Find Türkiye Travel Guide in July

I am very happy to travel to Türkiye. I've been to CITIC Group once and I had a great time, but it's hard to tell what the attacker was. Let me recommend some interesting attractions to everyone~~1. Hierapolis 2. Ancient Theater of Espandos 3. Mevlana Museum. Hot air balloon ride in Cappadocia (this must be it! So awesome) 5. Blue Mosque

Recommended Turkish travel itineraries? How to arrange your itinerary

There are so many interesting places in Turkey, and there are many online route guides, but many of them are very confusing. So it’s better to go to Türkiye and find a reliable independent travel service. Their travel guides are all formulated by local travel experts and are all unique. Additionally, they will provide you with an electronic guide. They will tell you where there are toilets on the road and how many meters are left in the scenic area. Just follow along. The scenic spots also have Chinese audio explanations, which is like taking a tour guide. Very powerful. Their 24-hour translation and assistance are also attentive. If you encounter any trouble, you can always find someone to help you, so you feel very safe. it it it's called little frog freedom.

How many types of soil are there?

According to popular classification, there are three types of soil, namely black soil, loess and red soil. Black soil is rich in humus; loess is a common soil; red soil is rich in iron oxide.

According to the classification of the United States, there are 12 types of soil, namely residual soil, gray soil, arid soil, newly formed soil, frozen soil, organic soil, weak fertile soil, black fertile soil, oxidic soil, residual soil, and extremely fertile soil. and expansive soils.

The main component of soil is minerals. Differences between soils are mainly in morphological characteristics or physical, chemical and mineralogical aspects.

Extended data

Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter produced by various weathering and biological activities, and is available in solid, gaseous and liquid states.

Loose soil particles combine to form soil filled with voids that contain dissolved solutions (liquids) and air (gases). Therefore, soil is generally considered to have three states.

The density of most soils is 1 to 2 g/cm. Most of the Earth's U.S. soils formed later than the Pleistocene, with only a few soil components earlier than the Tertiary.

Refer to Baidu Encyclopedia - Earth

Chinese soil geography China is rich in soil resources and has a wide variety of soil resources, which is rare in the world. The main soil types in China can be summarized into 12 series, such as red soil, brown soil, cinnamon soil, black soil, chestnut soil, desert soil, fluvoid soil (including Jiangsha black soil), irrigation silt soil, paddy soil, wet soil ( meadow and swamp soil), saline-alkali soil, lithological soil and alpine soil. Series red soil is an important soil resource in the tropical and subtropical regions of southern my country. From south to north they are brick red soil, dry red soil (savanna soil), brick red soil (red soil), red soil, and yellow soil. Brick red soil develops in strongly aluminized acidic soil under tropical rain forests or monsoon forests, and its distribution area is small in my country. Analytical data of the brick red soil of Hainan Island shows that it is highly weathered, the silicon-to-aluminum ratio of the clay is below 1.5, the clay minerals contain more gibbsite, kaolinite and hematite, the cation exchange capacity is very small, and the salt base Highly unsaturated. The soil formed under the savanna in the tropical dry and hot red soil area is distributed in southwest Hainan Island and the Hongshui River Basin in southern Yunnan. The soil alumination is low and the soil may have a calcareous reaction. Red soil develops under the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the south subtropics. It is a transitional soil that has some properties of red soil and brick red soil. Both red soil and yellow soil are aluminized acidic soils generated under evergreen broad-leaved forests in the mid-subtropics. The former is distributed in areas with obvious changes in dry and wet seasons. There are reddish-brown or orange-red, reticular and iron-manganese nodules at the bottom of the profile, and the silicon-aluminum ratio is 1.9~2.2. Clay minerals include kaolinite, hydromica, and gibbsite. The latter is found in cloudy and humid areas, mainly in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. It is characterized by a layer of wet soil and yellow or waxy sediment located in the middle of the section. Clay minerals contain more goethite and limonite. This series of red soil is suitable for the development of tropical and subtropical economic crops, fruit trees and forest trees. Crops can be harvested twice a year, or even three or four times a year, and the soil has great potential for production. At present, there are still large areas of barren mountains that need to be transformed and utilized according to local conditions. The brown soil series is also the soil developed under the forest in the humid areas of eastern my country. From south to north, it includes yellow brown soil, brown soil, dark brown soil, and lime soil. Yellow-brown soil is a weakly aluminized, sticky, acidic soil developed under subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest mixed with evergreen broad-leaved forest. It is distributed in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and is between yellow, red soil and brown soil belts. The soil properties have some characteristics of yellow soil, red soil and brown soil. Brown soil is mainly distributed in the warm temperate zones of Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula. It is a neutral to slightly acidic soil developed under summer green broad-leaved forest or coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest. It is characterized by a layer of brown sedimentation bonding layer under the humus layer, and the degree of weathering of soil minerals is not high. The silica/alumina ratio is approximately 3.0. The clay minerals are mainly hydromica and vermiculite, with a small amount of kaolinite and montmorillonite, and the salt base is nearly saturated. Dark brown soil, also known as dark brown forest soil, is a soil developed under temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests or coniferous forests. It is distributed in the mountains and hills of eastern Northeast China, between brown soil and bleached lime soil. Different from brown soil, humus accumulation is obvious, the leaching and deposition process is more intense, the cohesive layer is dark brown, and dark humus spots and silica powder are common on the structural surface. Fuller soil was once known as brown soil and lime soil and is distributed in the Daxinganling Mountains. It is a soil developed under coniferous forests in the northern temperate zone. Secondly, the surface layer is characterized by weak ashing or iron discoloration. Often has a bleaching layer, strong acidity, and highly unsaturated alkali.

