Guidelines for Hakka enclosed houses

6 Hakka Tour Guide Words

As a tour guide who specializes in providing quality services to tourists, he often has to prepare guide words. Narrative written for oral presentation. So the question is, how should we write the tour guide words? The following is a guide to the Hakka enclosed houses that I have collected. I hope it will be helpful to everyone.

Hakka Enclosed House Guide 1

Ganzhou, referred to as "Qian", also known as "Qian City", also known as "Southern Gansu", is one of the seventy large and medium-sized cities in China. , located in the south of Jiangxi Province, is the southern gate of Jiangxi Province. It is the prefecture-level city with the largest area, population and counties and cities under its jurisdiction in Jiangxi Province. Ganzhou is a provincial sub-central city in Jiangxi Province. It has three national-level economic and technological development zones and the only comprehensive bonded zone in the province. Ganzhou is a regional modern central city that is the world's rare metal industry base and advanced manufacturing base, a red cultural inheritance and innovation zone, a famous red tourist destination, a regional comprehensive transportation joint, and a thoroughfare for the four provinces of Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Hunan. Ganzhou has a long history, with a history of more than 2,200 years. It is a national historical and cultural city. It has the reputation of being the first city in the thousand-mile Ganjiang River, the world's tungsten capital, the kingdom of rare earths, and the birthplace of Kanyu culture. In June 20xx, the State Council officially issued the "Opinions of the State Council on Supporting the Revitalization and Growth of the Former Central Soviet Areas such as Southern Jiangxi", aiming to fully promote the comprehensive revitalization of the former Central Soviet Areas such as southern Jiangxi and other areas.

Gannan is one of the three largest Hakka settlements in the world. The Hakka people have five great migrations, the first of which mainly went to Jiujiang and Ji'an in Jiangxi; the second went to Ganzhou in Jiangxi and Tingzhou in Fujian. Ganzhou is the birthplace of the Hakka ethnic group and one of the main settlement areas of the Hakka people. The Hakka population in Ganzhou accounts for more than 95% of Ganzhou City, and it is known as the "cradle of Hakkas". According to statistics, there are more than 200,000 Hakkas from southern Jiangxi in Hong Kong, Taiwan and overseas. Among them, overseas Chinese are distributed in more than 20 countries and regions in Southeast Asia, Japan, Canada, Australia, and the United States. There are still more than 600 Hakka enclosed houses in Ganzhou. The most complete and representative ones so far include Guanxi Xinwei in Longnan, Yanyiwei and Dongshengwei in Anyuan. Ganzhou has a Hakka Cultural City and many ancient Hakka villages such as Bailu Village. There are also many gentlemen among the Hakkas from southern Jiangxi, such as Zhong Shaojing, the first prime minister of Jiangnan, Qi Wuqian, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chen Shu, a famous doctor in the Northern Song Dynasty, Zeng Ji, a poet in the Song Dynasty, Wei Xi, an essayist, Xu Sizhuang, a calligrapher and a painter, Luo Mu, and Sun Yat-sen. The ancestor Sun Pian and the modern economist Guo Dali and so on. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the Hakka people in southern Jiangxi also produced a large number of generals, such as Gu Bai, Xiao Hua, etc. Xingguo County, where 54 generals took place, is known as "General County". Hakka enclosed houses guide 2

Gannan enclosed houses were created in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. There are still more than 500 of them in existence today, mainly distributed in Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan, Xinfeng, Anyuan, and Xunwu .

Gannan is known in history as "promoting Baiyue in the south, looking at Zhongzhou in the north, based on the key points of Wuling, and controlling the key points of Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Hunan." Therefore, a county government was established during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and it was established by the end of the Han Dynasty. There are government-level administrative agencies. During the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains was in decline and chaos. Southern Jiangxi was relatively remote and quiet due to its vast territory and sparse population. Therefore, it became an ideal place for those fleeing the chaos. A large number of refugees from the Central Plains flocked to Southern Jiangxi. By the early Northern Song Dynasty, the population had increased tenfold. , foreign immigrants far exceeded the original indigenous residents, thus greatly changing the composition and cultural traditional structure of the residents at that time. Therefore, in this specific historical and geographical environment, a new special ethnic group was slowly bred. ——Hakka. At the same time and thereafter, the Hakka ancestors or Hakkas who moved from the Central Plains to southern Jiangxi continued to migrate to western Fujian and eastern Guangdong. Southern Jiangxi was established as a county and state much earlier than the western Fujian and eastern Guangdong areas where Hakka people live. In the Qin Dynasty, there was Nanshu County (in today's Nankang or Dayu County).

