I read Xu Xiake's travel notes and typed 600 words.

Xu Xiake's Travels is the representative work of Xu Xiake, a great geographer and traveler in Ming Dynasty in China. It is a true record of his lifelong efforts in sightseeing and geographical investigation. It has high scientific value and is highly appreciated by scholars and readers at home and abroad. Unfortunately, this great scientific work has not been completely preserved, because when Xu Xiake was alive, before he died of serious illness, his travel notes were not sorted out, leaving only some unorganized manuscripts. At that time, the society was in turmoil at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and the manuscript suffered many twists and turns and was seriously lost. Although it was collected by its descendants and relatives and friends and saved it from extinction, it is already a remnant. In addition, there are many errors and deletions due to copying. The Travels of Xu Xiake handed down at present is quite different from the original work, which brings us some difficulties in studying Xu Xiake and his achievements.

Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West is the main part of Xu Xiake's travel notes. This was recently discovered in Beijing Library by Mr. Wu Yingshou from the Historical Geography Research Office of the History Department of Fudan University. Although incomplete, it is extremely precious historical materials.

Many people discussed the scientific value and literary achievements of Xu Xiake's travel notes. This paper only talks about the origin and relationship of these two works and the position and role of Xu Xiake and The Journey to the West in academic research, so as to teach comrades.

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It is not easy for Xu Xiake's travel notes to be written and spread to this day. It has experienced a series of twists and turns, and many people have made valuable contributions and efforts for the dissemination and publication of this book. Shortly after Xu Xiake's death, his old friend Qian (Muzhai) wrote to Xu Xiake's consanguineous brothers, saying: "Mr. Wang has visited all the records, and the real words, generation notes and strange words in this world have not been properly destroyed. My dear friend should hurry to compile them, and those who have done good deeds will be awarded to Ziqi, not only because Shaq's spirit has not been polished, but also because this book is indispensable in the world. " Later, Qian wrote to Mao, a calligrapher, hoping that he could carve "the last few" travel notes and spread them widely. It can be seen that Xu Xiake's travel notes have been valued and cherished by his contemporaries from the beginning.

According to historical documents, Xu Xiake's travel notes have the following versions, which have been handed down all over the world. The earliest first book was Jiben (Ji Meng's Liang Ben). In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (AD 1642), Xu Xiake's in-laws Ji (Hui Ming) was entrusted to sew and sort out the travel notes with his friends, sort them in volumes, sort them out before and after, and bind them into a book. Unfortunately, however, in the second year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1645), when the Qing army went south, Jiangyin, Xu Xiake's hometown, was slaughtered, Xia Ke's eldest son was killed, all the original travel notes were burned in the fire, and the collation of Ji was lost. Although it was re-collected by Jijia, it still lacks Travel Notes of Yunnan and Taihua's Visit to Yandong Panjiang.

Today, The Journey to the West, a guest of Xu Xiake discovered by Mr. Wu, is considered as the remaining part of Ji Ben. The five volumes of the book only record the travel notes from September 19th in the 9th year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1636) to March 27th in the 11th year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1638), namely, Travel Notes of Zhejiang, Travel Notes of Jiangyou, Travel Notes of Chu and Journey to the West in Guangdong. Although it is called Journey to the West, there is no diary about Guizhou and Yunnan. The first volume contains the inscription of the 15th year of Ji Chongzhen (AD 1642), and each volume is marked: "My friend Ji Jiang proofreads Ming Fu". About its origin, Mr. Wu Yingshou had a detailed textual research. He thought that Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West was "only a few copies left" engraved by Mao Zijin, a famous bibliophile recommended by Qian in the late Ming Dynasty. The time is about the end of the eighth year to the sixteenth year of Shunzhi. According to Zhu's introduction in the book, the book has been collected by bibliophiles, engravers and scholars such as Qijiage, Liujiayetang. After liberation, Liu Yetang transferred this book to Beijing Library. (2) This analysis is very reasonable. As for Shi Mao's travel notes, we think there are two reasons: first, the social unrest at that time made it difficult to publish them; Second, because there are many records about political situation, class struggle and people's life in the book, it is not good for the ruling class and dare not publish it. The latter is the main reason.

