Introduction and detailed information about the Volga River

Overview

The Volga River is the longest river in Europe, with a total length of more than 3,500 kilometers, and finally flows into the Caspian Sea, with a drainage area of ??1.36 million square kilometers. The longest inland river in the world. Russian inland shipping routes. It originates from the lakes and swamps in the Valdai Hills in the western part of the Eastern European Plain, and flows through forest belts, forest steppe belts and grassland belts. The 64.5 million people living in this basin account for about 43% of the Russian population. It connects the Baltic Sea via the Volga-Baltic Waterway, the White Sea via the Northern Dvina River, and the Volga-Don Canal. -Don C***) communicates with the Sea of ??Azov and the Black Sea, and flows into the Caspian Sea. Therefore, it is known as the “Five Seas Navigation”. Volga River

The Volga River is the historical cradle of Russia. Known as the mother river of Russians. The Volga Basin occupies 2/5 of the European part of Russia, and its inhabitants account for almost 1/2 of the entire population of the Russian Federation. The Volga's immense economic, cultural and historical importance - as well as the vast size of the river and its basin - place it among the world's great rivers.

The Volga River originates from the lakes in the Ostashkov District of Tver Oblast, Russia, in the southeastern part of the Valdai Hills. The source is 228m above sea level. From the source, it flows northeast to Rybinsk, turns southeast, and turns south to Kuibyshev. After flowing to Volgograd, it flows southeast into the Caspian Sea. The total length of the river is 3688km, the drainage area is 1.38 million km2, the average annual flow rate at the estuary is about 8000?/s, and the annual runoff is 254 billion?. The total height of the main stream of the Volga River is 256m, with an average slope drop of 0.007. The river flows slowly, with meandering channels, many sandbars and shoals, and many oxbow lakes and waste river channels on both sides. Below Volgograd, due to the flow through semi-desert and desert, water is evaporated and there are no tributaries to join, so the flow rate decreases. The source of the Volga River is only 228m above sea level, while the mouth of the river is 28m below sea level. Counting from Erzhev, not far from the source of the river, in the river section of more than 3,000 kilometers down, the total drop is only 190m. Therefore, the river flow is slow, and sandbars, shoals, oxbow lakes, and waste rivers are widely distributed. It is a typical river. plain rivers. The delta area is 19,000 square meters.

The Volga River divides into 80 branches in the delta at its mouth and flows into the Caspian Sea. The main trunk and tributary navigation mileage is 3,256km; the freight volume accounts for more than half of the country's total river transport volume. The main cargo flows are oil, wood, grain, and machinery. The freezing period is from the end of November to April of the following year. The navigation period is 7 to 9 months. Important river ports include Tver, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Samara and Astrakhan. The Volga River flows through 13 Russian federal subjects, namely Tver Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast, Kostroma Oblast, Ivanovo Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Mariel *** and Chu State. Warsaw *** Republic, Tatarstan *** Republic, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Samara Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast. Geographical location

The river basin is about 1,380,000k㎡, extending from the Valdai Hills and the Central Russian Highlands in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east, and narrows suddenly at Saratov in the south. It is about 644 kilometers from Kamyshin to the mouth of the river, without any tributaries. There are 4 geographical zones in the Volva Basin: the dense and humid forest zone, extending from the upper reaches to Nizhny Novgorod (formerly known as Gorki) and Kazan; the forest steppe, extending from Nizhny Novgorod (formerly known as Gorki) and Kazan extending to Samara (formerly known as Kuibyshev) and Saratov; steppe extending from Samara and Saratov to Volgograd; semi-desert lowlands extending southeast to the Caspian Sea .

Night view of the Volga River

The Volga River basin is located between 61.55'~45.35' north latitude and 32.05'~60.22' east longitude. It is 1910km long from north to south and 1805km wide from east to west. The basin is bounded by the Baltic Sea, Baijie and Barents Sea basins to the north, the Ural Mountains and the Kara Sea river basins to the northeast and east, the Ural River basin to the southeast, and the Dnieper River and Dnieper River to the west and southwest. The Don River Basin is adjacent to it.

The Volga River Basin is located in the middle of the Russian Plain, sloping from west to south, with slight uplifts in the north and west. In the north and northwest, there are a large number of lakes distributed in the ancient glacier area, generally not large. The largest ones are White Lake and Lake Seliger.