It belongs to the transitional soil type between meadow soil lime soil and dark brown soil. It can be considered as a special soil cover layer under the influence of local climate and vegetation. Brown soil series is an important forest soil resource. At present, there are not only large areas of natural forests available for logging and utilization, but also the main forest production base in my country. Most soils, especially yellow-brown soils

Brown soils, also known as brown forest soils, are distributed in the warm temperate semi-humid and semi-arid areas of eastern my country and are formed under medium-temperature summer green forests. It is characterized by a brown sticky layer under the humus layer, with a low degree of weathering, a silicon-aluminum ratio of 3.0 to 3.5, and a large amount of clay minerals such as hydromica and vermiculite. Lime accumulation occurs in the form of pseudohyphae beneath the sticky layer. After long-term soil covering and cultivation, cinnamon soil forms a mature layer with a thickness greater than 30~50cm in the upper part of the profile, which becomes soil. Mainly distributed in the Guanzhong area of ??Shaanxi. Black soil is named after the deep soil layer and its light black color. This kind of soil was originally formed under semi-arid grassland vegetation. After long-term cultivation and maturity, it is mainly distributed in the loess areas of northern Shaanxi, western Shanxi and eastern Gansu. Gray-brown soil, also known as gray-brown forest soil, is soil distributed under mountain forests in arid and semi-arid areas. It has a dark brown or light brown cohesion layer. According to the degree of lime leaching, it can be divided into two subcategories: gray brown soil and leached gray brown soil. In terms of utilization, except for gray cinnamon soil, which is important forest land, other soils in the cinnamon soil system are dry lands in northern my country. Doing a good job in soil and water conservation is an important measure for developing agricultural production. A series of zonal soils in China's temperate forest steppe and grassland areas, including gray soil (grey forest soil), black soil, white pulp soil and chernozem soil. Characterized by a large accumulation of humus. Gray black soil is also called gray forest soil. In humid areas, Daxinganling is the most concentrated, with lush forest vegetation and understory shrub plants, vigorous grass growth, large accumulation of organic matter, and obvious soil leaching and clay migration and deposition. The black soil soil is rich in water and relatively humid, and the vegetation is grassland meadow, which is called Wuhuatang local. The soil has a large accumulation of organic matter, a deep black soil layer, and a humus layer thickness of more than 3070cm. The lower soil often shows slight potential. It is named after the gray-white slurry layer under the humus layer on the white soil surface. Distributed in mountainous basins and valleys in eastern Northeast China. The climate is humid and the vegetation type is shallow-rooted plants. The accumulation of soil organic matter is not as good as that of black soil. Due to the poor decomposition of organic matter, it often manifests as peatification. The organic matter content of the surface layer of the white soil layer is 8~10%, and the texture below the white soil layer is mostly heavy loam and clay. The texture of the white layer is lighter, and the iron leaching loss is obvious. The clay mineral is mainly hydromica, with a small amount of kaolinite and uncertain substances. Calcareous soils are found in semi-arid areas. The vegetation is mainly grassland type, with meadow steppe plants. The accumulation of organic matter is small, the decomposition intensity is higher than that of black soil, and the humus layer is generally about 30~40cm thick. Lime leaches and deposits in the soil, often forming powdery or pseudobacterial calcium deposits at 60 to 90 cm. This is an important feature that distinguishes chernozem from other black soils. The most widely distributed soil in Northeast China is the black soil series, which is suitable for the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry. In particular, black soil, chernozem soil and white clay soil are important targets for the development of agriculture. In addition to the reclaimed land, there are also large areas of wasteland that can be reclaimed, with huge potential for agricultural production. The chestnut soil series includes chestnut soil, chernozem soil and lime soil, which are widely distributed grassland soils in northern my country. This type of soil has obvious humus accumulation and lime leaching-deposition processes, as well as weak gypsum and salinization processes. The soil formed under the hay in the semi-arid area of ??the chestnut wet zone has chestnut or dark chestnut humus on the surface, with a thickness of 25~45cm, and an organic matter content of 1.5~4.0%. Below the humus layer is a calcium accumulation layer, which contains a large amount of gray-white variegated or powdery Lime, the lime content reaches 10-30%. The soil properties of Chinese chestnut soil show obvious regional differences. The chestnut soil in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau has the characteristics of less humus

