Summary of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior high school

Knowledge about anything has five levels or elements: the name, definition and image of the thing, the knowledge or understanding about the thing, and the thing itself-this is the real goal of knowledge. Below I will share with you some compulsory knowledge points of high school geography, hoping to help you. Welcome to read!

High school geography compulsory knowledge points 1

Cross-regional allocation of resources-A case study of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

I. Regional distribution of water resources in China

1. Distribution characteristics of water resources in China: ① In terms of quantity, the total amount is large and the per capita is small; ② Time: more in summer, less in winter, with great interannual variation; (3) Space: more in the south and less in the north; More in the east and less in the west.

2. Reasons for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project: the spatial distribution of water resources is unbalanced, and the contradiction between supply and demand is prominent.

3. The geographical conditions of the Yangtze River as a water source area

(1) The largest river in China: it has a large drainage area and a large amount of water, and is a water-rich area in China.

(2) Stable flow: ① Annual runoff is stable; ② The seasonal distribution is balanced.

(3) Running through the east and west: ① Flowing through three major economic zones; (2) The upper reaches are near the arid and semi-arid areas in northwest China; ③ The middle and lower reaches are adjacent to the most water-deficient North China Plain.

Second, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project

1. East Line Project (Route: Water is diverted from Yangzhou Jiangdu Pumping Station and transported to North China along the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal; )

Advantages: large amount of water, use of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, small amount of work; Low initial investment and short construction period;

Disadvantages: The terrain south of the Yellow River is high in the north and low in the south, which requires pumping water to the north and consumes a lot of energy (flowing through this area may cause secondary pollution).

2. Mid-line project (route: water is diverted from the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River, out of Danjiangkou Reservoir, and then transported to North China such as Beijing and Tianjin along the east foot of Funiu Mountain and Taihang Mountain).

Advantages: self-flowing water supply;

Disadvantages: it is necessary to dig a river and the amount of work is large.

3. West Line Project (transferring water from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of the Yellow River and other northwest regions)

Advantages: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is higher than North China and Northwest China, so it can supply water by itself;

Disadvantages: The water quantity is limited, so it can only supply water to the northwest and parts of North China in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, and the workload is heavy.

Third, the far-reaching impact of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

1. Positive significance:

(1) Social benefits: ① Improve the investment environment and attract domestic and foreign funds; (2) Relieving the conflict of water resources is beneficial to social stability.

(2) Economic benefits: It has greatly promoted the economic development of the transferred areas.

(3) Ecological benefits: ① Relieve the shortage of water resources in the north and promote social and economic development; (2) Improve industrial, agricultural and domestic water consumption in the north and control land subsidence; ③ Promote the benign development of ecological environment.

2. Possible environmental problems (taking the eastern diversion area as an example):

(1) The runoff of the Yangtze River decreases, especially in the dry season, the seawater will go upstream, resulting in an increase in the salinity of the estuary and affecting the downstream water quality.

(2) It may also lead to the aggravation of sediment deposition in the Yangtze River and channel siltation.

(3) It has a negative impact on aquatic organisms along the Yangtze River and Huaihe River.

(4) Due to the low terrain, high groundwater level and poor natural drainage conditions within the scope of the East Route Project, the soil is prone to salinization after water transfer.

(5) Because the Eastern Route Project is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, there are many industrial parks along the river, and there are oil fields, coal mines and industrially developed towns along the water transmission line, a large amount of sewage discharge will reduce the water quality.

Annex 1: west-to-east gas transmission

Route: 1 Line: Lunnan-Shanghai. Second line: Horgos to Guangzhou and Shanghai.

The impact on the development of the western region: ① Promote the infrastructure construction in the central and western regions, increase employment opportunities, and effectively promote the development of related industries.

② Transform the resource advantage into economic advantage, and make it a new local economic growth point.

The impact on the development of the eastern region: ① Optimizing the energy consumption structure is conducive to improving air quality. ② Promote economic development.

③ Improve the efficiency of resource utilization and promote the coordinated development between the east and the west.