In the Volga River Basin, the crystalline rock base is entirely covered by sedimentary rocks. About 65% of the lowlands in the basin are below 200m above sea level, and 35% are hills. The height of hills is 200~250m, and there are very few hills above 300m.

There are approximately 151,000 large and small rivers with a length of more than 10 kilometers in the Volga River Basin, of which 2,600 rivers directly flow into the Volga River and its reservoirs. The river network in the basin is shaped like a large tree with dense tree tops and a curved trunk.

Natural climate

Most of the Volga River Basin has a continental climate. The upper and middle reaches of the basin and the right bank of the lower reaches have a forest climate; the left bank of the lower reaches has a steppe climate and semi-desert climate; and the Caspian Sea lowlands have a desert climate.

The Volga River’s water source comes from snowmelt (accounting for 60% of annual drainage), groundwater (30%) and rainwater (10%). Before it was regulated by reservoirs, its natural and uncontrolled hydrology was characterized by high spring floods. The average annual flow is 180 cubic feet (6,400 cubic feet) per second in Tver, 39,000 cubic feet per second in Yaroslavl, 272,500 cubic feet per second in Samara, and 284,500 cubic feet per second at the mouth of the river. cubic feet. Between Volgograd and the Caspian Sea, the river water loses about 2% due to evaporation. More than 90% of the annual flow occurs above the mouth of the Kama River.

The climate of the Volga Basin changes greatly from north to south. The temperate climate zone from the source to the mouth of the Kama River is characterized by cold, snowy winters and warm and fairly humid summers. From the Kama River to the base of the Volva Mountains, summers are hot and dry, and winters are cold but with little snowfall. To the south and east, the temperature increases and the precipitation decreases. Annual rainfall ranges from 635cm (25 inches) in the northwest to 305cm (12 inches) in the southeast. The freezing period begins at the end of November in the upper and middle reaches, and in December in the lower reaches; the thawing period starts in mid-March in Astrakhan, early April in Kamyshin, and mid-April in other places. Generally, the ice-free period of the Volva River is about 200 days per year, while near Astrakhan it is about 260 days. However, due to the large amount of water stored in the reservoirs built during the Soviet period, the temperature conditions of the Volva River have changed. The freezing period at the source of the reservoir has increased, while the freezing period in the river below the dam has shortened. In the western part of the Volga River Basin west of 40° east longitude, Atlantic air masses invade and southwesterly winds prevail in winter. The typical climate of the Russian Plain is dominated by zonal circulation, but often encounters the prevalence of meridional circulation characterized by the mutual invasion of Arctic and Mediterranean air masses. year. These years are characterized by deviations from normal seasonal processes in most meteorological elements. The temperature in the western Volga River Basin is the highest and the precipitation is the highest in July. In autumn, the precipitation decreases, but the number of rainy days increases. The relative humidity of the air is high in autumn and winter. The average is about 80% to 85%, and it is almost always cloudy. Longitude 40. The eastern part of the basin is characterized by a very strong continental climate. The influence from the Atlantic air mass here is weak. On the contrary, the influence of Siberian anti-gas is enhanced in winter. The average monthly winter temperature in the forest zone in the eastern part of the basin is much lower than that in the western part, while the summer temperature is higher. Water system composition

The Volga River has many tributaries and a dense river network. There are more than 200 main tributaries, the largest ones being the Oka River and the Kama River. The total length of the main tributaries of the Volga River is about 80,000 km. It originates from the Valdai hills northwest of Moscow, with its source at an altitude of 228m (748 ft) and its mouth 28m (92 ft) below sea level. It has about 200 tributaries in total, most of which merge with it from the left bank. The Volga River can be divided into 3 sections: the upper reaches, from the source to the confluence with the Oka River; the middle reaches, from the confluence with the Oka River to the confluence with the Kama River; the lower reaches, from the confluence with the Kama River to Volga The mouth of the river itself. Composition of the Volga River system

