The relationship between the development and protection of tourism resources in China and the principles that should be adhered to

Eco-tourism, as its name implies, is to travel to places with excellent and beautiful ecological environment and the highest air quality, but such areas are not nature reserves. Therefore, to develop ecotourism, nature reserves have unique natural resources and advantages. So how can the nature reserve develop eco-tourism effectively and scientifically? The primary task of the reserve is to fully understand ecotourism, including social needs and international trends. Now I will discuss and analyze my personal views from the following aspects.

1 International trend of ecotourism development.

With the continuous development and progress of human civilization, the requirements of people's living standards and quality of life are also constantly improving. The pursuit of returning to nature and the combination of viewing, vacation, leisure and characteristic tourism based on excellent ecological environment have continuously transformed and upgraded the market demand of world eco-tourism. Eco-tourism, with forest tourism as the main form, has developed rapidly all over the world, with the number of tourists increasing by 30% every year, becoming the fastest growing part of tourism, such as Kenya, Zambia, Taiwan Province Province and Bhutan. However, compared with the mass tourism boom, the eco-tourism resources of nature reserves in our province are almost still in a state of seclusion. The person in charge of the National Tourism Administration said that forest tourism has become a "sunrise industry" with vitality and hope because of its good comprehensive benefits and sustainable development.

2. Eco-tourism has great development potential and market economic benefits.

1982 In September, China established the first national forest park-Zhangjiajie National Nature Reserve in Hunan Province, which marked the beginning of forest tourism in China's nature reserves. By the end of last century, there were 953 nature reserves and forest parks in China, with a total operating area of 8.5 million hectares, accounting for 0.85% of the country's land area, including 306 national forest parks. From 1994 to 1998, the average annual growth rate of visitors to forest parks exceeded 15%, with an average of 50 million visitors, accounting for more than 10% of the total domestic tourists in the same period. The national forest parks received 350 million tourists, the direct income of forest parks was more than 260 million yuan, and the comprehensive income of social tourism exceeded 65,438. From 65438 to 0999, the direct tourism income of national forest parks exceeded 500 million yuan. As far as Nanling National Nature Reserve in our province is concerned, its development has gradually changed from the initial survival mode of cutting down forest resources to the progressive mode of developing small hydropower by using water resources. Now, it has begun to use forest resources continuously and effectively, and embarked on the scientific development model of eco-tourism with a scientific development concept, so that the people in the community can gradually embark on a life of getting rid of poverty and becoming rich. Therefore, developing eco-tourism is a scientific way for higher-level state management institutions to make mountain farmers get rid of poverty and become rich.

The development of eco-tourism in protected areas refers to its own natural advantages.

South China Tiger Provincial Nature Reserve is the most ideal place to study butterflies, dragonflies, moths and other insects and wild animals in the province, because there are hot and cold, wet and dry, limestone and dense forests, low-lying plains and mountains, changeable plant communities and clear seasonal changes, which make the natural resources here rich and colorful.

3. 1 natural resources. South China Tiger Provincial Nature Reserve belongs to the humid monsoon climate in the middle subtropical zone, which is influenced by the monsoon all the year round. Northeast monsoon prevails in winter and is influenced by subtropical high in summer. The steam flow south of its western edge transports rich water vapor to the rain area, and the forest vegetation grows faster with the arrival of the rainy season. The southern margin is a tropical convergence area and a rain belt with typhoon activity. Under the control of subtropical high, after the rainy season, the mountainous area became a dry season. Geological landforms are influenced by orogeny, running water, wind and other external forces, forming a variety of landforms with steep terrain, rich hills and orderly valleys; Due to the rich and diverse terrain, various soil combinations have been formed, with abundant rainfall, diverse animal and plant species and rich forest species.

3.2 Animal resources. Nature reserves are rich in species resources and are gene banks of rare species. According to preliminary investigation and statistics, 449 species of vertebrates have been found in this area, belonging to 5 classes, 33 orders and 77 families, including 43 species of fish, belonging to 5 orders 14 families. Amphibians, 2 orders, 7 families, 34 species; Reptiles, 3 orders, 10 family, 76 species; Birds 15 order 2 1 family 2 1 1 species; Mammals, 8 orders, 25 families, 85 species. Among them, 62 species of national key protected animals (South China tiger, leopard, golden pheasant and other 9 species belong to the national first-class protected animals; There are 53 species such as black bear, Tibetan Emirates monkey, otter, mandarin duck, pangolin and silver pheasant, which belong to the national second-class protected animals, accounting for 13438+0% of the 449 terrestrial vertebrates in the nature reserve. In addition, there are 257 species of terrestrial vertebrates that are beneficial to national protection or have important economic and scientific research value, accounting for 57.24% of the total species of terrestrial vertebrates in the nature reserve. 76 species are widely distributed, accounting for 16.93%. Insect resources are more abundant.

