The definition and categories of tourism objects

Tourism resources as tourism objects are the material basis and conditions for the survival and development of the tourism industry. Without tourism resources, modern tourism activities cannot be formed.

The tourism academic community generally believes that tourism objects are tourism resources, and tourism resources have the basic attributes of tourism objects. However, tourism resources and tourism objects cannot be completely equated. All objects that can be visited by tourism subjects can be considered tourism. The object, or in other words, the tourism object cannot be included in the scope of tourism resources before it is connected with the tourism subject. Some undeveloped tourism resources that are not recognized by humans can only be regarded as potential tourism resources and cannot be regarded as tourism objects in tourism culture. Tourism resources studies focus on the formation, characteristics, classification, category, aesthetics of tourism resources, as well as the expression, utilization and protection of tourism resources; tourism culture studies focus on the study of the categories, characteristics, historical categories and cultural functions of tourism resources as tourism objects . The "China Tourism Resources Census Standards" promulgated by the state in 1992 divided tourism resources into 2 major categories and 6 sub-categories. The two categories include natural tourism resources and cultural tourism resources. The "Tourism Resource Classification, Survey and Evaluation" (GB/18972-2003) promulgated by the state in 2003 divided tourism resources into three levels: 8 main categories, 31 subcategories and 155 basic types. The eight categories include geological landscapes, water scenery, biological landscapes, astronomical phenomena and climate landscapes, ruins and relics, buildings and facilities, tourism products and cultural activities. Based on this, the content included in each category of tourism objects is introduced in detail below.

1. Natural landscape; pure tourism object

Natural tourism resources are also called natural landscapes and can be divided into 4 categories and several basic types.

Landscape Category

Water Scenery Category

Biological Landscape Category

Celestial Phenomenon and Climate Landscape Category

The development of modern high technology has enabled human beings to expand the scope of tourism activities to the universe. Chang'e flying to the moon has turned from a myth into a reality. People have developed from sitting back and watching the celestial phenomena of the universe to being eager to try it. Now observing celestial phenomena has become an aspect of tourism activities. Meteorites hit Jupiter, and solar eclipses and comets appeared at the same time, attracting a number of domestic and foreign scientific workers and tourists to Mohe. The sun, moon, stars, and meteorites are all factors that the universe provides for human tourism and appreciation. Appreciate the full moon during the Mid-Autumn Festival and celebrate the harvest year together. Comets are in the sky and shooting stars are chasing the moon, which arouse people's attachment and imagination. The craters and meteorite remnants on the earth also attract waves of spectators. Nowadays, humans on earth have broadened their eyesight to observe the universe, sent out detectors to major planets, and installed alpha spectrometers. Space tourism is just around the corner.

Natural landscapes are endowed and can bring beautiful enjoyment to tourists without excessive processing and transformation by humans. Whether and how many natural landscapes a country has for tourists to enjoy does not depend on people’s subjective will. for transfer. No matter how hard we try, a landlocked desert country will never be able to form a glacier scene or a Venetian-style water city. The beauty of the natural landscape comes from nature itself. "You can't see the mountains after returning from Huangshan Mountain". First of all, it lies in the picturesque and unique pines, flying clouds and spiritual springs inherent in Huangshan Mountain. Strange rocks. Before the emergence of human society, the potential beauty factors in various natural landscapes existed objectively. In the primitive era, the first humans did not have the ability to appreciate nature, and they were still afraid of nature for their own survival. Guilin was a barbaric place where prisoners were exiled in ancient times. However, the essence of beauty that "Guilin's landscapes are the best in the world" has long existed. When today's people who are tired of urban cultural life return to nature, the original forests, the uninhabited Three Gorges, and the Amazon jungle have a strong alluring power for adventure seekers. Although there are some traces left by passing travelers in the natural landscape, humans are unable to process and carve it on a large scale. It is impossible to artificially erect Mount Tai on the prairie, and it is impossible to artificially turn Mount Everest into a plain. " "Vicissitudes of life" can still only be the creation of nature, and natural landscapes are purely tourist objects in their essence.

