Summary of geographical knowledge points of junior middle school people's education edition.

Sorting out the knowledge points in the second volume of seventh grade geography

Distribution of continents and oceans: clearly remember the positions of seven continents and four oceans, and you should be able to have a picture in your mind without looking.

Seven continents: Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

Chapter VI The continent where we live-Asia

Section 1 Natural environment

1, most of Asia is located in the eastern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere (hemisphere position); Surrounding oceans: East Pacific, North Arctic Ocean and South Indian Ocean.

2. Asia is the largest continent in the world: first, it has the largest area (the seven continents are Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe), second, it has the widest latitude (roughly between south latitude10 and north latitude 80), and third, it has the longest distance from east to west. The most populous state.

3. Continental demarcation line (with drawings):

The dividing line between Asia and Europe-Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea and Turkish Strait (also called Black Sea Strait);

Asia-Africa dividing line-Suez Canal dividing line between Asia and North America-Bering Strait dividing line between North and South America-Panama Canal

5. Topographic features of Asia-(1) Topography: The ground in Asia fluctuates greatly, with high in the middle and low around; ⑵ Terrain: Plateau and mountains are the main terrain, and the terrain is complex and diverse.

(P4 Figure 6.5 The topography of Asia should be remembered in combination with the map)

6. Climate: Asia spans the tropical zone, the northern temperate zone and the northern cold zone, with complex and diverse climate, remarkable monsoon climate and extensive continental climate distribution. (Remember the distribution of various climates in P7 6.9)

Characteristics of each climate:

Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round (Middle East) Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy all year round (Southeast Asia)

Tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season.

Subtropical monsoon climate: high temperature and rainy in summer and low temperature and little rain in winter.

Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter.

Temperate continental climate: the annual temperature is high and the annual precipitation is low (the most widely distributed). Mediterranean climate: high temperature and little rain in summer, mild and rainy in winter.

● Analysis of climate characteristics:

① The climate is complex and diverse: Asia spans the cold zone, temperate zone and tropical zone, borders the ocean on the east, north and south, and penetrates into the Eurasian continent in the northwest; The terrain is complex and diverse. Affected by latitude, land and sea distribution and topography, the climate in Asia is complex and diverse. Except temperate maritime climate and savanna climate, all kinds of climate in the world are distributed in Asia.

② The monsoon climate is remarkable: Asia is backed by Eurasia, the largest land in the world, and close to the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world. The difference in thermal properties between land and sea is very significant, forming the most typical monsoon climate zone in the world.

(3) Continental climate is widely distributed (temperate continental climate accounts for almost half of Asia): Asia is the largest continent in the world, with a vast area, and its inland is far from the ocean, so it is less affected by the ocean. The inland temperature rises rapidly in summer and cools rapidly in winter, so Leng Xia is hot in winter. Because the inland is far away from the sea, it is difficult for ocean water vapor to reach, so the precipitation is less and concentrated in summer.

7. Characteristics of climate distribution in Africa: the equator is the boundary and the north and south are symmetrical. From the equator to the south, there are tropical rain forests, savanna, subtropical and tropical deserts, and Mediterranean climate; Tropical climate is dominant; Tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate are widely distributed.

8. Characteristics of rivers in Asia-they originate from the plateaus and mountains in the middle and flow radially to the surrounding oceans. The main rivers are as follows:

9. Asia is the best in the world: the Himalayas-the highest mountain in the world; Mount Everest-the highest mountain in the world; The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest plateau in the world, is called the "roof of the world" (different from the Brazilian Plateau, the largest plateau in the world). Lake Baikal-the deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world; Caspian Sea (saltwater lake)-the largest lake in the world (different from the largest freshwater lake in the world-Lake Superior); Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world; Malay archipelago-the largest archipelago in the world

Note: P2 Figure 6.2 Asian scope, P5 Asian geography reading material set.

Section 2 Human environment

1. Asia is the most populous continent. There are 1 1 countries with a population of more than1billion in the world, six of which are located in Asia.

According to the population, the order is: Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin.

