Graduation thesis on international economy and trade

With the increasing trend of international trade liberalization and world economic integration, the international operation of circulation enterprises has become an irreversible trend of the times. The global operation with the goal of world market is an important way for future circulation enterprises to develop to a higher level. Compared with the circulation enterprises in China and some developing countries, the circulation enterprises in Europe and America are undoubtedly ahead on the road of internationalization. Analyzing and drawing lessons from its successful experience in international operation will help to put forward an international strategy in line with China's reality.

First, the connotation of international operation of circulation enterprises

Circulation is the exchange of goods as a whole. The international operation of circulation enterprises means that the socialization of enterprise economic activities has gone beyond the scope of a country and is becoming more and more international, which is the inevitable result of international division of labor and socialization of production. The international operation of circulation enterprises should include the following basic contents:

1. The scope of economic activities of circulation enterprises is not only limited to the domestic market, but also a considerable proportion of business activities have to face foreign markets or be carried out directly abroad, which is the most basic and main symbol of the internationalization of circulation enterprises.

2. The economic operation mechanism and institutional norms in the domestic circulation field are consistent with the modern market economy prevailing in the world economy, which is the institutional premise for the domestic market to connect with the international market.

3. The motivation and restraint mechanism of circulation enterprises meet the requirements of participating in international competition, and their behavior conforms to the common practice in the international market.

4. Domestic circulation enterprises and foreign circulation enterprises have a considerable degree of integration or alliance in organization, capital and marketing activities.

5. The domestic circulation field will be opened to the outside world to a greater extent, so that foreign circulation actors can invest and operate in China more freely.

The development of economic internationalization has clearly shown that with the improvement of internationalization, the form of international economic exchange has developed from "commodity flow" to "capital, commodity flow" and then to "capital, commodity, technology and talent information flow", and the circulation level is getting higher and higher, and the circulation channels have also formed a global network system. All these indicate that the internationalization of circulation has developed from low level to high level.

Second, the existing problems

There are still a series of problems in the current development of international operation of circulation enterprises in China:

1, poor macro management

The internationalization of China's circulation enterprises started late, and the government's macro-management measures are out of touch with reality. 1983 1 Although the State Council officially authorized the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade to approve and manage the work of overseas enterprises, in fact, several ministries and commissions also participated in this management work. Due to various policies, not only enterprises are at a loss, but also a unified long-term plan has not been formed so far, so it is difficult to determine the development direction, field and focus of circulation enterprises that carry out transnational operations. At the same time, the confusion of management institutions will inevitably bring about regulatory disadvantages.

2. Enterprises with small foreign capital and poor strength account for the majority.

Enterprises with large investment scale are easy to form economies of scale and can withstand unexpected shocks; However, enterprises with small investment scale have difficulties in survival. When multinational circulation enterprises in many developed countries in Europe and America invest abroad, they all focus on excellent enterprises and make large-scale investments. The average single investment level has reached US$ 6 million, while the average single investment scale of China enterprises is only about US$ 6,543,800+0,000, which makes it impossible to form a group advantage and keep in line with the outside world. It is difficult to gain a foothold in the increasingly fierce international market.

3. Lack of talents and lagging service.

Transnational circulation enterprises have a high demand for talents, which requires their managers to be familiar with local language, customs and legal knowledge, as well as to have professional knowledge, skills and pioneering ability in overseas enterprises. However, in reality, some foreign circulation enterprises, especially the leadership of enterprises, lack this ability. Moreover, when China enterprises conduct transnational operations, the best investment opportunity is often delayed because of mutual prevarication among relevant domestic service departments.

Third, the successful experience of European and American enterprises.

1. A highly centralized organizational structure can ensure the optimization of global resource allocation and further realize the global strategy.

American international circulation enterprises adopt a highly centralized organizational structure. This organizational structure makes the whole international circulation enterprise become an interdependent and mutually supportive resource sharing system, and the parent company can purposefully and step by step develop, utilize and effectively allocate resources through hierarchical organization. This organizational structure can also make decisions quickly according to the changes of the market, so that the allocation of operating resources can quickly adapt to the changes of the international market, so as to realize the global allocation of resources and enjoy the benefits to the greatest extent, and realize the ultimate goal of the enterprise-global strategy.

2 sound market mechanism, high degree of marketization, smooth market channels and perfect legal system.

Developed countries such as Europe and America have implemented market economy for hundreds of years, with sound market mechanism, high degree of marketization, smooth market channels and perfect legal system. Therefore, under the conditions of both soft and hard environments, circulation enterprises must be managed in an orderly manner, big but not scattered, alive but not chaotic.

3. European and American circulation enterprises advocate the efficiency concept of external concentration.

European and American circulation enterprises have strong resource allocation ability, which can concentrate the business resources distributed all over the world where they are needed, which is conducive to giving play to the economies of scale and improving the utilization efficiency of resources. Moreover, European and American transnational circulation enterprises have developed into global networks through horizontal or vertical mergers, so the traditional practice of European and American enterprises is to engage in business through mergers and acquisitions, which promotes the concentration of business resources and uses this means to achieve the purpose of entering multiple business fields, which conforms to the trend of diversification.

