The Historical Evolution of Liukeng

The History of Liukeng was written by Dong Shi at the beginning.

It is said that the family origin of Liukeng Dongshi can be traced back to Dong Zhongshu, a famous scholar in the Western Han Dynasty and a native of Guang Chuan. Up to now, Liukeng Dongshi still claims to be Hirokawa Dongshi. According to the most popular statement in Liukeng Dong Shi's genealogy, its family origin should begin with Dong Qingran, the grandson of Dong Jin, the prime minister of Tang Dezong. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, he "rebelled against Li and avoided the expansion of Linchuan", so he settled in Jiangnan.

1984, the epitaph of Dong Hong in the early Southern Song Dynasty was unearthed in Dexing, Jiangxi, saying, "The Five Seasons Rebellion (the end of the Tang Dynasty), all the scholars protected Huangdun in Shexian County, Anhui Province. It's a bit chaotic, scattered around hundreds of miles, ... Dongshi is one of them. " Dong Shi of Dexing is also after Dong Qingran. Therefore, it can be verified that Dong Shi's ancestors in Liukeng once lived in southern Anhui and then moved to Jiangxi. The earlier history is difficult to verify. Dong Qingran moved to Kuoyuan Village, Yihuang County. By the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, his grandchildren had become a wealthy family, and Dong, Han and He brothers began to farm and settle down. Dong Quan moved to Haikou, Poyang, because his land belongs to Dexing, so Dong called Dexing Haikou School. Han Dong stayed in Yihuang and later became Yihuang Beiyuan School.

In the first year of Southern Tang Dynasty (937-943), Dong's family came to Liukeng in the west. When it was fashionable, it belonged to Luling County, Jizhou, and later to Yungai Township, Yongfeng County. In the 19th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 149), Le 'an County was established in Tianshou, Le 'an and Zhong Yi townships of Chongren and Yungai Township of Yongfeng, and was assigned to Fuzhou. Therefore, from then on, Dong first called Luling School, and later called Lean Liukeng School. Dong He is the ancestor of Liukeng Dongshi. Before Sui and Tang Dynasties, Liukeng area was known as "barren land", "land rich in fish" and "uninhabited". When the Central Plains is in turmoil, the unique flowing pit of green mountains and green waters and heaven and earth is undoubtedly an ideal place for one party to live and work in peace and contentment.

At the beginning of starting a business, the so-called "opening a mountain with green light" is a true portrayal of Liukeng Dongshi. Dong Jia first built a house and cultivated land in the white mud pond at the corner of Wujiang River at the foot of an mountain. In a short period of time, Dong ethnic group has developed rapidly.

According to historical records, Dong Zhen, the son of He Dong, "takes the position of a hero as his own responsibility, disturbing people when times come, and protecting the village with righteousness." Thieves dare not commit crimes, and many people rely on it to help others. " Dong Shi therefore gained a firm foothold in Liukeng and became a powerful and influential local family. Soon, due to the increasing number of Ding, the land around Bainitang became narrow. Dong Shi opened Baimaozhou, which is surrounded by water on three sides, on the east bank of Wujiang River, and his family moved to agriculture. Later, under the guidance of Yang Junsong, a master of geomancy, Dong's family moved their possessions from Baimaozhou to a highland called Zhongzhou on the west bank of Wujiang River, which is now the location of Liukeng Village, thus marking a "first village through the ages" that will go down in history in the future.

Since then, Liukeng area has been built by Dongshi to resemble Wang Anshi's "small bridge on the flat bank, birds singing and flowers fragrant." . There is no dust here, and there is always a spring breeze to clean it.

It is conceivable that in the background of the migration of Tu people from the Central Plains to the south of the Yangtze River, there are many examples of making a fortune in this way. However, there are only a handful of examples in which Liu Keng Dong Shi suddenly flourished and became a giant in the Kejia League in the Song Dynasty, where the official career was prosperous and Jiangyou was dominated. What is the reason? If Ai Dong's reconstruction of Dongshi clan and Liukeng Village from spirit to material during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty made Liukeng Dongshi "ten thousand people with great energy, extract together and unite with one heart", and the architectural layout has broken Hui Ze's descendants to this day, then the third generation of Liukeng Dongshi-Dong Zhen's eldest son, Wen Guang, is Liukeng Dongshi's right-hand man who became a "prosperous imperial examination, prosperous official".

In this regard, Dong You, a fourth-generation descendant of Liukeng Dong Shi, wrote a fairly pertinent account in the Title Record from the Northern Song Dynasty to the First Year of He (A.D. 1054).

Wenguang began to learn Confucian classics. Traveling to Jinling in the east is the Li rebellion in the southern Tang Dynasty. I sighed. "It's not enough to pollute my ancestors." Abandon and go to the west. That is the peace between Julian Waghann and the south of the Yangtze River. I consulted with my ancestors and said, "We are too old to be reinstated. Fortunately, I saw Thailand when I was born, and I became a Confucian when I had a son. " Know gold and silk, learn more books and history, open a school, recruit apprentices, and come back from a long way. When it comes to auspicious symbols, my father is a scholar in one fell swoop, and the village is proud of it. The knower said, "If Dongshi is in trouble, defend its stronghold with courage;": In times of peace, it is appropriate to resume Confucianism and raise children, and it is appropriate to have a big family. "

Gong Chongwei, Ye Guangwei's diligence, Dong's erudition and kindness make Dong Shi, who was originally a rural cloth landlord, shine brilliantly.