The second book of Xu Xiake's travels is Li Ben.

It turned out that two years after Shunzhi, when Ji collected and sorted out his travel notes again, he pointed out: "This complete collection is only Yichang, and Cao Youzhi. At the beginning, Jun Fu was also comfortable, and Mu Xiake was so high that he heard about his death. SPS = 0347 & gt I also asked to sort out the suicide note. The child handed it in the manuscript and it took more than a year to return it. Today, its complete works must be preserved and can be easily obtained by visiting. " However, due to various reasons, Ji failed to complete this task. Li Ji (Li Jie), the son of a chivalrous man, has a paternal style all his life and is good at visiting. He felt that the book was incomplete. After many inquiries and painstaking visits, he finally got Cao Shi's copied travel notes at Shilong. However, it was found that Cao Shi's transcript had been erased by Shi's smear, and many words were corrupted. In order to restore the original appearance of this travel book, he "re-invited the original, extracted the original Cao Shi from the Japanese shadow, and matched it with the seasonal school, but the historical book was not passed on, just a preface". (4) According to Chen Hong's textual research, the first volume of Cao Shi's "The First Trip to Yunnan" only contains a brief account of Taihua Yan Cave. (5) Therefore, Li Ben still failed to make up for the shortcomings of Jiben.

In the 42nd year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1703), xi Youpu prefaced the Travels of Xu Xiake, and thought that although Li Ben still had some shortcomings, he returned to Kunshan after breaking the jade, which was both a sinking pearl and a Hepu. ⑥ Chen Hong thinks that Li Ben is the "father of various schools of thought". These comments are in line with the actual situation, because not only Cao Linyi's travel notes were obtained, but also the achievements of Ji (referring to the second collation) were used to make Xu Xiake's Travel Notes the first relatively complete work, which was mistaken for the original by later generations. Although it has been lost, we can't see it. However, there are many manuscripts of Xu Xiake's travel, most of which are recorded from, among which Yang Ben is the most famous. Today, there is a special collection of rare books in Beijing Library, which contains ten volumes of Yang's * * * Old Books, divided into twelve volumes and twenty-five articles, which can be said to be the earliest travel notes of Xu Xiake handed down from generation to generation. Subsequently, Chen Hong collected many manuscripts of Yang and others for proofreading, making them more perfect.

In September of the forty-first year of Qianlong (AD 1776), Sun Xuzhen, Xu Xiake's family, edited Li Ben again. He said: Since the advent of Li Ben, "biographies have been widely circulated and there have been many mistakes.

In the 13th year of Jiaqing (A.D. 1808), the book collector Ye Tingjia () published, supplemented and reprinted Xu's engraving. In the preface, he wrote: "In the winter of the eleventh year of Jiaqing, the Xu family in the western regions returned with the calligraphy board. ..... Tossing and turning, there are many rotten moths. It was recorded by and adapted from Chen's school. With Xu Ben, it is cautious.

According to our investigation, Ye Ben is actually a copy of Xu Ben. Except for the addendum, the text and external version are exactly the same as those of Xu Ben.

After the publication of Ye version of Xu Xiake's Travels, it was widely circulated in the society. Later, there were more than a dozen editions (including Interpretation and Typography), all of which were based on Ye's edition.

At present, Xu Xiake's travel notes are mainly 1928 Ding Wenjiang's big-character poster edition and 1934' s Basic Series of Chinese Studies. The former was printed during the Xianfeng period, and a small portrait of Xu Xiake was added in front of it. At the beginning of the book, Pan Zeng's Preface to Xu Xiake's Travel Notes in the Early Qing Dynasty (contained in Volume 7 of Tang Ji in the Early Sui Dynasty) was engraved. Shi Ding also wrote a yearbook for Xu Xiake, printed together with his travel notes, and asked someone to draw 36 pictures according to Xu Xiake's travel route as a supplement. In addition, Shi Ding recorded it completely from Qing Shan Tang Tie and included it in the fifth part of Volume 20 of Family Series. Therefore, Ding Ben has been welcomed by readers.

