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Guo State Museum

The Guo State Museum is a thematic museum built on the site of the Guo State Cemetery in the Western Zhou Dynasty, a national key cultural relic protection unit. It is adjacent to the Yellow River in the north and overlooks Mount Wei in the south. It is a modern, multi-functional museum and a national AAAA-level tourist attraction that integrates cultural relics display, site display, and garden landscape.

The Guo State Cemetery is the only large-scale, hierarchical, orderly and well-preserved large-scale Bangguo cemetery from the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Period discovered in my country so far, with a total area of ??324,500 square meters. . Since its discovery in 1956, more than 800 sites of various types have been discovered and nearly 30,000 cultural relics have been unearthed. In particular, the two monarch tombs of Guo Ji and Guo Zhong excavated in the 1990s were rated as one of the "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in the Country" for two consecutive years due to the large number of unearthed cultural relics, high value and the high level of the tomb owners. Rated as one of "China's 100 Great Archaeological Discoveries of the 20th Century". In August 2002, the Guoguo Museum was rated as a national AAAA tourist attraction and passed the IS014001 international environmental management system certification. In August 2003, it won the fifth "Top Ten Exhibitions in National Museums".

The Guo State Museum covers an area of ??150 acres. Its basic exhibition "Guo State Cemetery Ruins and Cultural Relics Exhibition" is divided into "Guo Bao Ying - Exhibition of Essence of Cultural Relics Unearthed from Guo State Cemetery", "Liang Ji Charm - - Exhibition of cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of the monarch and his wife of Guo State", "Chariots and horse racing - Group exhibition of underground chariots and horses military formation ruins of Guo State", "Looking for the King - Group exhibition of Guo Ji's tomb ruins". Displayed here are the country's earliest and largest underground chariot and horse military formation, the first mausoleum of ancient kings, the "first iron sword in China", the earliest and most complete jade mask of Guo Ji's family, and the jade pendant of the Qihuang group. Waiting for the national treasure. This is the origin of the surname Guo in the world and the place where the "False Road Conquest of Guo" took place.

The Guo State Museum’s special geographical location, unique architectural shape, fantastic display design, beautiful national treasures, mighty underground military formations, mysterious ancient kings’ tombs, and new service concepts, The elegant visiting atmosphere makes it an excellent place for sightseeing, leisure, and tasting historical and cultural feasts.

Ancient Guo Kingdom

Sanmenxia was once the capital of the ancient Guo Kingdom. If we count from that time, the "city" of Sanmenxia has been around for more than 3,000 years.

The once-prominent Guo Kingdom has long since disappeared in the smoke of history, but it still arouses people's curiosity like a mystery.

Introduction to the Ancient Guo State 1.

The oldest ancient state on the land of Sanmenxia should be the Jiao State. "Historical Records of the Zhou Dynasty" records that after the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, "King Wu recalled the ancestors of the sage kings and praised Shen Nong and then Yu Jiao." "Hanshu Geography" says that Shaanxi County "has Jiao City, so it is Jiao State". Jiao State was named after Jiao River, which is now Canglongjian River. The city of Jiao State should be located on the terraces of the Yellow River from Qili Village in present-day Shaanxi County to Nanguan Village in Hubin District.

In 771 BC, King You of Zhou, the last monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty, did not hesitate to light up beacon fire and smoke to express the national emergency on Lishan Mountain to tease the princes in order to win the praise of a beautiful woman. As a result, when the beacon fire was lit when the Quanrong army came to the city, the princes still thought it was a flirting trick between the king and the beauty and refused to send troops. After the death of the Kingdom of Zhou You, King Ping of Zhou moved his capital to Luoyang. The Guo Kingdom, which originally protected the royal family to the west, also moved east from Yong (today's Baoji, Shaanxi) to Shangyang (today's Sanmenxia City).

Shangyang is only a few miles away from Jiaocheng. When the Guo State, which was famous for its aggressive military force in later generations, drove its army outside Jiaocheng, the Jiao State was destroyed. Members of King Jiao's royal family moved westward and settled on the west plateau of today's Lingbao City, and took Guo as their surname. This is also the origin of the surname Jiao and Jiao Village, one of the four major surnames in Lingbao.

