang" in four years (62 1).

Taizong belongs to Jiangnan Road, which was renamed Yuhang County in the first year of Tianbao (742) and belongs to Jiangnan East Road. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), it was changed to Hangzhou, belonging to Zhejiang West Road. The state belongs to Qiantang, which governs Qiantang, Yan Guan, Fuyang, Xincheng, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Yuqian and Tangshan.

The scope of the city has also expanded, from the original south of the city along the river to today's Wulinmen area. Due to the communication of the canal, Hangzhou has become a distribution center for goods, with increasingly prosperous social economy and increasing population. Among the Tang Zhenguan (627-649), there were more than 6.5438+0.5 million people. By kaiyuan (7 13~74 1), it had grown to 580,000 people. At this time, Hangzhou has been tied with Guangzhou and Yangzhou, and it is one of the three major trading ports in ancient China.

In the second year of Changqing (822), the poet Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou, dredging the West Lake on a large scale, building dams and gates to facilitate farmland irrigation. Six wells was rebuilt after Li Bi.

Since then, the name of West Lake has become more and more famous in the world. (3) During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wu Yueguo was in the southeast, with Hangzhou as its capital.

At that time, Hangzhou was called Xifu or Xi Du, and the state belonged to Qiantang, which governed eight counties: Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yuhang, Anguo, Yuqian, Tangshan, Fuyang and Xincheng. Under the rule of three generations of wuyue and five emperors for 85 years, Hangzhou has developed into a national economic prosperity and cultural gathering place through the hard work of the working people.

Ouyang Xiu described this in You Mei Tangji: "Since the Five Dynasties, the people of Qiantang have been happy and prosperous. More than 100,000 people, lakes and mountains, Bohai merchants, coming in and out in the smoke, can be described as bustling! " Qian Liu, king of wuyue, built a "sub-city" in Phoenix Mountain, Hangzhou, with a palace as the national rule, and a "Luocheng" and 70 Li of Fiona Fang as the defense.

According to Wu Yue Shi, this metropolis starts from Wang Qin in the west, runs along Qiantang River to Jianggan, and is bounded by Qiantang Lake (West Lake) to Baoshi Mountain, and reaches Genshanmen in the northeast. Shaped like a waist drum, it is also known as the "waist drum city".

Yue attached great importance to the construction of water conservancy and introduced the water from the West Lake into the canal in the city. Along the Qiantang River, a hundred-mile revetment seawall was built by "stone pile method". In addition, Longshan Gate and Zhejiang Gate were built along Qiantang River to prevent salt water from flowing backwards, reduce tidal bore and expand land leveling. Using migrant workers to dig Pingjiang stone beach makes the navigation channel smooth and promotes the water traffic with coastal areas.

Set up thousands of "Julio soldiers" to dredge and protect the West Lake from being blocked by weeds. Wuyue III and the Five Kings all believed in Buddhism. Most of the temples, pagodas, classic buildings and grottoes around the West Lake in Hangzhou were built during that period.

At that time, Hangzhou was called "Buddhist country". (4) When the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty was in the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was the road of "two Zhejiang roads"; In the first year of Daguan (1 107), it was promoted to Shuaifu, covering six counties of Qiantang, Renhe, Yuhang, Lin 'an, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Deng Xin and Yan Guan.

At that time, the population had reached over 200,000, making it the most populous county in the south of the Yangtze River. Economic prosperity, textile, printing, brewing, paper industry developed, and foreign trade further developed. It is one of the four major commercial ports in China.

Successive local officials in Hangzhou have attached great importance to the renovation of the West Lake. In the fourth year of Yuan You (1089), Su Dongpo, a famous poet, was appointed as the magistrate of Hangzhou and dredged the West Lake again.

The reason why Hangzhou is an ancient capital Hangzhou has a long history. It has a history of more than 2200 years since the county was established in Qin. Hangzhou is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. As early as more than 4,700 years ago, human beings thrived here and produced Liangzhu culture called the dawn of civilization.

Hangzhou was once the capital of Wu Yue State in the Southern Song Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and one of the seven ancient capitals in China.

Hangzhou was called Qiantang in ancient times. In the ninth year of Emperor Yangdi (589), Tangxian County was abolished, and the name of Hangzhou appeared for the first time in history. In the third year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129), Emperor Gaozong crossed the river to Hangzhou and was promoted to be the prefect of Lin 'an. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Lin 'an was officially established as the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, which lasted for more than 40 years. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Qiantang County, Renhe County and Hangxian County were juxtaposed. In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), Hangzhou was established as the county seat and the city. 1The liberation of Hangzhou on May 3, 949 opened a new historical chapter in the development of Hangzhou.