According to the natural growth rate from high to low, it is: Africa, Latin America, Asia and Europe (negative growth).

Asia has a large population, which puts heavy pressure on resources and environment. Note: p 1 1 activity 2

2. Japan's earthquake-resistant buildings, Saudi Arabia's tent robes and other regional cultures. (See Figure 6 on page P 13.17 for the differences in housing and clothing in different parts of Asia. )

The Yellow River in Asia-the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Indus Valley and the Mesopotamian Plain (two river basins) have become the cradles of human civilization respectively because of their suitable temperate or tropical climate, abundant water resources and fertile land.

Understand the names and causes of P 12, the three cradles of human civilization in Asia.

3. Differences in economic development: A few countries in Asia belong to developed countries, such as Japan, and most of them are developing countries. Even if they are both developing countries, their economic development is very different.

● Division of three types of industries: the primary industry is agriculture (including forestry, fishery, animal husbandry, etc. ), the secondary industry is industry and construction, and the tertiary industry is circulation department and service industry (except agriculture, industry and construction). The industrial structure of a country is an important indicator to measure a country's economic development. The higher the per capita GNP, the more developed the economy and the greater the proportion of the tertiary industry. The lower the per capita GNP, the more backward the economy, and the greater the proportion of the primary industry.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Section 1 Japan

1. Location: It belongs to East Asia and is an island country in the Pacific Northwest. It faces the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Sea of Japan in the west.

2. Composition: It consists of four big islands, including A- Hokkaido, B- Honshu Island, C- Kyushu Island and D- Shikoku Island, and thousands of small islands and their surrounding waters, among which Honshu Island is the largest. The winding coastline and many excellent harbors are very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties.

3. Many volcanoes and earthquakes: Reason: Japan is in the collision and compression zone between the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate, with frequent crustal activity, that is, the volcanic earthquake zone around the Pacific Ocean. Known as "the country of earthquakes" and "the world volcano museum".

4. Topography: mainly mountainous and hilly areas, with narrow plain areas. Mount Fuji is a symbol of Japan, an active volcano and the highest peak in China. The largest plain is Kanto Plain.

5. Climate: temperate and subtropical monsoon climate. Climate characteristics: (with maritime characteristics), it is warm in winter, cool in summer, rich in precipitation, and there are many typhoons along the Pacific coast in summer.

6. Economic Type: Background of Japan's developed processing trade economy: Japan is a small country with a small territory and poor resources, and has excellent ports for convenient transportation, so it has formed an economy dominated by processing trade ("import-processing-export" economic model). Features: High dependence on foreign countries, importing raw materials and fuels, and exporting industrial products. The foreign trade targets are mainly the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

7. Industrial distribution: concentrated in the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea coast. Reasons: ① Raw materials and fuel are mainly imported; (2) the port conditions are superior, and the ship can dock; ③ Products are mainly exported; ④ Coastal plain; ⑤ The city and population are concentrated, and it is the largest consumption place in China.

● The disadvantages of Japan's economic development. Japan is a small country with poor mineral resources such as iron ore, oil and coal, and most of them rely on imports. The domestic market is small, and most products are exported.

● Advantages of Japan's economic development: A. Island countries have many harbors and convenient shipping; B, the quality of labor force is high; C advanced technology and high management efficiency.

8. Culture compatible with the East and the West: the national composition is single, and Yamato nationality is the main one, which has both the traditional color of Yamato nationality and the rich modern flavor, and is a typical example of cultural compatibility between the East and the West.

Section 2 Southeast Asia (Nanyang)

1, Location: Southeast Asia is in the southeast of Asia, located in Asia and Oceania,

The "crossroads" between the Pacific Ocean and the East Indian Ocean.

2. Composition: A— Indian zhina Peninsula and B— Malay Archipelago.

Country: The only landlocked country is Laos; Island countries include Indonesia (the largest archipelagic country in the world, known as the "country of a thousand islands") and Singapore (known as the garden city).

3. Malacca Strait:

(1) position; Located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island.