To sum up, Xu Xiake's travel notes have long been lost. Over the past 300 years, after repeated copying, proofreading, revision and engraving by many scholars, various manuscripts, school-based and printed copies have been produced. Among them, the most important ones are Ji Ben, Li Ben, Yang Ben, Xu Ben and Ye Ben. "Collected Books" is only part of Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West, but Li Ben didn't pass it down. Although Yang Ben, Xu Ben and Ye Ben exist in the world, they have never seen the original manuscript and the earliest collating edition-Jiben. Because mistakes are easy to make when copying, proofreading lacks the basis of the original manuscript, and in order to show their profound knowledge and refined words, some copywriters or proofreaders often mystify, add, delete and edit Xu Xiake's Travels at will, which leads to a great discrepancy between Xu Xiake's Travels and the current manuscript. If we only study the preserved Travels of Xu Xiake and its general edition, I am afraid we may not be able to fully, accurately and truly express the whole picture of the author's thoughts and achievements.

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On the scientific value of Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West, Mr. Wu Yingshou made an incisive exposition in the article Xu Xiake and His Travels, which is helpful for studying Xu Xiake's thoughts and achievements. Next, we would like to add some points about the position and role of Xu Xiake and The Journey to the West in academic research.

First, Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West is the remnant of the seasonal edition. Since it was collected by Shi Mao Jiguge in Shunzhi period, it has changed owners many times, but it has never been circulated in the society because it is regarded as a rare book by bibliophiles and is not engraved. For more than 300 years, people who organize travel notes have never used them except Li Ji. Therefore, it is the most original data for us to study Xu Xiake today. From the text, Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West is closer to the original appearance than the existing books. Qian Ceng wrote in Entrusting Xu's Travel Notes: The original travel notes were "honest and frank in character, without ornamentation, but also trivial in rice and salt, such as account books A and B". Participating in Xu Xiake's Journey to the West is completely in line with this situation, which can help us more truly reflect Xu Xiake's ideological quality and travel inspection. This is a very precious document.

Secondly, according to our preliminary statistics, it is found that the number of characters of Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West greatly exceeds the existing Xu Xiake's travel notes (including manuscripts, woodcuts and printed copies). Xu Xiake's travel time (1September 1999 19 to1March 27, 2007) * * * More than 7 months a year, 57 1 day. Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West has only 72 days, while the existing Xu Xiake's travel notes have 189 days. Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West has more than 220,000 words, while Xu Xiake's Travels has only120,000 words. The former is almost100000 words more than the latter. In his inscription, Ji said: The chivalrous man "should remember every day" during his journey. Therefore, Xu Xiake's Journey to the West is the most complete work to record Xu Xiake's trip to the southwest, and its position and value in academic research are self-evident.

Thirdly, Xu Xiake's Journey to the West is an important part of Xu Xiake's Travels, which mainly records Xu Xiake's investigation of limestone landforms in Hunan and Guangxi provinces. We carefully read Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West and proofread it with the existing Travels of Xu Xiake and its general edition. We think that the existing Xu Xiake's travel notes are not as concrete, vivid and true as the newly discovered Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West in limestone landforms, which can better explain the truth of the matter and fully reflect Xu Xiake's outstanding contribution in geography. Here are some examples.

(1) Southern Hunan is a Tertiary red rock with many vertical joints, which often forms cliff peaks, caves and Liang Shi. In the tenth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1637), Xu Xiake wrote when describing this landform feature in the The Journey to the West: "Since Xianyan is connected to the east, the mountain is not very high, and all the stone cliffs are spread out, piled up into valleys, or surrounded on three sides." SPS = 0834 & gt people, or two pairs of people stacked like doors, or people with high rock strata, or people with holes, are often. "In the existing Travels of Xu Xiake and the current version, it is changed to:" Since I met Xianyan, the mountain is not so high, and it is all piled up with stone cliffs.

(2) "Xu Xiake's Journey to the West" wrote on the second day of April in Chongzhen ten years: "From Lengshuiwan, the mountains are wide and the eyes are wide, and the rivers are on both sides.

(3) On May 26, the tenth year of Chongzhen, Xu Xiake The Journey to the West described the scouring effect of Lijiang River on Huashan Mountain, saying: "The mountain is gnawed, half of it becomes a cliff, and the veins are green, and the stone is Huang Honglan white, and the variegated colors are intertwined." In the Travels of Xu Xiake and the current edition, the above sentence is simplified as "The stone is wrong." This greatly damaged the meaning of the manuscript.