The ancient Guo State was an important vassal state in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, King Wen's two younger brothers were named kings of the Gu Guo Kingdom respectively. One was the Xi Gu Guo of Yongdi, and the other was the Dong Gu Guo of Zhi Di (today's Xingyang, Henan). They served as the east and west sides of the Zhou royal family. barrier function. After Guo from the ancient Western Guo Kingdom moved eastward, Uncle Guo, who defended Shangyang, was called Nangu Guo, and Guo Zhong, who defended Xiayang (today's Pinglu, Shanxi), was called Beigu Guo (according to "Zuo Zhuan" quoted by "Zhengyi"). ). At the same time, the Xigu Guo Zhi Shu and the Qiang people established another ancient Guo Kingdom in the hometown of Xigu Guo, which was called Xiaogu Guo at the time. These were the five ancient Guo kingdoms that appeared successively in ancient classics. In 767 BC, Dongguo was destroyed by the State of Zheng (according to the Year of the Bamboo Secretary). In 687 BC, Xiaoguo was destroyed by the Qin State (according to "Historical Records of Qin").

Relying on the favor and powerful force of the Eastern Zhou royal family, the ancient Guo Kingdom built a city with rammed earth in Shangyang, and soon expanded its territory to today's Henan Lingbao, Lushi, Shaanxian, Mianchi and Shanxi Ping. Land, and defeated the Quanrong army in Sangtian (today's Chousang Village, Xiyan Township, Lingbao City) who attempted to continue to expand eastward (see the story "Guo Gong was defeated in Sangtian" in "Zuo Zhuan·The Second Year of Duke Xi").

In 658 BC, the ancient Guo State's neighbor Yu State lent the road to the Jin State, which enabled the Jin State to successfully attack the ancient Guo State and capture Xiayang of the ancient Guo State in one fell swoop. In 655 BC, the Jin State captured Shangyang City, the capital of the ancient Guo State, and the ancient Guo State was destroyed. The victorious Jin army destroyed the State of Yu along the way, leaving behind for future generations the allusions of "fake Yu destroys Guo" and "the auxiliary chariots are dependent on each other, and the lips are dead and the teeth are cold".

The descendants of the ancient Guo State after the fall of the country also took the surname Guo like the descendants of the Jiao State who were exterminated by their ancestors. Later, one of them evolved into the surname Guo.

From 1956 to 1957, in order to cooperate with the construction of the Sanmenxia Reservoir on the Yellow River, the national cultural relics department conducted large-scale archaeological surveys and excavations in the south of Shangcunling, Sanmenxia City, and unearthed a large number of precious cultural relics of the Guo Kingdom. It kicked off the study of the history and culture of Guo State.

Introduction to the Ancient Guo State 2

As we approach the Guo State Museum located in the northern suburbs of Sanmenxia City, the loudspeaker transmits the rhyme of the zither and flute as far away as the breeze over the fields.

The Ancient Guo State Museum stands quietly in the early winter sunshine, like a mighty warrior guarding the national treasure.

On the evening of December 31, 1989, when two criminal police officers from the Sanmenxia City Public Security Bureau went to Shangcunling to investigate the case, they found a newly dug mound on the snow-covered field. They took a closer look. , turned out to be a freshly dug robbery hole. Although it was 10 meters deep, the ancient tomb was not dug. The public security personnel began to set up a net and wait for the incident that night.

At about 1 o'clock in the morning on January 4, 1990, a dark figure came to the scene of the tomb robbery sneakily and got into the hole. The public security personnel who had been waiting for four nights in the biting cold wind quickly attacked and blocked the tomb robbers in the pit...

On March 5, 1990, archaeologists from the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics walked along the This robbery hole was excavated for protection, and only 30 centimeters were dug down before the tomb was found.

After more than 40 days of intense work, archaeologists unearthed more than 3,200 cultural relics of various types from the tomb of the King of Guo, numbered M2001, including 56 large ritual instruments, with There are 35 artifacts with the inscription "Guo Ji". The excavation of this tomb was rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in China in 1990.

During the excavation of Guo Ji’s tomb, what surprised and frightened archaeological experts was the “No. 1 Sword in China.” This sword is located on the top floor of the tomb, less than 1 foot away from the robber's cave. At that time, the tomb robbers only needed to dig down with a shovel, and this rare national treasure would be stolen and may never be traced again.

