What are the methods and skills for survival in the wild?

1. Preparation for survival experience in the wild

Before you set out, you must imagine the various situations you will face in the wild as much as possible, so as to prepare the corresponding skills and equipment. How to equip yourself largely determines the success or failure of camping activities. The following items are indispensable. Here, it is necessary to remind the first-time participants of camping activities that it is not a good goal and exciting action plan that can turn into a good camping life. We must imagine all kinds of situations we will face in the wild as much as possible, so as to prepare corresponding skills and equipment, ensure the safety of wild life and achieve the expected results. Due to the complex and changeable climate in the wild, especially in mountainous areas, the harsh situation of wind and rain is sudden. If camping tools with inferior price and poor wind and rain resistance are used, they will be exposed, embarrassed and even dangerous. Therefore, how to equip yourself before departure largely determines the success of camping. Tent: It is better to choose a double-layer tent with stable structure, light weight, strong wind resistance and rain resistance.

Sleeping bag: down or goose down sleeping bag is light and has good warm-keeping effect, but the premise is that it must be kept dry. When the environmental conditions are humid, artificial vacuum cotton sleeping bag may be a better choice.

Backpack: The secret of backpack load is that it shares most of the weight on the hips, and the backpack frame should conform to its own body structure and be strong and firm. Among them, candles can be used as both light source and excellent combustion improver

picnic utensils: kettle, multifunctional picnic pot, sharp multifunctional folding knife, tableware

Special tools: compass, map, rope, folding spade, flashlight, needle and thread, fishing line, machete, camera

Water and food: meat, sugar and fat with high calorie. It can not only cook food, but also has a wider range of uses: the flame releases heat to produce warmth, which will save heat loss in the body; Can dry clothes; Smoked meat can be kept fresh for a long time; Fire can scare away dangerous wild animals; Smoke can drive away pests, and it can also forge metal tools and sharpen sticks. Therefore, we must learn to make a fire under any conditions and anywhere.

under normal circumstances, lighters and matches are the most important ignition tools. Drop wax on the matches before departure to prevent them from becoming damp. In case the match is wet, put it in your hair and rub it. The hair will generate static electricity to make it dry. In addition, remember that a small candle can last for a long time with minimal energy consumption, and the candle is a good combustion improver. Use convex mirror: strong sunlight can generate enough heat to ignite the fire after gathering through convex mirror. Magnifier, telescope or camera convex mirror can serve you instead of convex mirror.

battery fire: the spark generated when connecting the positive and negative electrodes of batteries in vehicles, flashlights or radios with wires can be used for ignition

drilling wood to make a fire: this is a simple fire-making technology, but it needs a lot of practical practice. When a hard spun wood is used to drill a hole on a cork base, fine sawdust will fall at first, and then the friction will become hot. In order to drill wood, the hard spun wood is often wrapped around a homemade wooden bow to speed up the rotation and ignite the fire as soon as possible.

3. How to find water sources and collect water?

Life can't be separated from water. Normal people can live for three weeks without food, but they can't live for three days without water. Therefore, water should be given priority: the first place to find water in mountainous areas is the bottom of valleys, and in alpine areas, water should be found along rock cracks, and springs are often dug in dry riverbed sand and gravel areas.

On the coast, a pit should be dug above the highest waterline, and there is likely to be a layer of leached water with a thickness of about 5 cm floating on the dense seawater layer. When drinking the water in the concave water, it must be disinfected and precipitated before boiling.

rainwater collection: digging a hole in the ground, spreading a layer of plastic and surrounding it with clay can effectively collect rainwater.

condensed water: put a plastic bag on a twig with dense leaves, and the leaf surface transpiration will produce condensed water.

you can find water by tracking animals, birds, insects, or humans.

take water from plants: hollow plants such as bamboo often have water in their internodes, vines often have drinkable juice, and the fruits and stems of palm and cactus plants are rich in water.

solar distiller: In arid desert areas, water can be collected well by the following methods: digging a pit with a width of about 9cm and a depth of 45cm on the relatively humid ground, placing a water collector in the center of the bottom of the pit, and hanging an arc-shaped plastic film on the surface of the pit. Light energy raises the temperature of moist soil and air in the pit, and evaporates to produce water vapor, which condenses into water droplets when contacting with plastic film and slides down into the vessel.

4. how to identify the direction in the wild?

When traveling in the Shan Ye, you will often get lost. At this time, you should not panic, but calm down and use some features in nature to identify the direction:

Shadow Bell Method: on a flat land, vertically place a vertical trunk more than 1 meter long. Indicate the location of the shadow, mark the top with stones or sticks (A in the figure), and then mark the new projection position of the top of the trunk on the ground after a)15 minutes (B in the figure). The connection between two points will give you the east-west direction-the west is marked first. The north-south direction is straight with the connecting line. This method is suitable for any latitude and longitude area, at any time of the day, as long as there is sunshine. It can be used to detect the direction of your movement.

notation: traditional watches have an hour hand and a minute hand, which can be used to determine the direction, provided that it indicates the exact local time. The farther away from the equator, the more reliable this method will be. Put the watch horizontally, the hour hand points to the sun, and the bisector of the angle between the hour hand and the 12 o'clock scale indicates the north-south direction.

simple compass: a piece of iron wire (sewing needle is enough) rubs against silk repeatedly in the same direction, which will produce magnetism and can indicate the North Pole when hung.

plant method: if you get lost on a cloudy day, you can know your orientation by the growth state of moss on trees or stones. As far as trees are concerned, the direction in which leaves flourish is the south. If trees are cut, the side with wider annual rings is the south.