The upper reaches of the Volga River is a small stream when it passes through the Valdai Hills, and then passes through a series of small lakes, receives the Selizharovka River, and then flows southeast through a trapezoidal concave valley. After passing through the town of Rzhev, it turns northeast. In Tver, Kalinin, formerly known as Kalinin, receives the Vazuca and Tverca rivers, and the water in the river increases. Then it continues to flow northeast through the Rybinsk Reservoir; the reservoir is also fed by Mozambique. Loga, Sheksna and other rivers. Heading southeast from the reservoir, the Volga River flows through a narrow, tree-lined valley bounded by the Uglich Highlands to the south, the Danilov Highlands and the Galich-Chukhlom Lowlands to the north, and continues along the Vinza Lowlands and Barakhna lowlands and reach Nizhny Novgorod (in this section the Kostroma, Vinza and Oka rivers flow into the Volga). On the east-southeast section of the river from its confluence with the Oka River to Kazan, the right bank receives the Sura and Svyaga rivers, and the left bank receives the Krzhenets and Veteluga rivers. For this reason, the Volga The river bed and flow doubled. At Kazan it turns south into the reservoir at Samara, where it joins the Kama River, the main tributary from the left bank. From here forward, the Volga River becomes a powerful and powerful river; except for forming a narrow bend at the Samara Bend, it runs southwest along the foothills of the Volga Mountains and goes straight to Volgagrad (between Samara Bend and Volgog between the rivers, receiving only the smaller tributaries Samara, Veliko Irgiz and Yeroslan rivers on the left bank). Above Volgograd, the Volgo River turns to the southeast, and its main fork, the Aktuba River, also forks to the southeast and flows parallel to the main river into the Caspian Sea. There is a floodplain between the Volga and Akhtuba rivers, which is covered with many connecting ditches, old waterways that were cut and straightened, and meandering streams. Above Astrakhan, there is another fork of the Buzan River; from this point onwards is the Volga Delta, with an area of ??more than 18,985k㎡, making it the largest delta in Russia. Other major forks of the delta are the Bakhtimir, Kamejak, Old Volga and Borda rivers. Upstream

After the Volga River leaves its source, it passes through a series of low-lying lakes that communicate with each other, and then descends through the Vishnevolotsky moraine ridge, forming rocky beaches and rapids.

Below the city of Stalitz, the Volga enters vast, gently undulating lowlands. Between the Tverca River and the Sheksna River, the Volga River receives many tributaries, among which the largest tributaries on the right bank are: Shasha River, Dubna River, and Nair River; on the left bank: Medvedica River, Mololi River and Shekesna River. From the city of Shcherbakov to the city of Yaroslavl, the Volga flows in high canyons covered with coniferous and broad-leaved forests on both sides, and then the river enters the vast lowlands. Below the city of Kostroma, both sides of the bank become high again, and then go down again into lowland. From the mouth of the Sheksna River to the mouth of the Oka River, the Volga receives many tributaries, the largest of which are the Kostroma and Vinza rivers. From the source to the mouth of the Oka River is the upper reaches of the Volga River. This section of the river is 1327km long. The middle reaches of the Volga River

From the mouth of the Oka River to the mouth of the Kama River is the middle reaches of the Volga River, 511km long. The middle reaches of the river receive nearly 40 tributaries, of which the Sura River and Sviyaga River on the right bank and the Vitluga River on the left bank are the largest. Larger rivers include the Krzhenets River, the Rutka River, the Big Koksha River, the Little Koksha River, the Ilet River, the Kazan River, the Kudma River, the Sundovic River and the Chivili River. . Downstream

Below the mouth of the Kama River is the lower Volga River, with a length of 1850km. After the Volga River receives the Kama River, it becomes a mighty river. The valley near the mouth of the Kama River is 21km wide, and it is 29km wide between the cities of Techuhi and Ulyanovsk. The Volga River bypasses the Sokol Mountains near Tsarevkorgan to form the Samara Bay, about 200km long, where the Kuibyshev Hydropower Station was improvised. The Volga River enters the Caspian Sea lowlands near Stalingrad (now Volgograd). Here it branches off a left bank branch - the Akhtuba River. After that, no more tributaries joined. The only major tributaries that join the lower reaches of the Volga River are the Chiremshan River, the Samara River, the Bolshoy Irgez River, the Small Irgez River, and the Yeroslan River. The land between the Volga and Akhtuba branches is called the Akhtuba floodplain. The total area of ??the floodplain is 7500㎡; the area in the normal water period is 900k㎡. The Volga River forms a vast delta at the outlet of the Caspian Sea. There are more than 80 branch rivers. Among them, only the Bakhtemirovsky River, the Old Volga River, the Buzan River and the Akhtuba River are navigable. The main tributary Oka River

