1 What are the key points in appreciating tourism resources? 2 In what aspects are the aesthetic characteristics of natural landscapes reflected? 3 Give examples to illustrate the aesthetic characte

1 What are the key points in appreciating tourism resources? 2 In what aspects are the aesthetic characteristics of natural landscapes reflected? 3 Give examples to illustrate the aesthetic characteristics of mountain landscapes 4 The Four Buddhas

1.

Beauty: the aesthetic feeling given by tourism resources

Name: famous or related to celebrities

Speciality: unique , scarce resources that are not found elsewhere or are rare

Strange: giving people a sense of novelty

Use: having practical value

Ancient: having a long history< /p>

2.

Form beauty refers to the comprehensive beauty of the overall shape of the ground and sky and the spatial form. The morphological beauty of my country's natural landscapes can be summarized as several typical style characteristics such as majestic, strange, dangerous, beautiful, mysterious, open and wild.

Color beauty The color beauty in natural landscapes is mainly composed of trees, flowers, grass, rivers, lakes, seas, hazy clouds and sunshine, etc. It is diverse and extremely rich. Colorful natural colors are the easiest for people to intuitively feel, bringing joy and happiness to tourists, pleasing beauty, and even exciting and fascinating.

Dynamic beauty The dynamic beauty of natural landscapes is mainly composed of flowing water, waterfalls, drifting mist and floating clouds.

The so-called "Mountains are alive when they have water" is because the flow, ups and downs and sounds of water break the silence of the valley, change the shape of the landscape, and at the same time provide nourishment to plants, birds and animals, giving people a sense of vitality. Vibrant aesthetic feeling. The world-famous Three Gorges scenery, without the raging Yangtze River, would not give people a thrilling feeling

Audio beauty can be found in many natural landscapes, such as waterfalls falling into deep pools, stormy waves crashing on the shore, streams and mountains. Natural sounds such as springs pouring into clear ponds, rain hitting banana trees, wind blowing pines, birds chirping in secluded forests, summer cicadas chirping, silent night insects singing, etc., can give people a pleasing musical aesthetic enjoyment in a specific environment.

Smell is beautiful. People who have lived in the city for a long time, once they go deep into the mountains and forests, smell the fragrance of grass and flowers, and breathe in the fresh air, they suddenly feel that their hearts are pure, their whole body is translucent, and their spirits are uplifted. This cannot but be said to be a physiological phenomenon. Aesthetic enjoyment with pleasure as its main feature.

Symbolic beauty Chinese people like plant landscapes such as lotus, orchid, bamboo, and cypress. The fundamental reason is not that they look good in appearance, but in their inner qualities, that is, as symbols of personality or expressions of spiritual will.

3.

A landscape with "Austria" as its beauty. This kind of landscape is more complicated, hidden, closed and blurred than "secluded" beauty. For example, the "line of sky" style landscape surrounded by cliffs and passages like gaps; the karst cave landscape that twists and turns and is as profound as a well all fall into this category. When visitors enter it, they immediately feel that it is mysterious and unpredictable, like a complicated maze. The Wuling Mountain Area, known as the "World's Mystery", has a vegetation coverage rate of over 90%. It has dense peaks that block out the sky and the sun, and is dotted with karst caves. It is mysterious and magical, and is very attractive to those who want to explore the mountains.

Beauty is the most beautiful landscape. This kind of landscape has a broad field of vision and a magnanimous shape, giving people a refreshing aesthetic feeling. Anything that can be called "open" refers to the unobstructed view of people's sight and the boundless scenery in all directions, such as the vast water surface, the vast wilderness, and the high peaks. From the Inner Mongolia prairie where "the sky is blue, the fields are vast, and cattle and sheep are visible on the windblown grass" to climbing the Yellow Crane Tower where "only the Yangtze River is visible in the sky", all kinds of open landscapes are majestic, broad, deep and simple. The most typical "open" beautiful landscape is the "Eight Hundred Miles Dongting".

The "wild" is the beautiful landscape. This type of landscape is a product of primitive nature, pure and simple, full of wild interest, and generally has not been disturbed, carved or destroyed by humans. For example, "The solitary smoke is straight in the desert, and the sun is setting in the long river" expresses the wilderness of the desert; "The fragrant trees have no flowers falling, and the birds are chirping all the way in the spring mountains" is the wilderness of the mountains and forests. The mountains, water, rocks, forests, caves, etc. that have been opened up in recent years in Jiuzhaigou, Zhangjiajie, Shenlongjia and other scenic spots are still in their original state, maintaining the wild and natural style, giving people a mysterious feeling of "wildness" far away from the hustle and bustle of the world. . As the saying goes, "Jiuzhai's scenery is rare in the world."