In the eighth year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), Dong Chun, the fourth generation of Liukeng Dong Shi, was the first scholar. In the first year of Song Renzong Jingyou (1034), Dong Zhu and Dong Ting, the fourth generation of Liukeng Dongshi, were the same clan as Dong Yi, Dong Deyi and Dong Shidao, and they were collectively called "five ghosts and seven parties", which was passed down as a much-told story by Shilin. The people specially built the "Wuguifang" to celebrate and commemorate. It is for this reason that there is a saying in Wen Tianxiang's "Xie En Biao" in the Southern Song Dynasty that "flowers shine with gold, one door has five directors". In the first year of Jingkang in Song Qinzong (1 126), the seventh generation Dong Zao won the first place in the topic of selecting officials by strategy, and was called the champion of Wu. In the 18th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 148), Dong Wei, the eighth generation, was ranked first in the Tingkao, and was called the "top scholar" because of his rank, role model and reputation. Song Dynasty is one of the most glorious periods in Liukeng history. During this period, as many as 26 scholars from Liukeng Dongshi passed the imperial examination, forming their own cultural tradition and developing into a big family with high political status and social prestige. Wu Cheng, a Dali scholar in the Yuan Dynasty, said in his Preface to the Genealogy of Dong Shi in Liukeng that the praise of Dong Shi in the Song Dynasty was actually worthy of praise.

At the same time, the rise of the imperial examination as an official also brought great economic benefits to the Dongshi family.

In the Song Dynasty, officials were rich, and pursued the land policy of "not restraining mergers". The political glory brought economic development and the prosperity of village community construction.

For example, in the Southern Song Dynasty, after Dong Dingde was a scholar in the seventh year of Xianchun (A.D. 127 1), he became an official in the judicial administration of Jizhou. In just a few years, "there are heroes in the family, villages in the field, villages in the field, mountains and rivers, and neighboring countries". From this column, I can have a general understanding. It can be seen that from the Song Dynasty, Liukeng Dongshi started the survival mode of helping officials with land, expanding land with officials and consolidating the clan. These laid an important foundation for the longevity of Dong Shi family in Liukeng.

Today, the Zhuangyuan Building, Wuguifang Ruins, Guilin Academy and Xishan Academy, which are still standing in the west of the village, tell people that Liukeng Village in the Song Dynasty is already a large-scale village with many commemorative cultural buildings.

The prosperity of the imperial examination made Liu Keng Dong Shi an official like a cloud. Historically, there were 34 scholars and 78 juren in Liukeng Village, and more than 100 people entered the official career. From participating in politics to writing books, there were two doctors and many scholars who did not enter the official career. In Yuan Dynasty, Liukeng experienced nearly one hundred years of turmoil and disaster. The Yuan army arrived in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), and Liu Keng joined the anti-Yuan army led by Wen Tianxiang to defend Xiangzi. As well as the defeat, "my hometown is a bit cool for Wang Qinzheng, and it is also a bit cool to be attacked by soldiers." Liukeng was trampled and plundered by Yuan soldiers, and it was completely destroyed. After that, for more than ten years, the people moved to other places, because "mountain thieves plundered, haunted from time to time, and the pit was properly washed, and the countryside was restless". Later, it was even more difficult to apply for Bing Shen, because Jun Rui led an armed siege to break the village, and Dong Shi's young and strong "rushed out, and the old and weak died of a weapon." Since then, Dong clan members have scattered and died again, and Liukeng village has also become a mound ruin.

There was a Yuan Dynasty in which Dong Shi was rare. It is worth mentioning that the unrest made Dong Shi elites pay special attention to the construction of clan system. From Shunguiyou (1333), the clan began to revise the genealogy after the Southern Song Dynasty, and in Mindfulness (134 1- 1367), they discussed the construction of ancestral temples. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Liukeng flourished again.

1365, after Zhu Yuanzhang pacified Jiangxi, Dong returned to his hometown Liukeng one after another. "In a few years, the string songs will live." In this way, with the gradual stability of the society in the early Ming Dynasty, the Dongshi family resumed its prosperity.

In the Song Dynasty, Dong Zhen had only one Dong Shi in Liukeng, with four branches, namely,, and. This family is called Faming, who cultivates land, collates books and Taoist priests. After successive attacks by soldiers and bandits in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, only two branches remained in the early Ming Dynasty. Since then, the wasteland school has emerged, gradually deriving seven schools and merging with Huang Wen to form eight schools. Until now, it is still the case. Therefore, Liukeng has been a large-scale village where single-parent clans gather and live since the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Dong Shi, a famous scholar and official, resumed his studies as an official, and his official career gradually flourished. Twenty years after Chenghua (1484), the 20th generation Dong became a scholar again, and later became an imperial adviser, enjoying a high reputation in the clan. The 16th generation Dong Yan, whose real name is Zizhuang, used to be the magistrate of Maoming, and later moved to the Imperial Academy to edit the Yongle Grand Ceremony. He is also the secretary of Nanjing imperial academy, Zhao's long history and rich works, and he is a first-class figure in Liukeng. The villagers built the Hanlin Building in memory of him. Of course, compared with the Song Dynasty, the court officials in Liukeng were far from each other, showing a downward trend, but many people wrote books and made statements, and they were still regarded as "literati" of Jiangyou.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, influenced by the commodity trade in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Dong Shi family members used the convenience of Wujiang River to conduct bamboo and wood trade, which made Liukeng Village have a new development.