(2) Importance: Malacca Strait is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Japan calls it "the lifeline of the sea".

4. Climate:

Climatic characteristics of climate type distribution area

Tropical rain forest climate Malays are hot and rainy all year round.

Indochina Peninsula has a tropical monsoon climate with high temperature all year round, which is divided into dry season and rainy season.

5, agricultural production:

(1), the main food crop: rice (reason: rice is a high-yield food crop, but its production requires a lot of labor and requires high temperature and rainy conditions. Southeast Asia is densely populated, with little arable land, high temperature and rainy weather. Taking rice as the main food crop is an inevitable choice according to local conditions. )

(2) Tropical crops: Southeast Asia is the largest producer of rubber, oil palm (the title of "world oil king"), coconut and banana in the world.

(3) Distribution of main crops in Southeast Asia:

Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world, and Thailand is the largest rubber producer in the world.

The Philippines is the world's largest producer of bananas and cannabis and an exporter of coconuts.

Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world.

Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world.

6. The topography of Indo-China Peninsula: mountains and rivers alternate with each other, showing columnar distribution. Mountains extend from north to south, and rivers flow from north to south. Most rivers in Southeast Asia originate from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, such as Mekong River (Lancang River) and salween River (Nujiang River). The upper reaches of the river flow through the mountains, and the mountains on both sides are high and urgent, and the hydropower resources are rich. The lower valley widens, the water flows slowly and sediments are deposited. Alluvial plains are formed on both sides of the river bank, and the estuary forms an estuary delta with vertical and horizontal rivers, low terrain and fertile soil. Mekong River is the largest river flowing through Southeast Asian countries.

7. Distribution of big cities in Indo-China Peninsula: mainly along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta.

(Reason: Rich soil, flat terrain and convenient transportation are densely populated and developed agricultural areas in Southeast Asia, which also provide favorable conditions for urban development, such as Bangkok, Vientiane and Yangon)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of urban distribution along the river?

Benefits: A. The terrain along the river is flat, providing construction land for the city; B. rivers are waterways with convenient external transportation; C. provide sufficient water sources for urban industrial production and residents' life; D. fertile soil, convenient irrigation and developed agriculture; E. beautiful environment. Disadvantages: A. Floods will cause losses to cities; B. Urban sewage will pollute rivers; C excessive water intake will destroy the natural circulation and renewal of water in the basin.

The name of the big river near the city.

Hanoi

Phnom Penh

Every phenomenon on earth

Bangkok

Yangon

8. Southeast Asia is the region with the most concentrated distribution of Chinese and overseas Chinese in the world, among which Singapore has the highest proportion of Chinese.

9. Tourism: Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar, Borobudur in Indonesia, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Water Market in Bangkok, Thailand, Halong Bay in Vietnam, and Garden City in Singapore. Note P33 Figure 7.30.

Section 3 India

1, India is the second most populous country in the world, second only to China; The largest country in South Asia. There is a famous building here: Taj Mahal.

Location: ① Most of them are located in 10? N——30？ N, mainly located in the tropics. ② Land and sea location: south of Eurasia, north of Indian Ocean, east of Bay of Bengal and west of Arabian Sea.

2. Topography: Himalayas in the north, Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south. (Find the Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau in P35 Figure 7.34 in the book, and remember the location and name) India's terrain is dominated by plateaus, and Deccan Plateau accounts for most of the Indian Peninsula;

3. River: Ganges-mother river of India. The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows into the Bay of Bengal from northwest to southeast.

4. Neighboring countries: (Find out these neighboring countries in the book P35 Figure 7.34) Land neighboring countries: northwest-Pakistan, east-Myanmar, Bangladesh. Northeast China, Nepal, Bhutan. Maritime neighbor: Sri Lanka

5. Climate: It is located in the tropical and subtropical zone, dominated by tropical monsoon climate, and precipitation changes are mainly affected by monsoon. Due to the influence of monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable and floods and droughts occur frequently. As shown in the temperature and precipitation map of Mumbai, you should be able to summarize the climate characteristics by looking at the map. )

● Climate characteristics: high temperature all year round, rainy season and dry season. The northeast wind prevails in the dry season and the southwest wind prevails in the rainy season (the southwest monsoon prevails from June to September every year, and there is much precipitation, which is the rainy season. From 10 to May of the following year, the northeast monsoon prevails, which is a dry season with little rain.