Compared with the chestnut soil, the accumulation process of humus in the brown soil is weaker, while the accumulation process of lime is greatly enhanced. The position of the calcium accumulation layer generally rises in the profile. It is formed in the temperate desert steppe environment. It is mainly distributed in the central and western Inner Mongolia Plateau, the western Ordos Plateau and the northern Junggar Basin. It is a zonal soil transitioning from grassland to desert. The formation of calcareous soil is often related to loess parent material. Its distribution areas are most concentrated in the northwest of the Loess Plateau, the eastern section of the Hexi Corridor and the Ili River Valley in Xinjiang. Soil profile differentiation is weak, and its occurrence is not as obvious as chestnut soil and brown lime soil. The basic color of the humus layer is light yellowish brown with gray, and the calcium accumulation layer is not obvious. The surface organic matter content is 0.5~3.0% and extends downward deeper, generally up to 50~70cm. The chestnut soil system is my country's main animal husbandry base and an important dry farming area. It is necessary to integrate agriculture and animal husbandry, adapt to local conditions, improve grassland, and establish artificial forage bases. Desert soil is an important soil resource in the desert areas of northwest my country, including gray desert soil, gray brown desert soil, brown desert soil and cracked soil. The most common characteristics are: porous desert crust, low humus content, high lime content, strong surface aggregation, accumulation of gypsum and soluble salts at small depths in the profile, obvious residual adhesion and iron staining, thin thickness of the entire profile, and high gravel content (Except cracked soil and gray desert soil). During the soil formation process, the main manifestations are calcification (lime accumulation), gypsumization and salinization, weak limonization, and aeolian effects are quite obvious. Gray soil develops on fine-grained soil on the edge of temperate deserts and is mainly distributed in the alluvial plain in the southern Junggar Basin and the denudation plateau in the north, the central and western Hexi Corridor and the eastern Alxa Plateau in Xinjiang.