The Oka River is the largest tributary with the largest volume of water on the right bank of the Volga River. It originates from the hills of Central Russia and is located south of Orel. The river source is 226m above sea level in Nizhny Novgorod. It flows into the Volga River nearby. The Oka River has a total length of 1,478km, a drainage area of ??245,000km2, an average multi-year flow rate of 1,230 cubic meters/second at the estuary, and a measured maximum flow rate of 20,000?/s. From the source of the river to the confluence of the Ugra River is the upper reaches. The Oka River flows in a tortuous canyon in this section. The width of the river rarely exceeds 1km. The larger tributaries it receives are: Upa River, Zhizdra River, and Ugra River. From the Ugra River to the mouth of the Moksha River is the middle reaches. The larger rivers in this section include the Osetel River, Pronya River, Para River, and Moksha River on the right bank; the Moskva River and the Gus River on the left bank. Below the mouth of the Moksha River is the lower reaches. The largest tributaries in this section are the Moksha River on the right bank and the Klyazma River on the left bank. The sediment content in the upper reaches of the Oka River is 0.5kg/?, in the middle reaches near Kaluga it is 0.28kg/?, and in the lower reaches 0.1~0.06kg/?. Most suspended sediment transport occurs in spring, accounting for approximately 97% of the annual sediment transport in the middle reaches. Volga River Kama River

The Kama River originates near the village of Karpushkino in the Udmurt Republic. It is the largest tributary on the left bank of the Volga River, with a length of 2032km and a drainage area of ??52.17 km. 10,000 k㎡. Its tributaries on the left bank include the Vishela River, Chusovaya River, Belaya River and Ik River, and on the right bank there are tributaries such as the Vyatka River. The upper reaches of the Kama River flow through low-lying swamps, and the river bed is extremely curved. After the Vishela River, a tributary on the left bank, enters, the Kama River becomes a wide, multi-water river with a high right bank and a low left bank. In a distance of 80km above the confluence of the Chusovaya River, the two banks become higher, the river bed shrinks, and the flow speed increases. From the mouth of the Chusovaya River to the mouth of the Belaya River, the floodplain of the Kama River widens, and central beaches and islands appear in the river bed. Before entering the Volga River, the right bank of the Kama River is more than 80m above the water surface. In this section, the floodplain is more than 5km wide. There is a lot of snow in the Kama River Basin in winter, so the spring floods are very large, lasting about one and a half to two months. The water level variation reached 7.5m near Bonjiugo village. The average freezing period of the Kama River is 5 to 5 and a half months, that is, from the end of November to mid-April of the following year. The Kama River joins the Volga River south of Kazan City, doubling the water volume of the Volga River and widening the river surface to about 3km. The main source of supply for the Kama River is snowmelt. In Perm, snowmelt accounts for 57% of the annual runoff, groundwater accounts for 25%, and rainwater recharge accounts for only 18%. The average annual flow of the Kama River estuary is 3760?/s, the average annual runoff depth is 2270mm, and the runoff modulus is 0.0072?/(s·k㎡). The seasonal distribution of Kama River runoff is quite stable, with spring being the largest in each season, followed by autumn. The total drop of the Kama River is 263m, with an average slope drop of 0.013. Belaya River

Belaya River is the largest tributary of Kama River. It originates from the East Ural Mountains. The total length of the river is 1,420km and the drainage area is 141,900 square kilometers. It flows into the Kama River 395km above the mouth of the Kama River.

The main tributaries on the right bank include: Nugushe River, Great Inzer River, Ufa River, Tanep River, etc.; the tributaries on the left bank include Urshan River, Xuanma River, Qilmasan River, etc.