5. judging the time in the wild

what should you do if you want to know the time without a clock in the wild? According to the basic knowledge of the rotation of the earth and the revolution of the moon, the correct time can be judged by the movement of the sun during the day and the movement of the moon at night, but it is related to the season, latitude and longitude, so it is not very accurate.

if you carry a compass or compass, you can set a match in the center of the compass or compass, turn the compass or compass pointer to the direction due north and south, and observe the direction of the shadow of the match stick. The shadow of the stick points to the west (W) in the morning, the shadow of the stick points to the east (E) in the afternoon, and the shadow of the stick points to the north (N) in the noon. According to the moving track of the stick shadow, you can tell from 6 am to 6 pm.

You can also make your own simple sundial: use two pieces of cardboard, place them according to the complementary angle of local latitude, draw a dial clockwise from 1 to 24 on the top piece of cardboard, and insert the needle in the center of the dial. When placing the sundial, the dial should face north. In March-September, the dial can be placed according to the above method. In October-February, the needle should be inserted on the upper cardboard from bottom to top and the dial should be drawn counterclockwise on the back.

The moon can be used to tell the time at night. It takes about 12 hours for the moon to turn from east to west, with an average rotation of about 15 degrees per hour, which can be combined with the observation time of the moon phase and the position of the moon at that time.

According to the movement of the stars, the simplest method is to draw an imaginary straight line from Polaris to the star at the bottom of the concave edge of Cubs. Imagine that this line represents the hands of clocks and watches, and the position of Polaris is the center of the dial, so you can measure the time like a 12-digit clock. This requires you to observe the stars often in combination with the clock time when the night sky is clear, remember the position, and get familiar with it when using.

6. Pay attention to eating wild plants

1) Identification of edible wild plants: edible wild plants include edible wild fruits, wild vegetables, algae, lichens, mushrooms, etc. The identification of edible wild plants is the main content of field survival knowledge, which has important practical significance. China has a vast territory, and the climate in cold, warm and hot zones is perfect, and most of them belong to warm zones, which are suitable for the growth of various plants, of which about 2 are edible. Wild plants have high nutritional value and contain many vitamins. The biggest problem of eating wild plants is how to distinguish poison from non-poison. There is the simplest way to cut a hole in the collected plants, put a pinch of salt in it, and then carefully observe whether the hole is discolored. Usually, discolored plants cannot be eaten.

2) Wild fruits: China is vast in territory and abundant in natural resources, and there are many edible wild fruits growing in Shan Ye bushes in the north and south. Such as: Myrtle growing in evergreen broad-leaved shrubs in low hills, Prunus armeniaca and Elaeagnus Elaeagnus in deciduous shrubs in mountainous areas, Rosa rugosa in deciduous shrubs in limestone mountainous areas, Hippophae rhamnoides, Vitex negundo and Prunus davidiana in deciduous shrubs in river valleys, and Prunus davidiana, Prunus davidiana, Actinidia chinensis, Vinegar, Tangli and nuts. These can be eaten raw in summer and autumn. If you have no experience in identifying edible wild fruits, you can carefully observe which wild fruits and dried fruits birds and monkeys choose as food. Generally speaking, these foods are harmless to the human body.

3) The processing method of edible wild vegetables is very important, and the main purpose of processing is to detoxify and deodorize. How to eat wild vegetables is raw, directly fried or steamed, and can also be boiled and soaked.

Mushrooms: Mushrooms are widely distributed in China, and they are a kind of favorite food. Usually eaten are: mushrooms, straw mushrooms, Tricholoma, Hericium erinaceus and so on.

Mushrooms are usually eaten by frying or making soup, or by roasting with fire and dipping in salt, which has a unique flavor.

Pay special attention to identifying poisonous mushrooms when eating mushrooms. There are several opinions about distinguishing poisonous mushrooms from edible mushrooms, such as:

(1) Poisonous mushrooms have various colors and are beautiful; Non-toxic mushrooms are mostly white or brown.

(2) There are sarcomas on the cap, rings on the stalk and volva's toxicity; On the contrary, it is non-toxic.

(3) poisonous mushrooms are easy to change color after being collected; Non-toxic mushrooms are different and not easy to change color. Poisonous mushrooms mostly grow in dirty and humid places with rich organic matter; Non-toxic mushrooms are mostly born in cleaner places.