This jade-stem, copper-core and iron sword is 33 centimeters long, with two sets of turquoise inlaid on the hilt. This is the earliest artificial iron smelting object discovered in my country. It advances the history of artificial iron smelting in my country by more than a century.

On September 17, 1990, archaeologists began to excavate the ancient tomb numbered M2009. After more than four months of hard work, archaeological experts unearthed more than 3,600 pieces (sets) of precious cultural relics from this tomb with the inscription "Guo Zhong". Among them, 724 pieces (groups) of jade articles are rare in Zhou Dynasty archeology because of their large number, complete varieties, exquisite craftsmanship and good jade quality. The excavation of this tomb was rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in China in 1991.

The shocking archaeological discovery triggered a craze in the study of Guo culture in the academic and archaeological circles. The Guo State Museum, built on the tombs of two monarchs, Guo Zhong and Guo Ji, together with the Hemudu Museum in Yuyao, Zhejiang and the Sanxingdui Museum in Guanghan, Sichuan, ranks among the three major heritage museums in China that are well-known both at home and abroad.

In 1996, the Guo State Cemetery Site was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit.

In 2000, the Guo State Cemetery was selected into the 100 major archaeological discoveries in China in the 20th century and the 10 major archaeological discoveries in Henan in the 20th century.

In 2003, the Guoguo Museum was rated as one of the "Fifth National Top Ten Exhibitions".

Introduction to the Ancient Guo Kingdom III

The ancient city is the most original and eloquent proof and portrayal of the existence of the ancient Guo Kingdom.

Since the discovery of the Guojun Zhaoyu area in the 1950s, efforts to find Shangyang City, the capital of the ancient Guo Kingdom, have never stopped.

In 1957, the Yellow River Reservoir Archaeological Team, jointly formed by the Ministry of Culture and the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, discovered a large area of ??cultural relics from the Western Zhou Dynasty in Lijiayao, southeast of Sanmenxia City. After drilling and trial excavation, archaeological experts initially determined it to be the site of Shangyang City, the capital of Guozhou. However, due to various reasons, they were unable to conduct sustained and in-depth excavation and research on the Lijiayao ruins.

In January 2000, in order to cooperate with urban construction, the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, together with the Sanmenxia City Cultural Relics Team, conducted a large-scale scientific archeology of the Lijiayao ruins located 2 kilometers southeast of the Guo State Cemetery. Excavate. After a full year of work, architectural ruins such as city walls, moats, water pipes, palaces, and roads were excavated one after another. Shangyang City, the capital of the Guo Kingdom, which has been buried underground for more than 2,600 years and has been searched for by archaeologists for nearly half a century, has finally been revealed again.

On January 8, 2001, despite the falling snow, I came to the excavation site of the Lijiayao ruins.

The base of the city wall excavated by archaeological experts is 6 meters wide, and the remaining height is between 0.5 meters and 1.8 meters. The wall base is built in layers using large-scale construction and clustered rod ramming. The thickness of the ramming layer is 4 cm to 7 cm. On the outside of the city wall, there are two parallel trenches surrounding it. The inner trench is 13 to 17 meters wide and 6 to 10 meters deep; the outer trench is 15 to 22 meters wide and 4 to 6 meters deep. In the history of human urban development, this kind of twin trenches is very rare. Compared with modern wars, siege of cities and territories is more important to ancient wars. The emergence of city walls may be a product of human wars. Therefore, this kind of "double insurance" moat is the same as the twin city walls of the Shang and Zhou ancient cities discovered in Lucheng County, Shanxi. It is of extremely important significance for studying and understanding the history of the development and evolution of ancient capitals and the history of human wars.

Within the city wall, archaeological experts discovered the remains of the Guo Kingdom palace with a circumference of about 1,350 meters. In the palace city, the diameter of the pillar holes on the palace ruins is up to 1 meter, which shows how majestic the buildings were at that time. More than 160 meters of ceramic water pipes running through the middle of the palace have been completely preserved. The interfaces of each circular pipe are male and female sockets, which is completely consistent with the principle of our current water supply and drainage pipes. In order to prevent the ceramic pipes from being damaged by pressure, in some areas, the pipes are laid in trenches made of stone. In addition, there are bone-making, pottery-making, copper-smelting workshops and grain depots scattered between the palace city and the city walls, and thousands of finished and semi-finished bone products, aggregates and bone-making tools such as copper saws and whetstones were discovered. , finished and semi-finished products of pottery and other precious cultural relics... Archaeological discoveries in the capital of Guo State show that the city construction technology at that time was already quite developed.