Appendix 2: Explain the influence of industrial transfer on regional geographical environment.

1. Concept: The phenomenon that an enterprise transfers part or all of its product production from its place of origin to other regions.

2. Influencing factors: important factors: labor force, internal transaction cost and market.

Other factors: changes in the international economic situation, adjustment of national policies, shortage of original production land, high land price, serious environmental pollution, etc.

3. Impact on regional development: a. Promoting the adjustment of regional industrial structure; B. promoting regional industrial division of labor and cooperation; C. changing the regional geographical environment: for example, it leads to the aggravation of environmental pollution in the industrial relocation area; Change the spatial distribution of labor employment;

The economic cooperation mode of "front shop and back factory" in the Pearl River Delta also belongs to industrial transfer.

High school geography compulsory knowledge point II

Unit 4 Regional Comprehensive Development and Sustainable Development

Section 1 Comprehensive Development and Sustainable Development of Watershed —— Taking the Yangtze River Basin as an Example (30 N)

I. Natural environment and natural resources (natural conditions) in the Yangtze River Basin

1. natural environment: ① landform types are complete and diverse (plateau, mountain, hill, basin and plain);

② Most areas belong to subtropical monsoon climate, with the same period of rain and heat, mild and humid;

(3) The Yangtze River has the largest water volume in China and a wide basin area. Its main tributaries cross the east and west of China, and the tributaries radiate from north to south.

2. Natural resources: ① Water resources rank first in China (the whole basin); (2) Rich mineral resources and large reserves (middle reaches); (3) Rich hydropower resources and forest resources (upstream); (4) Rich tourism resources (the whole basin)

Two. Socio-economic Survey in the Yangtze River Basin (Socio-economic Status)

3. Cities and population: The level of urbanization is relatively high. Except for a few towns in the Jinsha River basin, the towns on both sides of the river below Yibin are very dense, and the density of towns in the middle and lower reaches is much higher than that in the upper reaches.

4. Transportation: All rivers below Yibin are navigable, which is known as the "golden waterway".

5. Economic development: the upstream economic zone centered on Chongqing; An economic zone centered on Wuhan in the middle reaches; Downstream Economic Zone with Shanghai as the Center

Third, the development and regulation of the Yangtze River basin.

1. Upstream area

(1) Advantages: the terrain is very different, the river drop is large, and the hydropower resources are abundant.

(2) Development focus: hydropower resources (Three Gorges Project: flood control, power generation, shipping, water supply and aquaculture); The main tasks of the Three Gorges are: flood control.

(3) Existing problems: ① frequent natural disasters (collapse, landslide and debris flow); ② serious destruction of forest vegetation, resulting in soil erosion. The main problem is soil erosion.

(4) Governance focus: do a good job in ecological environment construction.

(5) Measures: ① Strengthen the construction of shelterbelts and water conservation forests in the Yangtze River; (2) Implementing the protection policy of closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, irrigation and planting grass; ③ Protect the ecological environment in the Three Rivers Source area.

2. Midstream

(1) Advantages: ① The plain is vast and fertile, and it is an important commodity crop base in China; Rich in mineral resources, especially metal minerals, China has become an important manufacturing base. Focus on developing commodity agriculture and manufacturing.

(2) Problem: Flood

① Natural reasons: the rivers and lakes in the middle reaches are winding, with low terrain, slow water flow, siltation and poor drainage, and precipitation is concentrated in spring and summer.

② Man-made reasons: a. Excessive felling of trees, land reclamation on steep slopes, and reduced vegetation; B. Reclaiming land around the lake reduces the flood peak storage capacity.

(3) Key points of regulation: flood control in the Yangtze River and regulation of rivers and lakes.

(4) Measures: ① Prohibit reclamation along the lake, returning farmland to the lake and dredging amber; ② Do well the flood diversion project, strengthen and improve the Jingjiang flood diversion project;

③ Take soil and water conservation as the center, build waterproof forest ④ Build water conservancy projects (such as Three Gorges Reservoir), and store water in flood season.