3.3 Plant resources. The zonal vegetation in the reserve is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, with sharp-leaved mixed forest, shrub and grassland overlapping, the forest coverage rate is 73%, and the standing stock is 6,654,380+0,000 m3. The nature reserve is rich in plant species, with evergreen vegetation appearance, diverse community structure and more lianas. There are vascular plants 1333 species (including 2 rare and endangered plants and 1/2 national protected plants 10 species), belonging to 290 families 103 1 genus. Among them, tropical and subtropical plant species are dominant, accounting for 56%, world-wide species account for 19%, tropical species account for 18%, and temperate species account for 7%. The plant species of vegetation mainly include FAGACEAE, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Theaceae, Benzodiaceae, Aluminaceae and Ericaceae. Most of them are South China flora, which is one of the distribution centers of endemic families and genera.

4. Eco-tourism planning of nature reserves.

The development of eco-tourism in nature reserves can't follow suit, because the resources of each nature reserve in the province are similar. Without its own specialties, it is absolutely impossible to attract tourists thousands of miles away, especially those nature reserves located in remote mountainous areas, and the competitive pressure for developing eco-tourism is even greater. Therefore, the development of eco-tourism in nature reserves must have its own products, so that tourism consumers can enjoy high-quality air and beautiful natural environment, and at the same time let people see and hear the true voice of wildlife resources, and get natural products from the senses and gain something. Therefore, some visible, tangible and audible ecological products should be considered in the planning and design of nature reserves.

4. 1 Introduction and protection of ornamental animal resources. Looking at animal resources is definitely not like being kept in a small place for a long time in a zoo; How to introduce wild animal resources into the field of vision of tourists in nature reserves, so that tourists can observe wild animals in nature with binoculars, and the "pleasure" of visiting their territory is self-evident. However, this is a long-term, scientific plan and a systematic work.

Introduction and release of wild macaques. Macaque is a primate and one of the wild animals that human beings like. How to attract wild macaques near scenic spots, and how to make wild macaques not afraid of humans? Anyone who has seen The Hunter and the Wolf knows the story that the hunter brought the wolf cub home to raise, and the wolf cub lived with the hunter. Later, the grown-up wolf brought the wolf home, and the hunter and the wolf did not interfere with each other. If you don't invade me, I won't offend you and become friends. This shows that animals can communicate with people, so wild macaques can be introduced into the vicinity of the scenic spot, but we must pay attention to science and methods, plant all kinds of "fruit" plants near the target scenic spot, and create a habitat that primates like, but try to avoid destroying the original ecology. At the same time, it is necessary to use the hearing, smell and reproductive seasonality of the same kind to release the artificially raised macaques to nature in order to attract wild macaques.

4. 1.2 Introduction and release of pheasants. The introduction of pheasant birds is relatively simple, breeding, artificial incubation and research are carried out at the same time, and scientific research is carried out simultaneously with the introduction of pheasant bird resources. Artificial incubation can also be developed into a content of tourism science and education publicity project. Taking advantage of the characteristics of fast reproduction, large number and high survival rate of pheasants, releasing a certain number of pheasants into nature can not only increase the bird resources in the reserve, but also attract more birds and carnivores, and increase the ornamental value of eco-tourism.

4. 1.3 Introduction and protection of ornamental insects. Butterflies like flowers and insects like grass, so we can use the "butterfly effect" to plant flowers to attract butterflies. Of course, we must plant some host plants, such as Papilio Paris, Papilio Papilio, Papilio Papilio and other plants that insects like, so as to create a "flower sea" for insect species, which is both natural and ecological. Visitors can enjoy colorful butterflies and "exotic flowers and herbs".

4. 1.4 release the project development reference. The development of the release project focuses on the reproduction of raised animals. When a certain number of animals are bred, publicity will be carried out to make the successfully bred animals "born in Sri Lanka, put in Sri Lanka and belong to nature", and at the same time, all "nature-loving tourists" will participate in the release operation, so as to increase income, strengthen publicity and entertain and educate. Why not do it with multiple goals?

4.2 Domestication and display of wild precious plant resources. It is not easy for tourists to come to the nature reserve from far away. It would be inhuman to let them climb a mountain to appreciate all kinds of rare plants. Therefore, when developing eco-tourism planning, we should give due consideration to the introduction and domestication of some rare plant seeds, and carry out cultivation research and domestication in scenic spots.