(4) Journey to the West by Xu Xiake On July 23rd, the tenth year of Chongzhen, when Xu Xiake swam to Baishishan, Zhou Xun (now Guiping County, Guangxi), he wrote: "I said that boiling silence in spring has its own rules. Monks wait for spring, ringing bells and drums, not the smell of spring, but also boiling silence!" This corrects the idealistic statement recorded in "Xi Twelve" and "Baiyue Custom Records": "There is Shu Yuquan in the north of the mountain, and when you hear the bells and drums in the temple, you will be silent." The chivalrous man's on-the-spot investigation proved that his view was correct, because the monks in the temple didn't know the name Shuyu at all. However, in Xu Xiake's Travels and its general edition, the above paragraphs were deleted, obliterating Xu Xiake's scientific attitude and materialistic spirit.

Fourthly, Xu Xiake's The Journey to the West also recorded a lot of information about social economy and class struggle at that time, which was valuable information for studying the society in the late Ming Dynasty, and these were deleted by later generations for no reason. For example, in the ninth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1636), the residents of Yutang in Guixi, Jiangxi Province made a record of making coarse paper, and on February 27th of the same year, the residents of Jiwu 'an Village in Jiangxi Province made a record of fishing, and the tenth year of Chongzhen 1 month 19, Youxian County, Hunan Province. And the records of tin production in Shangbao City, Leiyang County, Hunan Province on April 13, Liuzhou River in Guangxi on June 20, human trafficking in Zhenyuan area on June 2010, silver production and tin production in Nandan area of Hechi in March of Chongzhen 11th year, etc. , in the existing Xu Xiake's various travel notes and his biography are gone. There are many such examples, so I won't list them here.

Finally, it must be pointed out that Xu Xiake's inscription on The Journey to the West Zhongji may have been deleted by later generations. To illustrate the problem, the full text is copied as follows:

"Chongzhen Bingziqiu and Xiake traveled overseas. Don't go with < SPS = 0553 & gt, it will take five years to go back, and it's useless to go back. Hehe < SPS = 0396 & gt If you look back, Zhang Hai's dance steps are terrible, now you must lie down and swim. In my spare time, I just lie in bed and read, and I work tirelessly every night. I published a Chinese manuscript to show that I said,' I will remember it for the rest of my life, but I am scattered and confused, so I sorted it out for me.' I'm not sensitive to gratitude. Shaq insisted on giving me more, but Yu Fang wanted to let go. After a while, Shaq traveled all day. Xiake's business is over. Xiake's business is not over yet. Later, Ji Jin was taken away by Mr. Zhong Wang, and I said I could thank him for it. As a loyal minister in Fuzhou, he still urged Mr. Tsukiji to bring him back. Mr. Tsukiji came back and said to Yu,' Without my teacher, you can't realize your ambition. Take a look at the beginning. Once you are loyal to your hand, briefly describe it. I read it again, but there are still many blanks. I read it again and again. SPS = 1504 & gt； Legacy, make up for loyalty without making up for it. Due to the diversity of places, it was recorded as a series. Once the celebrity is deleted, it is to pay the immortal. Xia Keyu dared not call him a bosom friend for thousands of years, and he should meet him at the moment. Ji Meng Liang, a friend and brother of the twelfth lunar month, finished recording his knowledge. "

It is reported that the recorded inscription is only for Xu Xiake's trip to the southwest in the ninth year of Chongzhen (Bingzi, 1636), and it seems that it does not include the travel notes of famous mountains. Was it obviously impossible to lose the Travels of Ji Mingshan when it was sorted out in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (Renwu, 1642), because there was no war in Jiangyin shortly after Shaq's death? It was probably lost when Zhong Wang was dealing with travel notes, so Ji should "double it"

In a word, Xu Xiake's discovery of The Journey to the West is a great event in China academic circles. Mr. Wu Yingshou compiled his notes, which will be published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House soon. We earnestly hope that this precious historical material, which has not been obtained for many years, will come out as soon as possible and make its own contribution to the modern four generations of the motherland.