(4) Most poisonous mushrooms are soft and juicy; Non-toxic mushrooms are denser and more fragile.

(5) The juice of poisonous mushrooms is turbid like milk; Non-toxic mushrooms are clear as water.

(6) poisonous mushrooms taste bitter and bitter; Non-toxic mushrooms are very delicious

When cooking mushrooms, put rushes in the pot and cook them together. After cooking, if rushes turn turquoise, it proves toxic. If it is yellow, it is non-toxic.

There are other things: when cooking mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms can make silverware black. If milk is added, the milk will solidify immediately, and if it is put in onions, the onions will turn blue or brown.

But the distinction between poisonous mushrooms and non-toxic mushrooms requires not only the above knowledge, but also practical experience. Inexperienced people had better know some poisonous mushrooms that are toxic and easy to find, remember their characteristics, and if you see other mushrooms with these characteristics, don't eat them, so you will be poisoned by eating by mistake.

7. Common sense of crossing the river

Rivers are obstacles often encountered in outdoor activities, and some rivers pass slowly and are crystal clear; Some are fast-flowing. How do you wade across the river? First of all, you should make a "reconnaissance" of the river, so as to be aware of it.

first, understand the depth and velocity of the river and the structure of the river bottom. After careful observation, determine the location and method of crossing the river.

To wade across the river, you should choose a place where the river is shallow, the water flow is gentle, and there are no reefs, undercurrents and eddies. If the water depth is waist deep and the water flow speed exceeds the rapids of 4 meters per second, don't wade across the river unprotected. When wading across the river, you should wear shoes to avoid the sharp stones at the bottom of the river from cutting your feet, and at the same time, you can keep a better balance. If the bottom of the river is muddy, you should take off your shoes and socks and cross the river barefoot.

Rivers in mountainous areas are usually fast-flowing, with low water temperature and uneven riverbed, so they should be properly protected when crossing.

Hold a bamboo pole, tent pole, branches, etc. in the upstream direction of the water; Tie a protective rope around your waist to avoid danger if you fall or be washed down by water. Stretch a rope on stones or trees on both sides of the river, and people involved in crossing the river will grab the rope by hand or hang the safety belt on the rope through a noose and an iron lock; Set up a protected rope on both sides of the river to cross the river. When crossing the river in groups, two people, three people and four people should move across the river in the upstream direction.

When crossing a glacier in winter, you should take off your cotton-padded clothes and shoes, and put them on immediately after crossing the river. You should be careful not to wear cotton-padded clothes and shoes when crossing the river, which will easily lead to frostbite and temperature loss after getting wet.

When encountering a large river, don't wade easily. You can use local materials to make floating tools, such as bamboo rafts, rafts or simple life jackets.

when crossing a glacier, it is best to cross it in the morning, because the main source of river water is formed by melting glaciers, and the temperature is low at night, and the melting amount is small. In the morning, the river water is shallowest, so it is easy to cross the river.

8. Measures after getting lost

★ In fact, when you find yourself lost, you are usually no more than 2 minutes away from the original path. At this time, don't worry, let alone shout and run around. You should calm down, carefully recall the reference objects such as springs, rocks, trees, streams, caves, peaks, forks and so on that you have just passed, and then look for your footprints with your own memory and return to the original route.

★ A feasible way is to immediately analyze the mountain trend and the geographical and geomorphic environment, then judge whether there are wild animals and find the traces they have passed, and walk out of the danger along the "animal path", but you must be very alert to avoid being attacked by wild animals or hurt by traps and traps set by hunters. Generally speaking, there will be animal paths on the saddle or ridge.

★ No matter in the forest covered by trees or on the hillside covered with grass, you can't find a way out at all when you look down and look closely. Only when you look far away and see dozens of meters away, you can vaguely see the trace of a grass branch, a grass leaf and a leaf back turning slightly, and then you can tell the way out after comparing it from far to near, from near to far, and from far to far.

★ Try to go back to the mountain where there was a tourist mountain road. Even if you have reached the bottom and are very tired, you should bite your teeth and climb up. Don't be lazy, and don't take chances to try another way.

★ If you can't find the mountain that used to have a tourist trail, try to find a stream and follow it. Under normal circumstances, the stream will lead you out sooner or later. When you encounter a waterfall, you should try to bypass it and continue along the stream.

★ If there is no stream in the mountain, what you should do is still try to climb a higher hill. Identify the general direction and orientation according to the sun or distant reference objects (such as villages, reservoirs and highways), and select a target hill with appropriate distance and easy identification in this direction to advance towards the target hill.

★ If there are many people, consider dividing the staff into two groups. One group stayed at the top of the mountain, while the other group went down the mountain and headed for another hill with a good direction. People who go down the mountain should always look back and ask those who stay at the top of the mountain for their opinions on their direction. If they deviate from the right direction, people at the top of the mountain should remind them to correct their mistakes with sounds or gestures. When the climbers climb another hill, they will direct the people who stayed at the top of the mountain to go down the hill. In this way, use "pick up"