4.3 Community landscape and cultural pattern. Some nature reserves belong to limestone areas, and the rock composition is mainly soluble rocks, such as limestone and dolomite. The immobile water in nature can easily reach saturation, and the fluidity makes saturated aqueous solutions with different concentrations mixed and dissolved, which makes rocks easily dissolved by rainwater rich in carbon dioxide, forming many cracks and fissures, even sinkholes, dissolving funnels, dissolving depressions and so on. On the surface. There is a cave in the nature reserve, which is about 200 meters deep. When the temperature increases or the pressure decreases along the tunnel, the CO2 content in the water decreases, which leads to the re-deposition of calcium carbonate, which makes the deposition landscape in the wide part of the tunnel rich. Because most of the atmospheric precipitation seeps into the ground from tiankeng and surface fissure channels, groundwater is formed. Therefore, the groundwater in this area is very rich, but the surface water is relatively small. Therefore, the reservoir in the reserve has become a person's drinking water resource and a water resource consciously protected by the community. There is also a man who cultivates 10 land in one day, the geomantic forest and the magical story.

4.4 Landscape planning and construction of ornamental lines. Landscape planning and viewing route design should be designed and determined by professionals in the protected area. Functional zoning and design concept are divided into three functional blocks: loop area along the reservoir, mountaineering viewing area and animal viewing area.

4.4. 1 Country Road: A cobblestone ring road around the reservoir is built on the basis of the existing road, with a width of 2m and a total length of 3.5km, which is mainly used by tourists on foot, and some hammer fishing huts are also designed.

4.4.2 Walking: A sightseeing road will be formed outside the main ring road to encourage tourists to carry out various fitness activities. The pavement is 2m wide and 8km long, and the material can be local stone.

4.4.3 Mountaineering Trail: A mountaineering trail with a total length of10km is set at the periphery of the hiking trail, which twists and turns according to the mountain situation and is suitable for mountaineering enthusiasts. Between the above three main circular roads, according to people's walking habits and functional requirements, many walking paths are formed, and the road surface can be sand, gravel and so on.

4.4.4 Parking lot: A parking lot is set at the main entrance, so visitors can only visit on foot, which simplifies traffic and safety.

Five principles to be followed in developing eco-tourism.

The function and achievement of nature reserves is to protect natural resources and environment, so many nature reserves sacrifice opportunities for development in order to protect natural resources and environment, but this is a one-sided and extreme understanding of underdevelopment. Therefore, the development of ecotourism is necessary and important for the sustainable and effective development of nature reserves and their communities. For this reason, the development of eco-tourism is based on not destroying local natural resources and ecological environment, and at the same time, it has a protective effect on local ecology. Successful eco-tourism development should protect three main objects, one is to protect resources and environment, the other is to protect social culture, and the third is to protect economic interests. These three contents play a special role in the sustainable development of ecotourism. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable development of ecotourism, the following basic principles should be adhered to in developing ecotourism.

5. 1 bearing capacity control principle. In the process of developing and utilizing ecotourism resources, we should follow the ecological law and the basic law of ecological capacity, and carefully calculate the optimal number of tourists, the tourist capacity of routes and gates.

5.2 Principles of natural environment protection. Ecotourism is different from mass tourism. Eco-tourism is mainly about returning to nature, and more importantly, it is natural and original. We should try our best to reduce man-made landscapes and avoid environmental damage caused by development. Planning and design should be simple, practical and convenient, and the appearance should be integrated with the natural environment.

5.3 The principle of community participation. To develop eco-tourism, environmental benefits are fundamental, social benefits are the ultimate goal, and economic benefits are the direct driving force. Only when the local economy of the community is developed can the farmers in the community consciously and actively protect the eco-tourism environment. Therefore, in the process of developing eco-tourism, local farmers should be involved in tourism services, which can not only enhance the unique local cultural atmosphere and improve the attractiveness of resources, but also benefit local farmers from the development of eco-tourism, improve their lives and directly relieve their pressure on eco-tourism resources.

5.4 Principles of environmental education. Ecotourism is different from traditional mass tourism. Besides enjoying abundant forest resources, its other main function is environmental education. Therefore, when developing eco-tourism projects, we must seriously consider designing some facilities and tourism projects in tourist areas to stimulate tourists' environmental awareness.

5.5 Strengthen the principles of tourism planning and management. Eco-tourism resources are extremely precious and scarce. The nature reserve should recognize the value of ecotourism resources and make scientific planning and management of ecotourism, so that ecotourism resources can be used and protected continuously and effectively.

5.6 Cleaner production principle. In the process of practical action design, we should try not to discharge waste to the environment, control the adverse impact of tourism on environmental quality within the scope of environmental carrying capacity, and try to use clean energy such as solar energy and wind energy.

5.7 The principle of profit return. In order to ensure the sustainable and effective implementation of resources and environmental protection, part of the economic income from tourism management is also required to be invested in environmental protection in ecotourism management, so that tourism resources can be continuously protected and utilized.

5.8 Training principles for professionals. The development of ecotourism resources is a systematic project of protection and utilization, involving a wide range of professional knowledge, which requires employees to have a sense of protective development, strong protective quality and knowledge. Different from the service training of mass tourism, the staff engaged in the development and management of ecotourism resources must undergo professional study and training in ecological environment, sustainable development and other related professional knowledge.