● There are frequent floods and droughts in India, which are mainly caused by the instability of the southwest monsoon (generally, the southwest monsoon is weak, coming late and leaving early, resulting in drought; On the contrary, it will form a flood. Remember the contrast between the two monsoons:

Monthly temperature and precipitation map of Mumbai throughout the year 1 main wind direction in dry season Figure 2 main wind direction in rainy season.

Where does the wind come from? natural period

Figure 1 In dry season (every year10-May of the following year), the northeast wind blows from land to sea.

Fig. 2 The southwest wind blows from the ocean to the land in the warm and wet rainy season (June-September every year).

6. Agriculture in India: food crops-rice and wheat; Cash crops-cotton and jute. The "green revolution" is to solve the food problem in India.

● Distribution of rice and wheat (see P38 Figure 7.4 1 and P39 Figure 7.42 in the book): Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges Plain and the coastal areas of Indian Peninsula, with abundant rainfall and flat terrain. Wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of Ganges River and the northwest of Deccan Plateau with little precipitation and plenty of sunshine.

7. Indian industry: D- Mumbai-India's largest cotton textile industry center Kolkata-India's largest hemp textile industry center.

A- Bangalore-India high-tech industrial base (the corresponding letters appear in the first map of this section).

● 1999, India's jute production ranks first in the world and cotton production ranks second in the world. Kolkata is India's largest hemp textile center, while developing the steel industry; Mumbai is the largest cotton textile center and the largest port in India, and New Delhi is the capital of India. (Remember P40 Figure 7.43 in the book: the locations of New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Bangalore on the map, and the relationship between the distribution of industries and the origin of raw materials. )

● India's industry, textile industry and mining industry were mainly developed under British rule. This is because Britain strictly controls Indian industry for its own economic development. At that time, the level of science and technology in India was quite backward. After independence, India actively introduced foreign capital and advanced technology, attached importance to training scientific and technological talents, and made great efforts to develop its own industries, mainly steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry and cotton and linen textile industry, and also made certain achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace and computer software.

Section 4 Russia

1, geographical location: Russia has a high latitude, and most of it is located in the north temperate zone. European countries across the Eurasian continent: Although the area of Europe is only 1/4, its population accounts for 3/4. Industry, agriculture, capital and major cities are all located in Europe and have always been the political, economic and cultural centers of the country in history. So it has always been recognized as a European country. ), also across the eastern and western hemispheres. It is bordered by a 1- Baltic Sea in the west, A2- Arctic Ocean in the north, A3- Pacific Ocean in the east, Black Sea in the southwest and North America in the northeast. The main neighboring countries are Finland, Belarus and Ukraine in the west and Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea in the south. Russia is the country with the largest area, the longest distance from east to west and the widest longitude span in the world.

2. Climate: It is dominated by temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and warm summers (characteristics), which vary greatly from place to place. Oymyakon-the "Cold Pole" in the Northern Hemisphere

3. Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plain. The main terrain areas of Russia: B1-Eastern Europe Plain, B2-Western Siberia Plain, B3-Central Siberia Plateau, B4-Eastern Siberia Mountain. Main dividing lines: C6- Ural Mountain, C2- Yenisei River and C3- Lena River. Mountains: C6- Ural Mountain, Great Caucasus Mountain (combined with map).