2. Humanistic landscapes: man-made tourism objects

Humanistic tourism resources, also known as humanistic landscapes, refer to the traces of human life and behavior created by ancient and modern humans across time and space. They are human civilization The carrier is an important part of human culture. It can satisfy tourists' needs for cultural differences or cultural identity. The main types of cultural landscapes are:

Relics and relics

Buildings and facilities

Tourist commodities

Human activities

The humanistic landscape is called a man-made tourism object, which refers to the historical tourism resources that our predecessors left us to develop and utilize for today's tourism. They were created and lived in by people of different eras. The original intention of their founders and inventors is not necessarily for future generations to travel. For example, the Ming Tombs in Beijing, China, and the pyramids in Egypt are the emperors of China and the anti-aging in Egypt so that their souls will be immortal after death and enjoy eternal life. They are luxurious buildings, but once they are formed, their cultural connotation will last forever and become a tourist attraction for future generations to come and savor, learn about the past and learn about the new. Even the invisible critical literature and social customs passed down from the folk still retain their ancient charm and become "living fossils" of mankind.

Contemporary people can create many cultural landscapes based on the diverse contemporary tourism needs, such as the modernization of clothing and food and snacks, the electronicization of Sanskrit music and chanting in religious temples, simulated space tourism, and the construction of large-scale amusement parks. Compared with the non-replaceability of natural tourism resources, some cultural tourism resources can be relocated and copied. The Chinese-style Yanxiu Garden won the gold medal at the 1985 Liverpool International Garden Festival. It organically combines imitations of the Jingxinzhai Qinquan Corridor and Zhenluan Pavilion in Beijing's Beihai Park, and is full of the graceful and luxurious style of Chinese royal gardens. There are 3 million visitors from all over the world. Similarly, the Los Angeles “Disneyland” created by the United States in 1955 has also been established in many countries around the world. In China's Shanghai, Guangzhou, Yantai, Dalian and other modern port cities that were colonized and opened up, many European-style buildings built by foreign countries that survived in the past are also transplants of Western architectural culture. The accumulation of humanistic tourism resources created by humans in the past, together with the humanistic tourism resources created by humans today, will become the historic humanistic landscape of tomorrow. The structure of tourism objects is the proportional relationship between geological landforms, water bodies, vegetation, meteorology, architecture, humanistic features and other elements of tourism resources. Fascinating scenic spots, scenic spots, and tourist areas are diverse in style and character. Take Chinese gardens as an example, they are majestic in the north and beautiful in the south; take rivers as an example, the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers have rolling waves cutting their banks, while the Li River is clear and tranquil, reflecting the mountains. However, its origin is mainly formed by different combinations of various tourism resource elements. In summary, the structural elements of tourism resources are mountains, water, weather, flowers and trees, buildings, and humanistic features. They can be arranged with each other into Various combinations. Among them, there are six combination relationships that play a role in determining landscape characteristics. They are landscape combination, mountain and vegetation combination, mountain and human characteristics combination, water and vegetation combination, water and celestial phenomena combination, and building and vegetation combination. Other combination relationships play a supporting role.

(1) Landscape combination

Landscape combination is the most typical combination of natural landscapes. Ancient and modern literati have many words of praise for the beautiful landscape scenery, such as "clear mountains and clear waters", " The mountains and rivers in the southeast are indescribably beautiful, just like the delicate and cute flowers when a girl is young." "It rains all night in the mountains, and there are hundreds of springs under the trees." In combination, the mountain should be imposing and the mountain shape should be vivid. Full of changes in the four seasons; water must have shape, shadow, color and sound, giving the landscape vitality, charm and a sense of hierarchy. Depending on the shape of water, landscape combinations can be divided into combinations of mountains and rivers and lakes, combinations of mountains and waterfalls, pools, streams, and springs, and combinations of mountains and ice, snow, clouds, and mist. Mao Zedong described the combination of Lushan Mountain and the Yangtze River: "A mountain flies to the edge of the river, leaping into an onion cage and spinning four hundred times." Su Shi's poem describes the combination of a beautiful lake and beautiful water in the West Lake Scenic Area, surrounded by mountains on three sides. "The river is a green belt, and the mountains are like jade hairpins. It highlights the landscape picture of the mountains on both sides of the Lijiang River reflecting the water and the river surface like a mirror. The scene of "Flying Dragon Crossing the River" in the Little Three Gorges of Daning River in Sichuan is a typical example of the combination of mountains and waterfalls. The waterfalls flow from the river. The Lushan Waterfall, which flows over the cliff and flows across the river to the other side, is even more spectacular when the sun shines on the incense burner and the purple smoke rises, and the waterfall dominates the Qianchuan River from a distance. The combination of the Yandang Mountain Waterfall and the surrounding peaks and rocks is a miraculous work of nature. The waterfalls here are all narrow. The flying flow is called "wash". From the green grassland of Tianshan Ranch and Japan's Mount Fuji, you can see the peaks covered with silver helmets, green, white and gray in an orderly manner, decorated with red, purple and yellow flowers. Forming a beautiful environment.