4. European and American circulation enterprises attach importance to the principles of contract, individualism and functionalism in human resource management.

Under the guidance of the above management ideas, overseas branches of multinational enterprises, like domestic branches, adopt short-term employment system for the management of overseas human resources, and regard the labor ability provided by workers as a commodity, which embodies the contractual management idea.

The human resources of multinational enterprises are the most critical factor in international competitiveness. The highly mobile employment system of European and American circulation enterprises can reduce the burden on enterprises to some extent. Because ordinary employees are easy to obtain from local markets in various countries, the different sources of human resources are mainly reflected in managers and technicians. The United States adopts an "open" management model, that is, a person with professional experience is selected as the general manager of the subsidiary, regardless of his nationality, and the operation of the subsidiary should be completely under the supervision of the head office. This model embodies the "geocentric theory", and the source of human resources is measured by whether employees are competent or not. Its advantage lies in helping to cultivate management talents with global strategic thinking and rich international experience.

5. European and American countries have strong comprehensive national strength and high scientific and technological level. When their international circulation enterprises set up subsidiaries in developed countries, only 35% of them are joint ventures, while only 40% of their subsidiaries in developing countries are joint ventures, and the rest are wholly owned.

European and American multinational enterprises have strong economic and technological strength, early market entry and high maturity, especially American enterprises believe in "individual ability" and pay less attention to cooperation, but pay attention to the holding and centralization of corporate structure. The advantage of this method is that it can improve economies of scale and raise and use capital resources in a unified way; It is convenient to implement unified control of subsidiaries and take concerted actions in market price, product differentiation and profit; Reduce management conflicts arising from communication with local enterprises; It is conducive to the confidentiality of the business policy and implementation process, and can obtain all profits.

Fourth, the strategic choice of China enterprises.

Most monopoly enterprises in Europe and America have multi-branch and multi-functional modern industrial and commercial enterprise groups from R&D, production to sales, and even banks and financial institutions. This international business model is based on the premise that domestic enterprises have abundant capital and technical strength, diversified operations and joint ventures, and strict and complete organizational structure.

The international operation of China's circulation enterprises has just started, lacking sufficient experience and institutional environment to operate and develop multinational enterprises. Therefore, when learning from the successful experience of Europe and America, we should proceed from our own practice and selectively absorb and utilize it.

1. Establish a unified management organization, which is responsible for formulating the strategic objectives and tasks of transnational operation of China's circulation enterprises, determining the countries and regions for foreign investment, the scale and channels of investment, and implementing comprehensive management from the macro perspective of the government.

2. Determine the identity authentication system of multinational enterprises, improve the scale and grade of overseas enterprises, and thus enhance their competitiveness. The average single investment level in European and American countries is $6 million. As a developing country, China's single investment level should not be less than US$ 4.5 million. Only in this way can we withstand unexpected shocks, be in an invincible position and obtain economies of scale.

3. The way of entry should be a joint venture with easy entry and strong risk avoidance ability. The United States adopts sole proprietorship because it has sufficient financial strength and strong comprehensive national strength, while China is currently a country with limited capital. If you enter the international market in the form of joint venture, you can reduce the capital injection and expand the scale of international investment as much as possible with limited capital. Moreover, joint venture is beneficial to make up for the lack of transnational operation experience of China's circulation enterprises, eliminate the barriers to entry caused by ignorance of the local market, and absorb and utilize management technology, marketing skills, reputation, supply and marketing channels and cooperation with the government.

4. Location selection should focus on countries and regions with rapid economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region and developed countries and regions with strict trade protection. As early as 1923, Sears Company of the United States hired Nelson, a market research scholar, as the manager of the planning department. His task is to subdivide countries with considerable economic research value into areas that can be used for marketing, not only to clearly mark them on the map, but also to record the statistical data of the areas in detail and observe and analyze them for a long time. Before engaging in transnational operations, China enterprises must also act cautiously and conduct detailed argumentation and research.

5. Accelerate economic legislation to provide institutional guarantee for transnational circulation enterprises. The reason why European and American circulation enterprises can operate efficiently under the highly centralized organizational structure and maximize global profits lies in the perfect legal system guarantee. Any country or enterprise involved in the international market is no exception.

The practice of world economic development shows that 2 1 century will be the heyday of transnational operation, and whoever succeeds in international operation will become an economic power. With the acceleration of global economic integration, the future international trade exchanges will be more from bilateral to multilateral. The two-way and multi-directional flow of goods, capital, information, talents and technology around the world makes the whole world become a unified big market day by day. The global operation with the goal of world market is an important way for future circulation enterprises to develop to a higher level.

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