4. Rivers and lakes: C1-The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, is called "Mother Volga River" by Russians and flows into the Caspian Sea, belonging to the inland river. With abundant flow, stable water flow and high shipping value, it is the most important inland waterway, and is called "Navigation to Five Seas". Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River are rich in water energy and have a long freezing period. C4- Baikal Lake is the deepest lake in the world. (Find out the above knowledge points in the book P4 1 Figure 7.45 and remember their positions)

(Find out the following knowledge points in P44 Figure 7.48 in the book and remember the location)

5. Resources: Russia has a complete range of natural resources and abundant reserves, and is one of the few big countries in the world that can be self-sufficient in resources. The main minerals are: oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals and so on. The main mining areas are: Kursk Iron Mine, Tyumen Oilfield, Second Baku Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine. Russia has the largest coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone in the world, so it is rich in forest resources.

6. Industrial characteristics: heavy industry is developed, while consumer goods manufacturing (light industry) develops slowly.

7. Industrial distribution: mainly distributed in Europe, close to the origin of raw materials.

The main industrial zones are: St. Petersburg Industrial Zone, Moscow Industrial Zone, Ural Industrial Zone and Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.

8. Transportation: Russia has a complete transportation department, with developed railway, highway, aviation, inland river and pipeline transportation, mainly railway transportation. Russia's railway network in Europe is very dense, radiating from Moscow; The railway network in Asia is sparse. A railway across Eurasia is called "Eurasian Continental Bridge", which is called Trans-Siberian Railway in Russian.

● Two main modes of transportation: road and railway; Russian passenger transport is mainly by railway and highway, and freight transport is mainly by pipeline and railway; Pipeline transportation is a new mode of transportation that combines lines and means of transportation, mainly transporting oil and natural gas. )

● Why should Abel Railway be built along the southern mountainous area? The first reason is that the southern mountainous areas are rich in mineral resources. Secondly, because of the high latitude, cold all the year round and low temperature in northern Russia, the frozen soil layer is deep. It is difficult to build a railway on frozen soil, and the safety factor is low.

● Find out the following main ports in P46 Figure 7.50 in the book:

Murmansk (an ice-free port north of the Arctic Circle), St. Petersburg (Russia's second largest city and major port, near the Baltic Sea) and Vladivostok (also known as Vladivostok, the starting point of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, near the Pacific Ocean).

9. Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country. There are the famous Red Square and the Kremlin.

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

Section 1 Middle East

● Scope: The Middle East mainly includes West Asian countries (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, etc. In addition to Afghanistan, the European part of Turkey and Egypt in North Africa.

1. Important geographical location: The Middle East is in a pivotal position connecting Asia, Europe and Africa, and connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. There are five seas around, namely Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea (Lake), Arabian Sea and Red Sea. (P5 1 Figure 8.3 Location of one bay, two oceans, three continents and five seas)

2. Rich oil resources:

The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, oil production and export volume in the world. This is also the reason why some big countries compete.

② Oil distribution: mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas.

③ Major oil producing countries: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Iran, etc.

(4) Most of them are transported by oil tankers from ports along the Persian Gulf to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan, which has an important impact on the development of the world economy. Oil export route: (P53 activity 3)

A: Shipped to Western Europe and America (the shortest westbound route): Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Manderhan Canyon → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Gibraltar Strait → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and America.

B: Shipped to Western Europe and the United States (far west route): Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → bypassing the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

C: Shipped to Japan (eastbound route): Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Indian Ocean → Malacca Strait → Pacific Ocean → Japan.

3. Lack of water resources: This is the fuse of the war and the restrictive factor for the development of agriculture in this area. The Middle East lies in the west bank and the mainland through which the Tropic of Cancer passes. It is hot and dry all year round, with tropical desert climate as the main climate, with high temperature and little rain all year round, and only the narrow Mediterranean climate is distributed along the Mediterranean coast. Rivers are scarce and unevenly distributed, and are used by many countries. The lack of water resources has a great impact on the production and even people's lives in Middle East countries.

4. Cultural differences: The races in the Middle East are mainly white, and the residents in most countries and regions are mainly Arabs who believe in Islam. These countries are called "Arab countries". Persians are mainly distributed in Iran and believe in Islam. Jews are mainly distributed in Israel and believe in Judaism. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city. Cultural differences are also the fuse of war.