The Belaya River is mainly supplied by snow water, accounting for 55% of the runoff in Sterli Tamak City, with groundwater accounting for 25% and rainwater accounting for 20%. During the spring flood period from late April to early June, the water level in Sterli Tamak City fluctuated up to 6.2m, and at the mouth of the Ufa River it reached 10.8m. The annual average flow of the Belaya River is 950?/s, the average runoff depth is 211mm, and the runoff modulus is 6.7L/(s·k㎡). Near Sterli Tamak, the multi-year average sediment content of the Belaya River is 0.159kg/cubic meter, near the mouth of the Ufa River 0.093kg/?, and near Birsk 0.118kg/?, of which the suspended sediment transport amount 90%～97%. The Vyatka River

Originates from a small lake between the Vyatka and Perm Ridge swamps. It is the largest tributary on the right bank of the Kama River, with a river length of 1,367 km and a drainage area of ??129,200 km2. It flows into the Kama River at a distance of 209km from the mouth of the Kama River. The Vyatka River is mainly supplied by snow water, followed by rainwater and groundwater, each accounting for half. The multi-year average flow of the estuary is 890?/s, the average runoff depth is 2.7mm, and the runoff modulus is 6.9L/(s·k㎡). The sand content of the Vyatka River is not large, with 0.06kg/? near Kirov City and 0.11kg/? near the inner city of Vyatpolyan. River hydrology

The river network in the Volga River Basin is very developed, with a density of 0.15 to 0.36km/km2. South of 50° north latitude. The Volga River actually has no tributaries.

Snow plays a major role in river water recharge in the Volga River Basin. In the annual runoff of the Volga River at Yaroslavl Station, snow water recharge accounts for 53%, groundwater recharge accounts for 30%, and rainwater recharge accounts for 17%. %. As for the entire Volga River, snow water recharge accounts for 60% of its annual runoff, groundwater recharge accounts for 30%, and rainwater recharge accounts for 10%.

The largest part of the Volga's annual runoff occurs in spring. In Yaroslavl, spring runoff accounts for an average of 54% of the annual runoff, Cheboksary 60%, Kuibyshev and Kamyshin 64%. The runoff of the lower Volga River in summer and autumn is 20% to 25% of the annual runoff, with a slight increase from October to November. Runoff in winter (December to March) accounts for 10% to 15% of the annual runoff. The runoff of the Volga River has steadily increased with the injection of major tributaries, reaching 230 billion cubic meters near Tetyush (below the mouth of the Kama River), which is equivalent to 90% of the average annual runoff of 254 billion cubic meters it pours into the Caspian Sea. .

The Volga freezes from top to bottom and thaws in the opposite direction. The freezing period varies from 140 days (upstream) to 100-90 days (downstream). It freezes from late November to mid-December and thaws from early April to mid-April.

The sediment content of the Volga River varies greatly within a year and is related to the annual water volume. The average sand content near Dubovka is about 0.105kg/?. The amount of sand transported is about 27 million tons per year, and the amount of hydrolyzed minerals in the human sea is 40 to 50 million tons.

The role of flood control in the Volga River basin is not very important in its comprehensive utilization planning. The main part of the Volga's runoff occurs in spring. The runoff at this time exceeds 50% in almost the entire river, and only in the upper reaches (near Yericha Village) the proportion of spring runoff is 43%. The relative value of spring runoff increases along the river and reaches its maximum value (66%) near Tetyushi. Below Teqiushi, spring runoff is slightly reduced. Development and Utilization of Hydropower

The total amount of water energy resources that can be developed in each river in the Volga Basin is about 12 million kW. The 11 cascade hydropower stations built on the Volga and Kama rivers have a total installed capacity of 11.355 million kW and an annual power generation of 39.9 billion kW·h. Accounting for 70% of the developable power. Shipping

The Volga River and its tributaries are the most important inland waterways in Russia. In addition to the main river, the most important shipping trunk lines of the tributaries are the Shaksnavo River, Oka River, Moskva River, Kama River, Belaya and Ufa rivers. The Volga River system has more than 17,000 kilometers of navigable waterways.

The longest artificial waterway is the Moscow Canal, which connects the Moscow River and the Volga River. In addition, there are the Volga River Canal, the Volga River-Baltic Sea Canal, and the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal. These canals turned the Volga River into the "river of the five seas". In addition to the Volga River flowing into the Caspian Sea, the Volga-Don River Canal connects it with the Sea of ??Azov and the Black Sea, the Volga-Baltic Sea Canal connects it with the Baltic Sea, and the Northern Dvina Canal (later built from Lake Onega into the White Sea- The Baltic Sea Canal) connects it to the White Sea. The communication lines of the above-mentioned rivers form a unified deep-water channel network in Russia and Europe, with a total length of approximately 6,600km. The minimum channel guarantees a water depth of 3.65m.