3. Downstream area

(1) Advantages: ① Advantages for developing agriculture: flat terrain, dense rivers and lakes and warm and humid climate.

② Superior geographical location: convenient transportation, forming the largest comprehensive industrial base in China.

Focus on developing rural economy and comprehensive industrial bases.

(2) Problem: Water and air quality have generally declined.

(3) remediation focus: comprehensively control environmental pollution.

(4) Measures: ① Optimize the industrial structure, vigorously develop high-tech industries, and develop emerging industries and tertiary industries.

(2) Control pollution, beautify the environment and create green space.

High school geography compulsory knowledge point 3

Agriculture and Regional Sustainable Development —— Taking Northeast China as an Example

First, the natural environment (surrounded by mountains and rivers, fertile land thousands of miles away)

1. Scope: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

2. Climatic conditions in Northeast China: (1) Most of them are temperate monsoon climate; (2) Precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest; (3) The temperature difference between north and south is large.

The south is a warm temperate zone, where winter wheat, cotton and warm temperate fruits can be planted. Spring wheat, soybean, corn, sorghum, rice, flax, etc. Can be planted in the middle temperate zone; The northern part belongs to the cold temperate zone, with spring wheat, soybeans and potatoes as the main products.

3. Abundant land resources: (1) The cultivated land area is wide, with more cultivated land per capita.

(2) There are many wasteland suitable for farming.

(3) The soil is fertile, with black soil and chernozem distributed, rich in organic matter, deep soil layer and high productivity.

Overview: favorable conditions for agricultural production in Northeast China

1. Natural conditions

① Abundant land resources and vast plains are suitable for large-scale mechanical operations; ② Fertile land: Black soil and chernozem are widely distributed, which is beneficial to agricultural development; ③ There are many wasteland suitable for farming, and there are abundant reserve farmland resources; ④ The climate is mild and humid; ⑤ Diversified management can be developed in mountainous areas; ⑤ Grassland resources: the vast grassland area is beneficial to the development of animal husbandry; ⑤ The coastline is long, the beach area is wide, and there are many freshwater lakes, which are beneficial to fishery development; ⑧ The forestland area is vast.

2. Socio-economic conditions: ① Small population, more arable land per capita ② High degree of agricultural mechanization; (3) Farm management is easy to manage. (4) It is an important industrial base in China with complete industrial departments, laying the foundation for modern agriculture.

Second, agricultural production and layout

1. An important agricultural and forestry base in China.

(1) The agricultural structure is relatively complete, with planting as the mainstay.

(2) Status: ① National important commodity grain ② National largest beet production base.

(3) China's important forestry bases are concentrated in Daxing 'anling, Xiaoxing 'anling and Changbai Mountain.

2. Agricultural layout: A: Features: It has obvious regional characteristics.

B: Specific manifestations: ① The regional changes of agriculture in Northeast China from east to west are as follows: the forest is the main part of the forest-agriculture crisscross.

Belt, agriculture, forestry, planting, farming-pastoral areas and animal husbandry areas; ② From south to north, the regional changes of agriculture in Northeast China are: marine fishery area, farming area and agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry area.

Three. Agriculture and regional sustainable development

1. Development of black soil

A. Existing problems: ① The production potential has not been fully utilized; (2) After the wasteland was reclaimed, the vegetation was destroyed, the topsoil was seriously lost, and the soil fertility declined, which made the crop yield and quality decline year by year.

B.① Improve the farming system and implement the farming system of "less tillage and deep loosening, combination of tillage and loosening, deep loosening and water storage"; (2) Strengthen fertilization in black soil and increase the application of organic fertilizer, especially returning straw to the field; (3) Planting trees, strengthening slope and gully management and reducing soil erosion.

2. Forestry development:

A. Existing problems: ① Heavy cutting and light breeding, with the cutting volume exceeding the growth; ② Forest fire; ③ The phenomenon of deforestation is serious.

B. Measures: ① Adhere to forest management and develop fast-growing and high-yield forests with larch and poplar as the mainstay.