The discovery of the Shangyang City ruins has filled the archaeological gap in my country in which no ancient capital city has been discovered in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and has provided us with valuable information for a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the important states of the Guo Kingdom during this two-week period. The physical data also set up a clear chronological yardstick for the archaeological research of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Introduction to the Ancient Guo Kingdom Four

“Look to the west at the Qin Emperor’s Terracotta Warriors and Horses, and to the east look at the Guo Kingdom’s chariot and horse pits!” What the Guo Kingdom left to future generations, in addition to exquisite jade and bronze wares, In addition to a small amount of gold objects, the massive underground military formation—the majestic and mysterious chariot and horse pits—is undoubtedly the most visually intense sight.

In urban Sanmenxia, ??there are two museums displaying chariot and horse pits. One is the chariot and horse pit for the nobles of the Guo Kingdom that was excavated in 1957 and contains 5 chariots and 10 horses; the other is the chariot and horse pit for the Guo Kingdom's monarch Guo Ji that was excavated in 1991.

The chariot and horse pit where Guo Ji was buried was 61 meters long from north to south and 21 meters wide from east to west. 46 chariots and more than 60 horses were discovered. According to the cultural relics department, in the Guojunzhaoyu area of ????Guo State, after drilling, 12 large chariot and horse pits and more than 20 small and medium-sized chariot and horse pits have been discovered, with 150 to 200 chariots and 300 to 500 war horses. This scene of strong soldiers and horses is a true portrayal of the military strength of Guo State at that time.

Standing in front of the chariot and horse pit, leaning over the bright stainless steel railing, I watched the patient and meticulous work being done by two cultural relic workers to protect the horse bones. From their cautious movements, I sensed the excitement of touching the pulse of history in silence. In my eyes, they are not fixing the horse bones with potions, but splicing the skeleton of history. At this time, there were no tourists in the exhibition hall. The emptiness and silence were filled with the loneliness and remoteness of archaeological work.

These horse bones that have been sealed in the loess for more than 2,700 years are neatly arranged in a battle formation. It's just that the life on these bones has long been cold, and they cannot create the majestic momentum of horses neighing, flags waving, wheels billowing, and smoke blocking the sun as the king of Guo expected.

Chariots were the most important equipment of the army during the Spring and Autumn Period. In the flames of the "Spring and Autumn War", chariots, with their good maneuverability and powerful attack power, became the protagonist of the charge and became a symbol of measuring a country's military strength, and even had the "Land of Hundreds of Chariots", The titles of "the kingdom of thousands of chariots" and "the kingdom of ten thousand chariots". Today, the role of the chariot is still retained in Chinese chess in the form of a "rook" - the sayings "a chariot and ten pieces are cold" and "a rook is dead in three moves" are exactly the same as the princes competing for hegemony The continuation of the power of period chariots.

According to the research results of experts and scholars, the lowest level of each chariot at that time was equivalent to a platoon-level unit today. According to this calculation, Guo Ji's burial chariot was a regiment, and all the equipment of a "mechanized division" was buried in the entire Guo State cemetery - this is for a vassal state with an area of ??less than 10,000 square kilometers. What does it mean?

It seems that the classics record that the king of Guo State was arrogant, extravagant and militaristic, which ultimately led to the destruction of the country and the family. This is not a derogatory statement.

According to Fan Wenlan's "General History of China", in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, "King Wu, Duke Zhou, and King Cheng successively established 71 kingdoms, including 15 brothers (brothers of Duke Zhou) (one theory is 16) and 40 people with the same surname. , Zhou descendants generally received fiefdoms and became large and small princes." However, after a brutal annexation war, by the late Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal state named Ji had been completely wiped out.

During the Warring States Period, the seven heroes competing for hegemony were all princes with foreign surnames. What regularity does this contain?

Looking at the exquisite artifacts unearthed from the Guo State Cemetery, I seemed to have found the answer...