From top to bottom, the main stream of the Volga River has built Ivankov, Uglich, Rybinsk, Gorky, Cheboksary, Kuibyshev, Saratov and Volgograd. There are 8 channelized hubs, with a maximum water level drop of 27m and a minimum of 11m. Except for Ivankov, all other levels have double-line ship locks with a size of 290m×30m.

The Kama River is channelized through the four reservoirs of Kuibyshev, Nizhny Kama, Votkinsk and Kama, forming a 1,180km deep-water channel. The two hubs of Nizhny Kama and Votkinsk have double-line ship locks with a lock chamber size of 290m×30m. The two-line ship lock chamber size of the Kama hub is 240m×30m.

The Oka River is bounded by the mouth of the Moskva River and is divided into upper and lower sections. The lower section is a channelized river section with 2 channelized hubs and a ship lock size of 256m×16.6m.

The minimum water head of the Volga-Kama cascade lock is 14m (Ivankov Lock), and the maximum water head is 29m (Kubishev Lock).

After the Volga River channel network was completed and opened to navigation, it played a very important role in the development of inland shipping in the region. In 1988, the freight volume reached 595 million tons, and the cargo turnover volume reached 255.6 billion tons·km, accounting for In the former Soviet Union, it accounted for 1/2 of the inland waterway freight volume and 2/3 of the cargo turnover.

The Volga River is navigable for about 3,219km (2,000 miles) and has more than 70 navigable tributaries. They can transport a lot of building materials for Russia; other cargoes include oil and petroleum products, coal, grain, and salt. , tractors and agricultural machinery, automobiles, chemical equipment and fertilizers. The main ports are: Tver, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Kameshin, Volgograd and Astrakhan.

The Volga River can be connected to the Baltic Sea through the Volga-Baltic Sea Channel; and the Volga-Baltic Sea Channel can be connected through the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal to the White Sea (via Lake Onega) ); the Volga River can be connected to the Moskva River through the Moscow Canal, and then to Moscow. The Volga River is connected by the Volga-Don Canal, which leads to the Sea of ??Azov. As a result, the Volga is effectively connected to the entire Eastern European waterway system. Water conservancy projects

There are many dams, reservoirs and hydropower stations on the Volga River, and they are also connected to many canals. In order to combat flood disasters, 807 large, medium and small reservoirs have been built on the main branches and tributaries of the Volga River, with a total storage capacity of 190.08 billion liters and an effective storage capacity of 90.6 billion liters. Moscow has waterways leading to the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Sea of ??Azov and the Black Sea. A long chain of huge dams and reservoirs now lines the Volva River and its main tributary, the Kama River, transforming them from free-flowing rivers into a string of man-made lakes. All reservoir complexes include hydroelectric stations and shipping locks. The upstream complex, Ivankovo ??(reservoir area 326 square kilometers), was built in 1937; the next complex (in Uglic, 249k square meters) was put into operation in 1939. Rybinsk Reservoir (built in 1941, covering an area of ??about 4,532k㎡) was the first large-scale reservoir project project. After World War II, construction continued below Rybinsk. The two reservoirs in Nizhny Novgorod and Samara were both built in 1957; the Cheboksary reservoir in between began operation in 1980. The giant reservoir in Samara (an area of ??about 5,957k㎡) is the largest reservoir in the Volga reservoir system; it not only stores Volga River water, but also returns water to the Kama River for about 603km. The Saratov Reservoir and the Volvograd Reservoir (built in 1968 and 1962 respectively) are the last two reservoirs lined up on the Volva River. There are three reservoirs on the Kama River, the latest of which, the Lower Kama Reservoir, began operation in 1979. In total, there are 8 hydropower stations on the Volva River and 3 on the Kama River, with a total installed capacity of approximately 11 million kW.

