Complete detailed information of Xifengkou (Xifengkou, Tangshan City, Hebei Province)

Xifengkou is located at the border of Qianxi County and Kuancheng County in the north of Tangshan City. It is a pass in the eastern section of the Yanshan Mountains. It was called Lulongsai in ancient times and has roads leading from north to south. Songting Pass was set up here in the Han Dynasty ("Xifengkou is Songting Pass" is wrong, and will be discussed later.), which has a long history. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao fought against Wuhuan in western Liaoning, and during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Murong Jun of the former Yan Dynasty entered the Central Plains, all passing through this fortress. Later it was renamed Xifenkou. It is said that in the past, there was a man who had not returned home for a long time. His father asked everywhere and came thousands of miles to meet him. The father and son met at the foot of the mountain. They hugged each other and laughed. They died of joy and were buried here, hence the name. Around the time of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, he was falsely called Xifeng Hui. In the third year of Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty (1452), a city was built and a pass was built, which was called Xifengkou Pass. Today it is commonly known as Xifengkou. Basic introduction Chinese name: Xifengkou Foreign name: Xifengkou Geographical location: The border between Qianxi County and Kuancheng County in the north of Tangshan City South altitude: more than 200 meters North altitude: more than 1,000 meters Ancient name: Lulongsai Country: City in China ：Tangshan City, Hebei Province Opening hours: 8:00-18:00 Ticket price: 25.0 yuan Must read before traveling, scenic spot dynamics, scenic spot introduction, key information, geographical overview, strategic significance, historical deeds, elegies, tourist routes, special discussions, Geographical Overview Xifeng Pass is surrounded by low mountains and hills, with an altitude of more than 200 meters in the south and rising to more than 1,000 meters in the north. The terrain is abrupt and transportation is difficult. The valley formed by the Luanhe River has become a natural passage between the north and the south. At the Xifeng Pass, high cliffs confront each other on the left and right, and the terrain is difficult. From there, it exits the customs and turns east towards the Daling River Basin, goes north to the upper reaches of the Liao River in the west and the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau, and goes southwest to Beijing via Zunhua and Jizhou (today's Ji County), an important town in northern Hebei. In the 1970s and 1980s, due to the construction of Panjiakou Reservoir, the Great Wall in the low-lying area of ??Xifengkou Pass was submerged by water in the reservoir area, forming a unique scenery - the Underwater Great Wall. This part of the Great Wall reveals its true appearance as the water level changes. The status of Xifengkou as a transportation thoroughfare will also be completely lost. Xifengkou Geographical Overview Strategic Significance This path has always been an important transportation route from the Hebei Plain to the Northeast. Xifengkou cuts off the throat of this important road, so one can imagine the importance of its strategic position. In ancient times, the Xifengkou area was a place where the Han people had frequent exchanges with ethnic groups in the north and northeast. It was guarded by soldiers in the past dynasties. It was called Lulongsai in the Tang Dynasty. Restoring the panoramic view of Xifengkou. The historical deeds of the heroes who destroyed the enemy at Xifengkou (right picture from left) Zhang Zizhong, Song Zheyuan, Qin Dechun, and General Feng Zhian. On March 9, 1933, the joint advance team of Hattori and Suzuki brigades invaded Xifengkou and occupied The top of the Great Wall Line on the north side. Zhao Dengyu, commander of the 109th Brigade of Song Zheyuan's 29th Army stationed in Zunhua, sent Wang Changhai's regiment to rescue. The officers and soldiers were so distressed by the national humiliation that they organized a sword team of 500 soldiers to sneak onto the hilltop occupied by the Japanese army at night, and unexpectedly chopped down the Japanese soldiers on the hilltop. Most of the Blade Team also died heroically. The next day, the main Japanese troops arrived and ordered that every entrance to the Great Wall be captured within three days. Under the cover of aircraft and artillery, its infantry attacked Xifengkou, Gubeikou and other places across the board. At that time, the main forces of the 29th Army also arrived one after another. Zhao Dengyu led his troops to lie down in secluded places on various peaks and mountains, waiting for the enemy's artillery fire to temporarily stop. When the enemy soldiers approached, they swarmed out and killed them with machetes. Zhao was wounded but still supervised the battle. His soldiers became more heroic and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy. On the same day, the Guanlin Recruitment Department of the Central Army arrived at Gubeikou. The officers and soldiers were inspired by patriotic enthusiasm and worked with the Northeast Army Wang Yizhe's Department to resist the attack of the 16th Brigade of the Japanese Army. On the evening of the 11th, the Zhao Brigade and the Tong Zeguang Brigade divided into two wings and surrounded the enemy's rear, occupying the Japanese artillery position, destroying 18 of its cannons, and burning its supplies and grain. This is the famous Xifengkou Anti-Japanese War. Photo of General Song Zheyuan Elegy In early January 1933, the Japanese army invaded and occupied Shanhaiguan. Rehe was in a tight situation and Pingjin was in crisis. The Peiping Branch of the Kuomintang Military Commission deployed its defenses, and the 29th Army of the Third Army was responsible for the operations from Xifengkou to Malanyu. In the early morning of March 10, 1933, three brigades of the 37th Division of the 29th Army, Zhao Dengyu, Wang Zhibang, and Tong Zeguang, with Song Zheyuan as the commander-in-chief, arrived. Zhao Dengyu led his team to engage in hand-to-hand combat with the Japanese army near Xifengkou. They carried swords and made killing noises. The sky was shaken, and several highlands were lost and recovered. Beginning in the early morning of March 12, 1933, the two brigades of Zhao Dengyu and Tong Guangze divided into two groups to outflank the enemy camp. Before dawn, Zhao Dengyu arrived at the Japanese special forces camp. The machete team descended from the sky like magic soldiers, annihilating the sleeping Japanese army. According to the "History of Qianxi County of the Communist Party of China", more than 4,000 Japanese troops were annihilated in the bloody battle of Xifengkou from March 9 to March 13, 1933. The bravery of the 29th Army Sword Team inspired the whole country and shocked Japan. The Japanese domestic media exclaimed, "Since Emperor Meiji's military training, the reputation of the imperial army has been completely exploited by Song Zheyuan outside Xifengkou." The famous musician Mai Xin was subjected to Xifengkou. Inspired by the bloody battle, he composed "March of the Broadsword". The 29th Army originally belonged to Feng Yuxiang's Northwest Army. After Feng Yuxiang failed in the Central Plains War with Chiang Kai-shek, he was incorporated into it by Chiang Kai-shek, so it was often ignored. When marching to Xifengkou, although the 29th Army had more than 20,000 troops, its equipment was extremely poor. There were few heavy weapons and insufficient ammunition. The rifles they used were not only outdated but also insufficient in number. Many of them were not equipped with bayonets. Therefore, each soldier was equipped with a rifle. Big knife. The anti-Japanese warriors of the 29th Army chopped off the heads of countless enemies with broadswords. However, the broadsword was just an old weapon. No matter how brave the people who used it were, they could not withstand enemy aircraft fire.