The organic matter content of the surface layer of gray desert soil in Xinjiang is about 1.0%, the humus layer is extremely inconspicuous, the lime content can reach up to 10~30%, an aggregate layer appears below 20 or 30 cm, and the highest soluble salt content is below 40 cm. Accompanied by gypsum layer. The weathering of soil minerals is in the potassium removal stage, and the silicon-to-aluminum ratio is about 4.0. The clay mineral is mainly hydromica. Soils developed under gray temperate desert conditions and coarse bone matrix in brown desert soils occupy a large area in the northwest. Compared with gray desert soil, the accumulation of humus is weak, there is almost no humus layer, the organic matter content in the surface layer rarely exceeds 0.5%, and the content does not change much with depth. The carbon-nitrogen ratio is very narrow, mostly between 4 and 7, but the surface or subsurface layer has the highest lime content, and gypsum accumulation is common, at 10. Brown desert soil and warm temperate semi-shrub-shrub desert soil are widely distributed in southern and eastern Xinjiang. This kind of soil is basically adapted to the stony desert or Gobi, similar to the stony desert of North Africa (or gypsum desert and gypsum crust), but its degree of drought is stronger, so that a salt layer of chloride appears in the soil, becoming the world's desert soil rare phenomenon. Desert soils with young cleft soils are found on fine-earth plains in temperate and warm-temperate desert regions and are frequently affected by ephemeral surface water flows. But it does not have the properties of water-bearing soil. The surface is flat, hard, and gray. It is cut into irregular polygonal lobes by network cracks, shaped like cracks embedded in the ground. This is its most representative feature. The utilization of desert soil systems is mainly restricted by the content of fine-grained soil and the availability of irrigation water sources. At present, most of it is used as pasture, and only a small part is used as farmland. Fluvo-aquic soil and silt soil are important agricultural soil resources in my country, including fluvo-aquic soil, silt soil and oasis soil. This soil is formed under the influence of long-term cultivation, fertilization and irrigation. During the soil formation process, a series of new properties were acquired, resulting in significant changes in soil organic matter accumulation, soil texture and layer arrangement, and salt profile distribution. Fluvo-aquic soil (including Jiangsha black soil), once known as light-colored grassland

There are obvious sedimentary layers on the profile, alternating clay and sand, shallow groundwater level, alternating oxidation and reduction in the middle and lower layers of the soil, and obvious Differential accumulation of rust spots and carbonates. Some areas were flooded and salinized. The mechanical composition of fluvo-sols in the Yellow River sedimentary plain is that the old riverbed and natural embankments are mostly sandy soil, the gentle slopes and flat lands on both sides of the old riverbed are mostly light loam, and the shallow flat depressions are mostly clay. The soil organic matter content is only 0.6~1%. The calcium carbonate content is 6~8%, the potassium content is about 2%, and the phosphorus content is mostly 0.1~0.2%. Its salt content generally does not exceed 0.1%; it can reach 0.5~1% at the edge of the depression. The soil is alkaline, with a pH value of 7.5~8.5. The fluvo-aquic soil is deep and rich in mineral nutrients, which is conducive to the growth of deep-rooted crops. However, the organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus content is low and it is prone to drought and floods. Salinization problems exist in some areas and need to be improved urgently. Silt is mainly distributed in Yinchuan, Houtao of Inner Mongolia and the western Liaoning Plain. The thickness of the siltation layer can reach more than 1 meter, generally 30 to 70 centimeters. The soil profile is homogeneous from top to bottom, with common artifacts at the bottom. Buried ancient farming surfaces can be seen under the silt layer. The physical and chemical properties of soil vary from region to region. The silty soil in the Xiliao River Plain is sticky, with an organic matter content of about 2 to 4%, a salt content of less than 0.3%, and no gypsum. The silt soil in the Hetao area is loose and sandy, with an organic matter content of about 1% and a high salt content. Silty soil is the main soil in the plains of semi-arid areas of my country. It is harvested once a year and is mainly used for spring sowing crops, such as wheat, corn, millet, etc. The groundwater level is shallow and the water source is abundant; due to poor drainage conditions and secondary salinization, attention should be paid to the combination of drainage and irrigation. Oasis, also known as desert soil, is mainly distributed in oases in the desert areas of Xinjiang and the Hexi Corridor. It is the main cultivated soil in arid areas. The thickness of the irrigation layer can even reach 1.0~1.5 meters; in the karez irrigation area, the siltation layer is less than 1 meter. The soil layers of these thick irrigation silts are not obviously differentiated. The organic matter content of the upper layer is generally 1~2%, and the lower layer can reach 0.5~0.7%. Rich in potassium. The content of calcium carbonate is generally 10-20% and is evenly distributed. But it is prone to hardening and secondary salinization. Combining irrigation and drainage, building windbreaks and forest nets, rational crop rotation, and planting a variety of green manure grasses are the main ways to improve fertility. The soil in meadows and swamps is wet soil. It is a hydrated and semi-hydrated soil. Meadow soil is formed by direct penetration of groundwater and under the cover of meadow vegetation. It is widely distributed in the Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain, and is also found in floodplains and lakeside terraces on both sides of rivers in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. Meadow soil is generally rich in humus and is distributed in northeast meadow soil. The dark organic layer is more than 1m thick, there is silica powder at the bottom of the soil, and there are rust spots and iron-manganese nodules in the soil. In Xinjiang, the organic layer of meadow soil is only 25 cm. Large amounts of sand ginger are common, and salt accumulation is present. The surface organic matter content is about 3~6%, or even as high as 10%. In a soil layer 1 meter deep, its content can still reach 1%. In the arid areas of northwest China, the surface organic matter content is less than 4%. The calcium carbonate content in meadow soil in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia can reach 10%. After meadow soil reclamation, the cohesion of the surface soil decreased, it was looser than before, and the organic matter content also decreased. This type of soil has high fertility, rich nutrients and good water supply, and is the main target for reclamation. As an important pasture base, it is crucial to reasonably arrange the relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry. Swamp soil is formed when there is long-term accumulation of water or excessive humidity. Widely distributed in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China and the Songpan Grassland in Western Sichuan. There is a deep layer of humus or peat.