Reservoirs There are nine large reservoirs on the Volga River, listed below from upstream to downstream:

Volga Reservoir, Ivankov Reservoir, Uglich Reservoir, Rybinsk Reservoirs, Gorky Reservoir, Cheboksary Reservoir, Kuibyshev Reservoir, Saratov Reservoir, Volgograd Reservoir. Main resources Water resources

The Volga River is very rich in water resources, and its runoff into the Caspian Sea is 254 billion?. See the table of changes in the average annual runoff of the Volga River. There are many lakes in the Volga basin. The lakes in the upper reaches are the most concentrated, including: Lake Seliger, White Lake, Little Wilcht Lake, Great Wilcht Lake, Sterzh Lake, Vuselug Lake, Pinoy Lake, Volgo Lake, etc.; In the middle reaches, you can see a single lake - Lake Nero, Lake Plesevo, Lake Garich, and Lake Chuhloma. Floodplain lakes are dotted in numerous branches and ancient rivers below Volgograd, and the Sarpa saltwater lakes are distributed in the Caspian lowlands. During the flood season, the Sarpa River is connected to the Volga River. Tourism

The Volga River Basin reservoir has huge tourism resources. There are floating resorts and boat resorts everywhere along the Volga River and its tributary Kama River. Fisheries

The Volga River fishery occupies an extremely important position in the former Soviet Union. Before the establishment of the reservoir, the fishing volume of the entire river accounted for approximately 50% of the former Soviet Union, and the sturgeon catch accounted for nearly 90% of the former Jiangsu Province. The establishment of cascade reservoirs will have a negative impact on Volga River fish, especially migratory fish that spawn in the Volga River, fatten in the Caspian Sea, and have high economic value, mainly Acipensidae (sturgeon, shining sturgeon, catfish, etc.) and herring fish resources. Proliferation has a big impact.

In order to save precious migratory fish and compensate for the fishery losses caused by the construction of the reservoir, measures such as building fish raising buildings, carrying out artificial breeding and releasing, and developing reservoir fish farming have been adopted, and have achieved good results. Environmental Issues

While extensive development of the Volga River has made a significant contribution to Russia's economy, it has had adverse ecological consequences. Systems of dams and reservoirs have choked and cut off anadromous fish such as paddlefish (famous for caviar from their eggs) and whitefish (which live in the sea but spawn in the Volga and other inland rivers) passage and has fundamentally altered the habitats of nearly 70 species of native fish. These changes - along with pollution from industry, urban emissions and agricultural drainage - have led to the deterioration of the main Volga fishing grounds. Reservoir storage, evaporation and river diversion (mainly for irrigation) have reduced the discharge of the Volga River; all of this has caused a steady decline in the level of the Caspian Sea since 1930.

In the past 300 years, there have been 20 disastrous spring floods (the water level was 11-13m higher than the average water level for many years), of which 1909, 1908 and 1926 were the largest. In 1908, the measured flood flow at Luga Station on the Kama River was 12,626?/s. The disaster-stricken area covered the upper and middle reaches of the Volga River, with a population of more than 50,000 and a vast expanse of farmland.

Nowadays, rivers are becoming more chemically polluted, and many people are worried about this environmental problem. Bizarre incident

According to various media reports (May 21, 2010), the Volga River Bridge swayed strangely, causing the bridge to sway like a wave, causing it to close. There were several UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) at that time. Flying by, the sound and shaking may be caused by UFOs.

On the evening of the 19th of this month, the 154m-long Volgograd River Crossing Bridge suddenly rolled in a wave shape. Dozens of vehicles traveling on the bridge were in danger, and the police quickly closed the bridge. and water transportation. At the time of the incident, the road surface of the bridge suddenly began to squirm, similar to a wave shape, and made a deafening sound; the vehicles driving on the bridge jumped while rolling.

After receiving the alarm, the police quickly closed traffic on both sides of the bridge and closed the water access. Experts also rushed to the scene, and bridge experts doubted the stability and safety of the bridge's structure.

After the vibration of the bridge stopped, experts inspected the roads and fences around the bridge and found that there were no cracks or damage to the bridge.

Anatoly, a well-known Russian bridge expert, said that the vibration of the bridge may occur due to wind fluctuations and vibration caused by the load. It was cloudy and windy in Volgograd that day. Since the 154-meter bridge is entirely made of long plate metal, the metal structure did not deform. But more profound questions will be answered by a team of Russian bridge experts.

This bridge located on the lower reaches of the Volga River was completed and opened to traffic on October 10, 2009. It took 12 years to manufacture. Not far from the bridge is the Volga River Hydropower Station Dam. Shipwreck

On the afternoon of July 10, 2011, a passenger ship named "Bugar" sank in the Volga River in Tatarstan, Russia. There were 185 people on the passenger ship ***.

According to the Russian Interfax news agency, quoting rescuers, they found the remains of approximately 110 victims, including 30 children, on the cruise ship that sank on the 10th.