At the same time, with the continuous efforts of a group of elites within the clan, the clan organization and community construction in Liukeng East City have been greatly developed and entered its heyday. From the early Ming Dynasty to the Wanli period, Dong Shi clan members revised the genealogy three times and built the Daxiong Temple three times, and adopted many measures such as strengthening clan leadership, formulating clan rules and increasing clan property. Unite clans, praise the mind of reading, attach importance to education, encourage children to study hard and honor their ancestors. Reflected in the construction of village communities, there are "three more", that is, there are many ancestral halls, many academies and many commemorative cultural buildings.

According to genealogical records, during the Wanli period, Liukeng Village had 26 ancestral halls, 26 academies and more than 30 commemorative cultural buildings. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the 22nd generation Dong Gui re-planned and built Liukeng Village. On the basis of village construction in Song and Yuan Dynasties, he expanded the "Longhu" in the north-south direction on the west side of the village, divided the village plate into two parts, and surrounded the main part of the eastern village on all sides. In the main part of the village, eight alleys are drawn according to seven horizontal (east-west) and one vertical (north-south), and houses are built along the alleys to form a regular and orderly village layout, so that Liukeng, a crowded village, is like a city and a metropolis. Xu Xiake, a traveler in the Ming Dynasty, once praised when he traveled to Liukeng: "It is a city of thousands of households, Dongshi is a giant surname, and there are five guifangyan." (See Xu Xiake's Travels, page 147, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House) This not only left another anecdote for Liukeng's heavy humanistic accumulation, but also left us a valuable description of Liukeng's rural scenery at that time. Great changes have taken place in Liukeng society in the early Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, Dong Shi's fame in the imperial examination went from bad to worse, and finally he changed from an official family who followed Zhu Zixi to an ordinary clan in the countryside. On the other hand, on the basis of the bamboo and wood trade in the late Ming Dynasty, the clan vigorously developed the commodity economy, especially the developed bamboo and wood trade. They trafficked bamboo and wood from Zhu Jin and Zhao Xie in the upper reaches of Wujiang River to Sanhu, Zhangshu and Nanchang along the Ganjiang River, as well as Nanjing, Yangzhou and Changzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, thus making Liukeng's social economy enter a golden age in the early Qing Dynasty.

At that time, the bamboo and wood trade in the upper reaches of Wujiang River was completely monopolized by Liukeng Dongshi, and the bamboo and wood resources were the public property of Dongshi families. A guild organization of bamboo and wood trade appeared-the Wood Guild, which controlled the bamboo and wood transportation in Wujiang River by clan forces. The outstanding development of bamboo and wood trade not only made Dongshi get rid of the economic difficulties in the late Ming Dynasty, but also gave birth to a large number of businessmen in a central position. After they became rich, these businessmen squeezed into the gentry bureaucracy through donations, and actively engaged in clan and community construction by virtue of huge wealth accumulation, such as expanding clan property, building ancestral temples, compiling genealogy, establishing teaching AIDS, repairing bridges and paving the way, and worshiping righteousness and giving alms, which made Liukeng prosper again. Despite repeated wars and defeats, village construction was further developed in the early and middle period of Qing Dynasty. During the Daoguang period, the number of ancestral halls in the village increased to 83, and the number of academies and learning halls increased to 28. Today, the village still retains a large number of ancient buildings and cultural relics of this period, which makes it easy for us to imagine the prosperity and prosperity of Liukeng.

1840 After the Opium War, the decline of the national movement also brought misfortune to Liukeng. During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, Le 'an was a red revolutionary base, Liukeng Village was a part of the base at that time, and the people of Liukeng made contributions to the revolutionary struggle. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the history of Liukeng turned a new page. The mountain village has experienced the development of new China countryside from land reform to reform and opening up, and still retains her simple and elegant traditional features and natural pastoral environment.

/kloc-since the autumn of 0/990, the research, publicity, protection and utilization of the history, culture and traditional architecture of Liukeng Village have been carried out in an orderly manner, and this long-forgotten pearl has regained its luster. In June of 20001year, the ancient buildings in Liukeng Village were announced as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. From June to 10, 2003, Liukeng Village was rated as the first batch of famous Chinese historical and cultural villages. Since then, the protection of cultural relics and historical sites and the development of tourism economy in Liukeng Village have been carried out more vigorously.

At present, Liukeng Village has 1.209 households with 5,205 people, 3,298 mu of cultivated land and 58,000 mu of mountainous area, and it is still one of the best villages in the county.