(Choose one of the three)

4.

Wutai Mountain in Shanxi is dedicated to Manjushri Bodhisattva

Mount Emei in Sichuan is dedicated to Samantabhadra Bodhisattva

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Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui is dedicated to Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva

Putuo Mountain in Zhejiang is dedicated to Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva

Manjushri Bodhisattva:

Five temples tied on top (also with a bun and eight buns), indicating the five wisdoms are supreme and unattainable. The left hand holds a lotus. Placing a "Prajna Sutra" in the flower means that Prajna is spotless. The sword held in the right hand represents great wisdom, which can cut off all ignorance and troubles. It is a metaphor for the diamond sword, which can slay demons. Most of the statues are riding lions or peacocks, indicating wisdom and power, or sitting on a lotus platform, indicating purity.

Samantabhadra Bodhisattva:

Most of the statues of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva wear crowns and Bodhisattva costumes, sitting on a six-tusked white elephant.

Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva:

Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva is mostly bald or a monk wearing a Vairocana crown and cassocks. One hand holds a tin staff, the other holds a lotus, or a banner, orb, etc. Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva statues often have a lion-like monster as their mount, and their names are: "Slanderous Listening" or "Good Listening".

Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva:

The first category is the solemn Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva with one face and two arms, sitting or standing, and painted in accordance with Buddhist sutra rituals. The second category is the Tantric Avalokitesvara with multiple heads, multiple arms, thousands of hands and eyes, and holding various magical instruments drawn in accordance with Buddhist Tantric rituals.

The third category is Guanyin that does not abide by Buddhist rituals and is created by painters according to people's wishes, with their own styles, arbitrary depictions, and arbitrary titles.

5.

1. The characteristics of the building's appearance

It has three parts: roof, body and platform.

2. Characteristics of building structures

Timber frame structure (timber frame: the skeleton of the roof and body parts). Basic approach: use columns and beams to form a frame, four columns form a room, and a house consists of several rooms.

3. Characteristics of the layout of the building group

Principle of combination: With the courtyard as the center, buildings are arranged on four sides. The front of each building faces the courtyard, and doors and windows are set on this side. Larger buildings are composed of several courtyards. There is a significant central axis, the main buildings are arranged on the line, and the secondary buildings on both sides are mostly symmetrically arranged.

4. Characteristics of architectural decoration and color

Decoration details: structural construction such as beams, brackets, purlins and rafters are artistically processed to play a decorative role.

Color: one of the most distinctive features of ancient architecture. The palaces and temples have yellow glazed tile roofs and vermilion roofs. The shadows under the eaves are slightly blue-green with a touch of gold, and are lined with white stone platforms. The outlines are clear and magnificent. In general residences, blue-gray brick walls and tile roofs are used, or white walls and tile eaves are used. Wooden columns, beams, and doors and windows are mostly made of black, brown or natural wood surfaces.

Color painting: an important part of architectural decoration. It is made on the beams, beams, brackets, ceilings and capitals under the eaves and in the indoor city. The composition is closely combined with the form of the component itself and is rich in color. Commonly used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were Hexi color paintings, Xuanzi color paintings and Su-style color paintings.

Caisson: a decoration on the ceiling in traditional Chinese architecture. It is called "Caijing", which means that the five elements use water to control fire and prevent fires. They are usually placed on the Buddha's throne in temples or above the throne in palaces. It is the recessed part of the flat top, which can be square, hexagonal, octagonal or circular, with carvings or paintings, the most common one is "Double Dragons Playing with Pearls".

6.

The first level: double eaves verandah, supreme. The veranda is a building with slopes on the front, back, left, and right sides of the roof, and a main ridge and four vertical ridges. The verandah is the highest level among palaces and temples. If it has heavy eaves, it is the most noble. It is used for the main purpose of the palace and the universe. Palaces, such as the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Palace of Qianqing in the Forbidden City in Beijing.

The second level: double-eaves Xieshan. Xieshan is a roof structure formed by the intersection of verandah hall and hanging mountain. It is composed of one main ridge, four vertical ridges and four fortress ridges, also known as Jiujidian. If double eaves are added to the Xieshan, the level will be very high. (For example, Tiananmen Square

The third level: the roof of the veranda with single eaves.

The fourth level: the top of the mountain with single eaves. (such as the six east and west palaces of the Forbidden City)

Level 5: Overhanging top. It has two slopes, one main ridge and four vertical ridges hanging out of the gable.