Since the soil has been in a reducing state for a long time, there is an obvious gestation process, forming sufficient de

Paddy soil is the product of agricultural activities. It is grown hydroponically from various zonal soils, semi-hydrated soils and hydrated soils. Under the influence of seasonal flood irrigation, farming, fertilization and other measures, the formation process is the alternation of oxidation and reduction, the synthesis and decomposition of organic matter, the action of double salt and alkali and the leaching of salt base, as well as the decomposition, accumulation and migration of clay particles. and leaching, changing the original soil characteristics to varying degrees and differentiating the profile, thus forming unique soil. The cross-sectional structure of paddy soil includes the following layers: tillage layer (A), tillage layer (P), infiltration layer (W), sedimentary layer (B), sedimentary layer (Bg) and potential layer (G). When the cultivated layer is flooded, it is saturated with water and becomes semi-liquid paste or mud. After the water is drained, it has a massive structure, containing debris and fragments, and there are rust spots and plant residues on the structural surface; the bottom layer of the plow is dense, with dark brown vertical structures developed, with rust lines and small iron-manganese nodules; due to water penetration, it is fertile The leaching effect of iron in the layer is strong and the color is light; the sediments are mostly prismatic structures with rust lines, rust spots and iron-manganese nodules; the sedimentary layers are within the range of groundwater changes, and are gray-blue, with many rust spots and inconspicuous rust lines . The fertile layer is in a reduced state and has a blue-gray structure. Paddy soil can be roughly divided into three types: submersible tillage, water-retaining tillage and latent tillage. The submerged water development layer is shallow and belongs to the early development of paddy soil. The lower soil still shows the characteristics of the parent soil, such as red soil with red bottom; the water storage type is well developed and the profile structure is complete; the latent soil is developed from latent soil or swamp soil. came. Paddy soil is an important agricultural soil resource in my country and should be improved and fully utilized according to soil characteristics. Saline-alkali soils can be divided into saline soils and alkaline soils. Saline soil Saline soil with high soluble salt content in Chinese soil is mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas in northern my country, especially Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places. The North China Plain and the Fenwei Valley are also dotted with dots. Drought, strong evaporation, low-lying terrain, and underground salt water close to the surface are the main conditions for the formation of saline soil. The form of accumulated salt is usually white salt frost on the surface, which is distributed in patches. Saline soil with high salt content may have salt crust thickness (less than 3 cm) or salt crust (more than 3 cm). The crust or the loose mixed layer of salt soil below the crust can range from a few centimeters to 30 to 50 centimeters; You can even see layers of salt crust. The accumulation of salt appears as strong surface aggregation, with the salt gradually decreasing downwards. Salt accumulation in coastal areas is characterized by high salt content in the entire soil layer. The salt composition of China's saline soil is very complex. Saline soils in coastal areas are mainly chloride saline soils; sulfate soils are distributed in northern Xinjiang, the Hexi Corridor of Gansu, the Yinchuan Plain of Ningxia, and the Houtao area of ??Inner Mongolia, but the area is not large. Mixed chloride and sulfate saline soils can be found everywhere in China, especially in Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang. In addition, the Songnen Plain in the Northeast, the Datong Basin in Shanxi, etc. Its salt content contains carbonates and is called soda-saline soil. It is extremely alkaline and corrodes plant roots, making it difficult for most plants to grow. Comprehensive measures such as drainage and irrigation, biology, and farming should be adopted to improve saline soil; washing salt with rice is also an effective measure to improve saline soil. The distribution area of ??alkaline soil in my country is small, and most of it is scattered in saline soil areas. Its characteristic is that the surface salt content is generally less than 0.5%, but the soil solution generally contains soda. In the absorption complex (especially the alkalizing layer), replaceable sodium accounts for more than 20% of the total replacement amount. The pH can reach 9.0 or higher. The organic and inorganic parts of the soil are highly dispersed, and the colloidal particles and humus are leached downward, making the topsoil lighter, while the alkalized layer where the colloidal particles accumulate is relatively sticky, sometimes forming a columnar structure. When we