Lan Yutian said that he saw with his own eyes the artillery shells of the 29th Army falling into the crowd of Japanese soldiers. One, two... 13 shells fell without exploding, and it was not until the fourteenth shell that they exploded. With such backward weapons and equipment, the outcome of this battle can be imagined. On April 13, 1933, the 29th Army withdrew from Xifengkou and deployed defenses on the west bank of the Luan River north of Xingcheng. On April 14, the Japanese army broke into Xifengkou. Four years later, in the "July 7th Incident", the 29th Army once again wielded a sword against the enemy. Zhao Dengyu, who had fought bravely at Xifengkou, died for his country. Tour route Beijing - Jinhai Lake - Huangyaguan - Xinglong Outer Ring - Kuancheng Outer Ring - Xifengkou Scenic Area (North Route Book 2) ●Beijing - Miyun - Xinglong Outer Ring - Kuancheng Outer Ring - Xifeng Pass Scenic Area (New Taipei Route Book 1) Apart from Xifeng Pass and Songting Pass, they are two passes with completely different characteristics. Songting Pass is narrow and steep; Xifengkou is wider and more accessible than Songting Pass. This is a feature that is recorded in many historical books but is often ignored by people. "The History of Jingkang?" Xuanhe Yisi was envoy to the Kingdom of Jin and recorded his visa: "The land of Youzhou is fertile and wild for thousands of miles. It is bounded by mountains in the north, and there are many mountains and obstacles. There are five passes in the middle. The residents can drive large carts and transfer food and wages; Songting and Jinpo , Gubei is only accessible to people and horses, not vehicles. There are eighteen small paths outside, which are all rabbit trails and bird paths, only accessible to people, not horses. "Gu Zuyu's "Minutes of Reading Shi Fangyu": "To the north of Yanji, there is Songting Pass. Gubeikou and Juyongguan are the most dangerous places in the country, which serve to isolate China from the outside world."