(2) Reasonable cutting and sticking to volume cutting to promote the regeneration of rare tree species, especially Korean pine.

③ Strengthen the construction of nature reserves, protect the ecological environment and prevent the deterioration of the ecological environment.

3. Wetland protection

A. Existing problems: ① Wetland ecosystem is destroyed; ② The wetland area is decreasing year by year; ③ The growing environment of plants and the habitat environment of animals are deteriorating.

B. Measures: ① Establish wetland reserves to protect existing natural wetlands; (2) gradually reclaiming wetlands; ③ Take engineering measures to restore degraded wetlands.

High school geography compulsory knowledge point 4

Sustainable Development of Economically Developed Areas —— Taking the Pearl River Delta as an Example

First, the process of regional industrialization and urbanization

1. development conditions

(1) Location: Located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, adjacent to Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia.

(2) Superior natural conditions: ① Topography: vast territory and vast plains; ② Climate: rich in heat and precipitation; ③ Water source: criss-crossing rivers.

(3) Advantages of socio-economic conditions:

① Population and city: densely populated and densely populated; ② Historical factors: capitalism sprouted early and has a good historical and economic foundation.

(3) Reform and opening-up policy: The frontier of reform and opening-up has become the fastest-growing and most dynamic region in China. (4) The main distribution areas of overseas Chinese.

2. Industrial structure: With the continuous optimization, the proportion of the primary industry has decreased, the proportion of the tertiary industry has obviously increased, and the secondary industry is dominant.

3. Industrial system: light industry is dominant, and heavy chemical industry is relatively developed.

4. Development direction: Vigorously develop the export-oriented economy, and the economic development will gradually integrate with the international market.

Pearl River Delta is an important light industry base, foreign trade export base and commodity agriculture base in China.

Industrialization is the main driving force of urbanization in the Pearl River Delta region.

Two. Problems and Countermeasures in the Process of Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Urbanization development

2. Problems and countermeasures in development

A: Question: The ecological environment situation is grim;

Measures: control environmental pollution and protect the ecological environment.

B: problem: the contradiction between man and land has intensified;

Measures: optimize the industrial structure and actively develop the tertiary industry and high-tech industries; Adjust the structure of agricultural production

C: problem: redundant construction is prominent;

Measures: Strengthen town and regional planning to avoid repeated construction.

High school geography compulsory knowledge points 5

Section 1 Understanding the Region

1. Meaning: refers to a certain geographical space, which is divided by people according to certain indicators on the basis of geographical environment differences (such as uneven distribution of precipitation).

2 .. Features ① It has a certain area, shape, scope and boundary.

(2) It has clear location characteristics.

③ Some internal features are relatively consistent and different from other areas.

3. Type: ① Homogeneous areas: areas with similar or relatively consistent elements, such as natural areas, agricultural areas and dialect areas.

② Functional areas: areas that are related or internally related in some aspects, such as urban economic zones, industrial bases and Pudong New Area.

4. Features: ① Integrity: All elements in the region interact and influence each other to form a unified whole.

② Differences: There are widespread differences among regions; But within the region, "seeking common ground while reserving differences".

③ Openness: the regions are interrelated, such as west-to-east gas transmission and west-to-east electricity transmission.

Section 2 Regional differences between natural environment and human activities

Regional differences between Japan and Britain;

1. Comparison of natural environment

(1) Similar shape: island country, area, north temperate zone, warm and humid.

(2) Difference

2. Economic development

(1) Similarity: The developed industries are all about giving full play to the advantages of island countries.

(2) Difference

3. Regional differences in China

① Division basis: topography and climate.

② Name: A. Northwest arid and semi-arid area, B. Qinghai-Tibet alpine area, C. East monsoon area.

③ Boundary: The northwest arid and semi-arid area and the eastern monsoon area are bounded by the annual precipitation line of 400 mm; The range of Qinghai-Tibet alpine region coincides with the first step of China's topography, and is roughly bounded by Hengduan Mountain, Qilian Mountain, Altun Mountain and Kunlun Mountain.

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