The former has high replaceable sodium content (7~10 milliequivalents/100 grams of soil), and the degree of alkalization is mostly 20~40%. The latter is only 1~2meq/100g soil in light soil, and only 5~7meq/100g soil in clay soil. It may belong to early alkaline soil. In addition to the above water conservancy and agricultural measures, chemical improvement measures such as gypsum and phosphogypsum should also be used to improve the alkaline soil. The lithological soil system includes purple soil, lime soil, phosphate lime soil, loess soil (loess) and aeolian soil. This soil property still retains the characteristics of the parent rock or soil parent material. The soil develops on purple-red rock formations. The Sichuan Basin is the most widely distributed, and it is scattered sporadically in the basins of various southern provinces. The organic matter content of purple soil is about 1.0%, its development is slower than that of red and yellow soil in the same area, and it has not yet shown the characteristics of silicon removal and aluminum enrichment. It is a weakly chemically weathered soil with a neutral to weakly alkaline reaction. The pH value is 7.5~8.5, the lime content varies with the parent material, and the alkali saturation reaches 80~90%. Purple soil is rich in mineral nutrients and is fertile soil in the hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin, with high agricultural utilization value. In terms of utilization, it is necessary to prevent soil erosion, pay attention to water storage for irrigation, increase the application of organic fertilizers, and rationally rotate crops. Lime (rocky) soil is rocky soil developed on limestone. In my country's tropical and subtropical humid areas, limestone is distributed everywhere, but mainly in Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan. Young lime (rocky) soil is mostly formed in karst areas where limestone bodies are exposed. The vegetation in calcareous (stony) soil is mostly calcium-loving plants, such as ferns, miscanthus and cogongrass. The organic matter of these plants becomes the material basis for calcareous soil improvement. Lime (rock) soil can be divided into black lime soil, brown lime soil and red lime soil. Black calcareous soil is rich in organic matter, has good aggregate structure, is dark in color, has a neutral to alkaline reaction (pH 6.5~8.0), and has varying soil thicknesses. Brown lime soil, common in foothills, is brown, sticky, and reacts with heterogeneous lime.