Xifengkou is a different scene. According to the "Qian'an County Chronicles" compiled in the 20th year of the Republic of China? "Anecdotes" records: During the Ming Dynasty of Shun Tian, ??Deng Han, the governor of Shuntian, inspected all the passes in Jizhen and reported to Emperor Yingzong: "Although the passes on the twelve roads of Jizhen are not dangerous everywhere, the plains and rivers can accommodate For hundreds of thousands of people to invade in large numbers, Xifeng and Panjiakou are the most accessible roads for tribute envoys. "One is "only accessible by people and horses, not vehicles", and the other is "plains and rivers, which can accommodate hundreds of thousands of large-scale invasions." "How can it be a place?"

Xifengkou, which is also located in Lengkou in Qian'an County, was established as a tribute road for the three guards of Wuliangha in the Ming Dynasty. In addition to their geographical location, a very important condition is that the pass is spectacular. , can garrison heavy troops. Every time foreign barbarians pay tribute, the garrison officers must display their lineups. It is called to welcome, but in fact it is to deter them. Moreover, there is Laiyuan Tower at Xifengkou Pass, which can accommodate ten thousand people. When tribute tributes come to the capital, the guards have to send troops to escort them to the capital. For the tribes who have honestly submitted to the imperial court, the imperial court will award rewards from time to time, and the award ceremony is also very solemn. In all tribute trades, there are often mutual transactions between the two parties. Such major events related to the dignity of the imperial court were common in Xifengkou. For example: in the second year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, when Qi Jiguang took office in Jizhen, the Duoyan tribe (known as Tuman in the Ming Dynasty), which was active on the left wing of Eastern Mongolia, attacked border towns many times, but was defeated by Qi Jiguang. In the third year of Wanli, the chiefs Dong Hu, Chang'ang and Changtu of the Duoyan tribe led their troops to invade Dongjiakou Pass. Qi Jiguang's military governor divided his forces from Yumuling and Dongjiakou to attack and encircle him. He defeated the invading enemy and captured Changtu alive. Dong Hu Changang had no choice but to lead more than 300 people from his family to Xifengkou, kneeling at the gate to surrender and begging for the release of Changbal. Qi Jiguang discussed with Liu Yingjie, the governor of Jiliao, and agreed to their request. Chang'ang and Dong Hu promised not to harass them in the future, and returned the previously captured residents, sentries, and plundered horses, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, and restored the tribute market. Dong Hu and Chang Tu led their tribe to apologize and left Xifeng Pass. Such a feat can only be accomplished by a pass such as Xifengkou, which faces plains and rivers, not by Songting Pass, which controls the dangerous path of the Long Gorge. The mixing of Xifengkou and Songting Pass has its own specific historical background, which is the result of "abandoning Kaiping, abandoning Daning, granting land as a reward, and moving the border southward."