(2) The combination of mountains and vegetation

Mountains are the carrier of vegetation, and vegetation is the skin of the mountains. Their combination constitutes the green and beautiful landscape of Qingcheng. Emei is both quiet and beautiful because of the long vertical vegetation on the mountain. Tropical, subtropical, temperate and frigid plants grow side by side, and are so dense and lush that as long as the mountains are overlapping, the view will be slightly laggy. Feeling. There are a large number of landscapes combined with vegetation in the famous mountain landscapes in my country, such as "Ancient Maple Quietness", one of the eight scenic spots of Taibai Mountain, the main peak of the Qinling Mountains, "Gourds and Green Mountains", one of the eight scenic spots of Yanjing, and "Tall Green Peaks of the East Peak", one of the ten scenic spots of Jieshi Mountain. etc. The vegetation is green from a distance, showing the color of life, interacting with the tourists' inner and outer souls, and stimulating the tourists' pleasant mental state. The vegetation is in various shapes and styles when viewed up close; the tree shapes can be divided into strong, tall and graceful. ; Flowers vary in color, appearance, fragrance, and rhyme; leaves vary from single, complex, whole, and split, not to mention the fragrant, strange-shaped, and colorful fruits.

( 3) Combination of mountains and cultural landscapes

The main body of many scenic spots is composed of artificial buildings in harmony with mountain shapes and mountain topography. my country's famous mountains generally have natural landscapes as the background and humanities as the background. The landscape is composed of content. "Mountains are not high, they are named if there are immortals." In fact, monks are also named, and history is also named. Buddhist and Taoist religious buildings are often built deep in the mountains, and celebrities and hermits often live in seclusion in the mountains and rivers. "Emperor tombs generally choose mountainous areas with beautiful scenery. Take the Ming Tombs in Beijing as an example. The Ming Tombs are located at the southern foot of Jundu Mountain in Changping, facing the Beijing plain, with mountains in their backs, and peaks on the left and right facing each other. The tombs are majestic buildings, and The background of mountains on three sides creates a majestic royal style. The Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and the Badaling Great Wall in Beijing all make the artificial buildings appear more spectacular due to the mountains, and the famous mountains often leave their names forever. It has a long history of development and frequent cultural activities. The cultural landscape left behind makes the inanimate mountainous area have aura.

Although the scenery of Mount Emei in Sichuan is beautiful, without the ink stone carvings, buildings and cultural relics left by Buddhists and celebrities for thousands of years, in the era of "the road to Shu is difficult, it is difficult to reach the sky", Emei would not be a national Buddhist and cultural relic. A famous ashram that tourists flock to. The scenery everywhere is beautiful, if people didn’t name them "Shuangqiao Qingyin", "Hongchun Xiaoyu", "Luofeng Jingyun", "Daping Jixue", "Xiangchi Night Moon", "Golden Summit Buddha Light" , these scenic spots have no aftertaste value.