Red lime soil, bright red soil color, no lime reaction in the upper part, surface soil pH 6.5, core soil pH 7.0~7.5. Lime soil is distributed in the Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands in the South China Sea. Because these islands are located in the tropics, they are mostly composed of coral reefs. Calcareous lime soil is developed on the basis of coral reef rocks. Its parent material is coral limestone or fine sand mechanically crushed from corals and shells. On the surface of the fine sand on the island, a large amount of guano rich in phosphorus and organic matter has accumulated, forming calcareous soil rich in phosphorus. The surface organic matter content can reach more than 12%, and the total phosphorus content is 26~32%. Become a natural phosphate fertilizer resource rich in organic matter. Loess soil, also known as loess, is widely distributed in the hilly areas of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The color of the soil is very similar to the parent material layer, with uniform texture, porousness, good tillability, low organic matter content (only 0.5%), and rich mineral nutrients. Sand is mainly distributed in semi-arid, arid and extremely arid areas in northern my country. The characteristic of sandy soil is that soil formation is often affected by wind erosion and sand pressure, making the soil formation process very weak, and soil properties and sedimentation change little. With the natural fixation of sand and the development of the soil formation stage, from mobile aeolian soil to semi-fixed and fixed aeolian soil, the soil organic matter content gradually increases, indicating that as long as fertilizer and water are added, vegetation will grow stably and it can also be used for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. . Alpine soil refers to the soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its similar altitudes, the highest part of the vertical alpine belt, and above the forest canopy line or in the alpine belt without forests. Due to the alternation of freezing and thawing in the alpine zone, the degree of humification of soil organic matter is low, the decomposition of minerals is weak, the soil layer is shallow, thick, and boney, and the layer differentiation is not obvious. Therefore, alpine soil is divided into a unique series; there are black mat soil (subalpine meadow soil), grass mat soil (alpine meadow soil), baga soil (subalpine grassland soil), and shaga

The felt soil is distributed on the originally gentle hillside. The soil is generally moist and there are dense alpine short grass meadows. There is 3~5cm to 10cm thick turf on the surface. The roots are intertwined like felt, light and tough yet elastic. The surface often slides like scales due to the interaction of freezing and thawing. The humus layer is 920 cm thick and has a content of 614%. Light gray brown or dark gray, cross-section thickness 30~40 cm. Mostly used as summer pasture. Gatu is mainly distributed in the wide valley lake basins of the plateau on the north side of the Himalayas, and the vegetation is of the grassland type. The soil organic matter content sometimes reaches 3-10%, and film-like calcium carbonate often accumulates on the back of the gravel in the lower section. Most of it is pasture with sparse vegetation and low livestock capacity. Saga soil is distributed in the southeastern part of the Qiangtang Plateau and the front of the Western Himalayas. When the soil dries, the humus accumulation process weakens and the calcium accumulation process occurs. The soil is rich in gravel, with few surface grass roots and no continuous turf layer. The organic matter content is about 1.5~3%, and calcium carbonate accumulates significantly, up to more than 10%. The soil is sandy, harmful to wind and sand, and it is pasture. Desert soil is also called cold soil. Mainly distributed in the Qiangtang Plateau of Tibet, the mountains are flat and the vegetation is low and sparse, covering 5-10%. Soil organic matter accumulation is weak, 0.4~0.6%, salt content is 0.5~1.6%, and calcium carbonate accumulation is obvious. The surface has white salt frost and crust, is porous, and contains more gravel. New bodies of gypsum were also discovered, with a gravel parent material layer underneath them. This kind of soil is rarely used, and sheep can be raised only after water accumulates in low-lying areas. Alpine desert soil is the soil that was last affected by glaciers and has the shortest age of soil formation. Mainly distributed near the ice edge below the ice and snow activity zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The soil layer is shallow and the profile differentiation is not obvious. There are thawing shells that protrude upward slightly on the soil surface. The whole body is mostly made of thick bones. The decomposition degree of soil minerals is very low. The vegetation is shell-like ground mats and cold-resistant mat-like Andromeda.