1. Songting Pass was originally an important military defense area established by the Khitan people shortly after they established the Liao Kingdom. Dadingfu (i.e. Daning, today's Ningcheng) was the central capital of the Liao Kingdom. As Songting Pass, the southern pass to defend against the Northern Expedition in the Central Plains, its strategic position was very important. The son-in-law Shi Jingtang sold out the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, allowing the Liao to obtain a large area of ??land in the Central Plains, control the key points of North China, and build Yanjing (today's Beijing) into one of the five capitals of the Liao Kingdom, named Nanjing; the Liao and Northern Song Dynasties coexisted. The dividing line between the two sides is Juma River (Baigou River). In this way, the defense line in the southern part of the Liao Dynasty was moved from the south of the original Songting Pass to Xiongzhou on the bank of the Baigou River in the interior (today's Xiong County in Baoding, Hebei). Songting Pass served as the pass to defend Daning, the capital of Liaoning, and its "defense" South" effect is lost.

2. After the fall of the Liao Dynasty, the Jin regime confronted the Southern Song Dynasty; later, Mongolia went south to destroy the Jin Dynasty and established a unified Yuan Empire. In this way, Songtingguan became the hinterland. The Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchens unified most of China, and the Southern Song Dynasty, which faced it, was already a small corner; the Yuan Empire established by the Mongols was even more vast. In both dynasties, there was no need to fortify Songting Pass. Therefore, Songtingguan was left out in the cold.

3. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, in order to prevent the restoration of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang followed Hua Yunlong's suggestion, "Moving from Yongping, Jizhou, and Miyun to the west for more than 2,000 miles, there are 120 passes. "Nine, all garrisons were set up," and capitals were set up in Beiping, Liaodong, and Datong, followed by Beipingdu and Yingzhou Wutun garrison in Daning, and commanded 25 guards in the northeastern region. Twenty-one guards were set up outside the Great Wall in the south of today's Inner Mongolia and northeast of Hebei. They built surrender cities and border castles near Tuoketuo in today's Inner Mongolia. At the same time, they entrusted nine sons to border fortresses and directly controlled the border guards. "In this way, Songting Pass became a defense fortress, with heavy troops stationed there, and cities such as Huizhou, Kuanhe, and Fuyu were built in the area from Songting Pass to Daning. In the early Ming Dynasty, the northern border basically followed the Han and Tang Dynasties Traditional boundary fortification.

After Zhu Di became emperor, the Kaiping Guards originally located in Duolun and the Daning Guards located in Ningcheng moved to the interior. Because the cavalry of the three Uuliangha Guards helped Zhu Di win the throne in the "Battle of Jingnan", After his meritorious service, Zhu Di gave Daning and the nearby Duoyan, Fuyu and Taining three guards to Wuliangha, which was called "the land of reward" in history. He transferred the five garrison camps of Yingzhou to Jizhou, Shunyi and Pinggu. , Xianghe, Sanhe and other places. The western and middle sections of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty (west of Beijing) that were built one after another were basically built according to the direction of the Great Wall of Qin and Han Dynasties. However, the section from Beijing to Shanhaiguan (under the jurisdiction of Ji Town) is different. It has left the direction of the Qin-Han Great Wall and moved 300 to 500 miles south. Although the three guards of Wuliangha surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, they actually rebelled and surrendered at times. They often broke through and harassed, and sometimes colluded with the Northern Yuan Dynasty to invade the mainland. At this time, Xifeng Pass, which stood on the line of the Great Wall, gained prominence and became a defensive fortress, while Songting Pass, which had been reduced to the Ulliangha area, became an abandoned pass and disappeared. In this way, it gives people a misunderstanding - "it used to be called Songtingguan, but now it is called Xifengkou".