Hangzhou has splendid culture and profound accumulation. Since the late Neolithic Age, Liangzhu culture, Wuyue culture, Southern Song culture and Ming and Qing culture have appeared with their own characteristics, forming a complete series of cultural development, adding a bright stroke to the history of Chinese civilization. Hangzhou culture has nurtured and gathered many politicians, scientists, artists, national heroes, loyal officials, wise state officials and craftsmen who have made outstanding contributions to the political, economic, cultural and social development of the motherland and hometown, leaving a glorious chapter for Hangzhou and forming the image and taste of a "cultural state". The grass, trees and rafters of the West Lake bear the imprint of history. At present, there are 5 national key cultural relics protection units and 25 provincial ones.

Since 1980s, China Tea Museum, China Silk Museum, China Liangzhu Culture Museum, Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln Museum, Huqingyutang Traditional Chinese Medicine Museum and Zhang Xiaoquan Scissors Museum have been built in Hangzhou, enriching the cultural connotation of Hangzhou. Facing the new century, Hangzhou will also focus on the protection and construction of a number of protected areas with historical and cultural values, such as Liangzhu cultural relics distribution area, Wuyue cultural protection area in the Five Dynasties, Huangcheng site protection area in the Southern Song Dynasty, Qingxing Palace protection area in Gushan, and Gulou residential protection area in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Continue to build a number of memorial halls for historical celebrities and special museums, so that Hangzhou can basically realize modernization while still retaining its complete historical and cultural city features.

The 2,200-year history of city construction includes 223 years of wuyue and the capital of Southern Song Dynasty. The famous Italian traveler Kyle Poirot (Yuan Dynasty) praised this famous historical and cultural city as "the most beautiful and luxurious city in the world".

5. A brief introduction to the history of Hangzhou 100 words. Hangzhou has a long history. As early as 4,700 years ago, Liangzhu culture was formed, and it was the capital of Wuyue State in the Southern Song Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. It is one of the seven ancient capitals of China.

Hangzhou has a profound cultural heritage. Liangzhu culture, Wuyue culture, Southern Song culture and Ming and Qing culture have formed a complete series of cultural development. The grass, trees and rafters of the West Lake bear the imprint of history.

Celebrities by the West Lake: Hangzhou has a prosperous style of writing and celebrities come forth in large numbers. The deep-rooted Jiangnan civilization is also like a huge magnet, attracting emperors, generals and literati. They not only left a deep impression on Hangzhou culture, but also added some historical dignity to the scenery of the West Lake.

Extended data:

Historical evolution: The discovery of ancient human fossils in Wuguidong site in Hangzhou confirmed that ancient humans lived in this land in Hangzhou 50,000 years ago, and the excavation of Huqiao site in Xiaoshan confirmed that modern humans thrived here as early as 8,000 years ago, and the Liangzhu culture in Yuhang 5,000 years ago was hailed as "the dawn of civilization". The Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in Hangzhou belong to "the domain of Yangzhou".

Legend has it that when Yu Xia controlled Qianjiang New Town, the whole country was divided into Kyushu, and the vast area south of the Yangtze River was generally called Yangzhou. 2 1 century BC, Yu Xia made a southern tour and was the governor of Huiji (now Shaoxing). He sailed through here and left his boat here ("Hangzhou" is the ark), hence the name "Yuhang".

It is said that Yu built a boat to cross here, and the Vietnamese call it "Yuhang". Later, according to oral tradition, Yu was called "Yu" and named "Yuhang". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Kun and Yue Kun competed for hegemony. Hangzhou first belonged to Yue State, and later belonged to Yue State. After the demise of Wu State, Hangzhou returned to Yue State.

During the Warring States Period, the State of Yue was destroyed by Chu, and Hangzhou was returned to Chu. After Qin unified the six countries, there was a county named Qiantang in Lingyin Mountain, which belonged to Huiji County.

Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography records: "In October of the thirty-seventh year, Qin Shihuang went on a patrol ... crossing Danyang and reaching Qiantang, facing Zhejiang, and the waves were all evil ..." This is the earliest name of Qiantang recorded in historical books. At that time, it was still a beach infested by rivers and tides, and the West Lake had not yet formed.

The Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and Hangzhou is still called Qiantang. When Xin Mang changed Qiantang to Quanting County; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiantang County was restored as Wu County.

At this time, the construction of farmland water conservancy in Hangzhou began to take shape, and the first seawall was built from Baoshishan to Wansongling. The West Lake began to break away from the sea and become an inner lake. Geography of Han Dynasty: West Governor Qiantang.

Wulin Mountain, Wulin water comes from here and enters the sea eastward, with a journey of 830 miles, so it is called Quanting. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and Hangzhou all belong to Wu Jun and the ancient Yangzhou.

In the first year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (326), the Indian Buddhist Association built Lingyin Temple under Feilai Peak, which is the oldest jungle building in the West Lake. In the third year of Liang Taiqing (549), Hou Jing promoted Qiantang County to Linjiang County.