Level 6: Hard top with two slopes. , but not hanging out of the gable (such as the two verandas of Baohe Hall in the Forbidden City)

Seventh level: The roof is steep with four corners and no main ridge, with several vertical ridges intersecting at the top. Baoding, such as the Hall of Harmony in the Forbidden City. In addition, there is also a garden roof. Note that the structure of the double-eaves garden roof is quite high. Of course, it refers to the Temple of Heaven. Generally, this kind of building is basic among the people. No, there may be a small number of pavilions, but most of them have single eaves.

The eighth level: the flat roof is surrounded by an outer edge. In addition, the Great Hall of the People and the Monument to the People's Heroes are also there. This roof, of course, is no longer a feudal system.

The ninth level: the rolling shed roof. The intersection of the two slopes forms an arc surface with no obvious main ridge. The temple and ancestral hall are in front of the hall. Most of them are rolling shed-style buildings. In addition, because of their lively and vivid shapes, they are also often used in corridors and pavilions in southern gardens.

7.

Yin and yang represent directions:

Five directions: east, south, west, north, middle

Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire, earth

Five colors: green, red, white, black , Yellow

Four Gods: Green Dragon, Suzaku, White Tiger, Black Tortoise

Four Seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter

8,

The order of animals after the immortal is dragon, phoenix, lion, celestial horse, seahorse, suanni, fish, xiezhi, bullfighting, and xingshi.

The immortal has "immortal riding". It is said that "Chicken" is said to be here by Jiang Taigong to suppress monsters and monsters; it is also said that King Yu was afraid that too many dragons would gather on the roof, so he used this place to suppress floods.

As for other animals, they also have their own The symbolic meaning of:

The dragon and phoenix symbolize auspiciousness;

The lion is the king of the mountain;

The pegasus and the seahorse symbolize the royal power reaching the sky and the sea;

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Bullfighting and fishing can stir up clouds and rain, suppress fires and prevent disasters;

Suan Ni is a strange beast that can eat tigers and leopards, symbolizing the obedience of all beasts;

< p> Xie Zhi is good at distinguishing right from wrong, symbolizing the so-called "uprightness" of the royal family;

Xing Shi is like a monkey and is a tailed beast. Because it ranks tenth, it is named Xing Shi.

In short, there are four functions of installing owl-kissed animals and other objects on the roof ridge: first, to prevent rain leakage, second, to decorate, third, to prevent fire, and fourth, to ward off evil spirits.

9.

The roofs of ancient Chinese buildings can be divided into verandah-style roofs, Xieshan-style roofs, suspended mountain-style roofs, hard-mounted roofs, cusp-shaped roofs and recorded roofs. Top form. According to the number of layers of eaves, veranda roofs, Xieshan roofs and spire roofs are divided into single eaves and double eaves. The resting mountain type, the hanging mountain type and the hard mountain type are divided into a roll-up roof without a main ridge. In addition, Xieshan pose also has a very rare cross Xieshan mountain top.

Glazed tiles are a very strong building material with strong waterproof properties. Glazed tiles are widely used in royal buildings and some important buildings. Glazed tiles are bright and rich in color, including yellow, green, blue, purple, black, white, red and so on. Generally, the three colors of yellow, green and blue are used more often, with yellow being the most noble. It is only used in major buildings such as palaces, shrines, and temples.

10.

One is called the earthworm (turtle clam), which looks like a turtle and likes to bear weight. The big turtle carrying the stone tablet is its image.

The second one is Chiki (Chiki, Chaofeng, Haowang, Aoyu, Owl Tail), which looks like a four-legged snake with its tail cut off. It likes to look around in dangerous places and also likes to swallow fire. The animals or animal heads on the ridge, corners and roof of the palace are its image.

The third name is Pulao, which looks like a dragon but is smaller in size. It likes to sing. Living by the sea, but afraid of whales. The animal buttons on ancestral halls, temples and iron bells are their images. According to Pulao's fear of whales, people carved the long logs used to ring the bells into the shape of whales. It is said that the sound of ringing the bells is loud and bright.

The fourth one is Biuan (Charter), which looks like a tiger, is powerful and prone to litigation. The tiger head carved on the prison door or standing on the prison door is its image.

The fifth is Taotie, which looks like a wolf and is a good food. The animal head carved on the lid of the tripod is its image.

Sixth: Suan Ni (Golden Ni), shaped like a lion, likes fireworks, and also likes to sit. The animal heads carved on the Buddha's seat and incense burner in the temple are his image.

The Seventh Day is Prison Ox, which looks like a small yellow dragon with scales and horns and loves music. The animal head carved on the Huqin is its image.

The eighth one is Yaizi, which looks like a jackal and likes to kill. Its image can often be seen on the handle and scabbard of a knife.

The Nine-Yue Pepper Picture is shaped like a snail and a clam, which tends to keep its mouth shut, so its image is often carved on the front of the door.