(4) Combination of water and weather

Landscapes dominated by water bodies naturally give visitors different impressions under different latitudes and different weather conditions in four seasons. . The charming seaside in summer, at low tropical latitudes, has bright sunshine all year round, moderate water temperature, and cool mornings and evenings, making it an ideal leisure situation for tourists. The beaches of Hawaii in the United States and Hainan Island in China are ideal places to visit the sun, sea, and beaches. The four provinces of Cadiz and other southern Spanish provinces on the Mediterranean Sea are known as the "Coast of the Sun". They have 300 sunny days every year, rocky coasts, and calm and clear water. They are known as the "Mediterranean Baths". The Spanish proudly say, "We export to the world." Sun and beach”. The seasides at mid- and high-latitudes, such as China's Qinhuangdao and Dalian seasides, are summer resorts in summer, but they can also be shrouded in white snow in winter. Temperate and frigid water bodies in mid- and high-latitudes often present wonderful snowscapes and sightseeing. , the famous ones include "Qingxue on the West Mountain" (one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing), "Qingxue on the Shaoshi" (one of the eight scenic spots on Songshan Mountain), Pinggang Snow (one of the ten scenic spots on Jiuhua Mountain), "Remaining Snow on the Broken Bridge" (one of the ten scenic spots on the West Lake). (one of the eight scenic spots in Guanzhong), the glaciers and snow ridges in northwest China, the forest and snow fields in northeast China, the ice and snow parks in the Alps, and the ice and snow world in Antarctica; all give people a brand-new "thousands of miles of ice". The feeling and impression of "thousands of miles of snow falling" and "wrapped in red makeup, extremely enchanting". The lush green trees stand proudly in the white snow blanket, and the magnificent and crystal clear snow field allows visitors to enjoy sports in the ice and snow. Ice and snow can also be used for ice sculptures and sculptures. Harbin, the ice city in my country, holds an ice and snow festival every year and holds ice lantern and ice sculpture activities. At dusk, thousands of lights are on in the ice and snow park. The ice and snow are lifelike and bright. It is really a strange and gorgeous crystal world. Hokkaido, Japan, Finland, and Sweden also engage in similar ice and snow tourism activities.

(5) Combination of water and vegetation

General scenic spots are a combination of mountains, water, and vegetation. There are also some scenic spots with water and vegetation as the main body, such as In Baiyangdian Lake in central Hebei Province and Honghu Lake in Hubei Province, thousands of hectares of water are covered with lotuses in midsummer. The mangroves growing on the tropical seaside, with their brilliant colors and strange intertwining of roots, form a seaside wonder. There are often giant trees hugging each other on both sides of the Amazon River, covering the river surface. The aerial roots and straight roots of the trees are exposed on the ground and plunge into the water, like giant python monsters, adding to the mysterious and sinister atmosphere of the river valley.

(6) Combination of architecture and vegetation

As air pollution becomes increasingly serious, people are paying more and more attention to the vegetation factors in urban landscapes. People not only plant trees and flowers, And more attention is paid to the organic combination of trees, flowers, plants and buildings to form an orderly beauty. Flowers and trees can be used to create green walls, hedges, and green bridges, and holly trees and albizia trees can be planted to form a square green barrier. Houses can also be built with grass as walls. Climbing plants such as ivy can provide a layer of green insulation for houses under the scorching sun. In Curitiba, Brazil, the building walls are covered with green grass. Residents store soil fertilizers and grass seeds into hollow bricks, and the buildings they build are quickly covered with green branches and leaves, forming exterior lawns, which provide heat insulation, sound insulation, and air purification. Parks in many countries also use trees to construct green sculptures. The town of Salsero, Costa Rica, has a "green zoo" made of trees. In the park, there are elephants strolling, cattle and sheep standing, and monkeys. The Yu Yuan opera, the peacocks in full bloom, the giraffes in the distance, and the sixty-long green python hanging on the corridor are all carved from Italian cypress. Some countries also use flowers and trees to make flower clocks. In the Rose Garden of Berlin, Germany, flowers are used to form Arabic numerals on the clock face, and the projection of the sun's heat is used to indicate these numbers and show the time. There is also a special flower clock that uses the biological clock of flowers to display the time. The Malaysian new tree flower blooms at 3 am, morning glory at 4 am, rose flower at 5 am, nightshade at 6 am, peony at 7 am, and lotus flower at 8 am. ...Tuberose blooms at 20 o'clock and Epiphyllum is in full bloom. This unique flower clock forms a special landscape with the surrounding park buildings.

In addition to the above six combination relationships, various other compositional elements play a supporting and embellishment role in the overall style and pattern in which they are located. In man-made tourism objects, people can organically synthesize the existing terrain and water bodies, and then artificially combine other elements of the same type that are suitable for the landscape; while in natural tourism objects, people can only add natural landscapes to the natural landscape. Analysis of the combination of elements, under the conditions of human and material resources, construct a little building and leave a little calligraphy stone carving, but the premise is that its natural temperament must not be destroyed.