According to "Huainanzi", in order to unify the southern border of the motherland, Qin Shihuang ordered General Tu Ju to lead an army of 500,000 people and march into Baiyue in five routes. After success, he left "one army to defend the south" The boundary of the villa". This is the earliest record in history books of Han people from the Central Plains entering southern Jiangxi. This is the origin and predecessor of the Hakka. In the subsequent historical evolution, the Hakka formed a unique community among the residents of southern Gansu, and the enclosed houses in southern Gansu formed a unique cultural landscape of Hakka residences. According to Wan Younan's investigation and research: Enclosed house, as the name suggests, is an enclosed house. Its outer wall is not only the load-bearing outer wall of the enclosed house, but also the defensive wall of the entire enclosed house. There are many inscriptions on the forehead of its gates such as "Pan'an Wei" and "Longguang Wei". Hakka Enclosed House Guide 3

From the Jin Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to wars, the Han people in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin were forced to move south. After five major southward migrations, they settled in Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi in the south. , Hong Kong, New Territories and other places. Because they left their homeland in the Central Plains, these Han people who migrated south have always called themselves "Ke", which means guests living in a foreign land. Therefore, there is a saying that "whenever you encounter a mountain, there will always be guests, and every guest will stay in the mountain." In ancient times, when local residents registered these immigrants, they also registered them as "hakka" and called them "customers" and "Hakka". This is the origin of the name Hakka. In order to prevent the intrusion of foreign enemies and wild beasts, most Hakka people live together in groups, forming Weilong House, Zouma House, Wufeng House, Shiwei House, Four Corners House, etc. Among them, Weilong House has the most surviving and most famous buildings, and is the Hakka building. The concentrated expression of culture.

House enclosure began in the Tang and Song Dynasties and became popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The Hakka people use the most advanced traditional construction techniques in the Central Plains, which combine the beam-lifting style and the bucket-through style. They choose hilly areas or slopes to build dragon houses. The main structure is "one entrance, three halls, two rooms and one enclosure". Most of their residences are in remote and remote mountainous areas. In order to prevent harassment by thieves and crowding out by local people, they built camp-style houses in two forms: one: brick and tile structure. 2: Special adobe structure: Mix lime into the soil, use glutinous rice and egg white as the viscous agent, use bamboo slices and wooden strips as the bones and muscles, and build an earth building with a wall thickness of 1 meter and a height of more than 15 meters. 3. Granite strip structure (such as Longguangwei, Longnan, Jiangxi). Ordinary Weilong houses cover an area of ??8 or 10 acres, while large Weilong houses cover an area of ??more than 30 acres. It often takes five or ten years to build a complete Weilong house, and some even take longer. A dragon house is a huge Hakka fortress. There are multiple bedrooms, kitchens, large and small halls, wells, pig pens, chicken coops, toilets, warehouses and other living facilities in the house, forming a self-sufficient and contented social group.

Meizhou, Shenzhen, Huizhou, Heyuan in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, Longyan in Fujian, and the New Territories of Hong Kong are one of the main areas where Hakka people live together. Hakka enclosed houses, the traditional residence of the Hakka people, are mainly distributed in eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, southern Jiangxi, the Dongjiang River Basin and Shenzhen, Hong Kong and other places around the Pearl River Estuary. They are rich and colorful in form, and are precious historical and cultural objects. heritage. Hakka enclosed houses in Guangdong and Hong Kong can be roughly divided into 15 types, among which the dragon-style enclosed houses, castle-style Hakka enclosed houses, Shenzhen watchtowers and four-corner buildings are the most distinctive. Guide to Hakka Enclosed Houses 4

The enclosed houses in southern Gansu constitute a unique cultural landscape of Hakka residences. According to Wan Younan's investigation and research: Enclosed house, as the name suggests, is an enclosed house. Its outer wall is not only the load-bearing outer wall of the enclosed house, but also the defensive wall of the entire enclosed house. There are many inscriptions on the forehead of its gates such as Pan'anwei, Yanyiwei, Longguangwei and so on. Gannan enclosed houses were produced in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and there are still more than 500 of them, mainly distributed in Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan, Xinfeng, Anyuan and Xunwu. The largest one covers an area of ??more than 10,000 square meters, while the largest Longnan Liyuan covers an area of ??37,000 square meters, and the smaller one covers an area of ??50 to 60 square meters. From the plane, it can be divided into two categories: mouth and national characters. Most of them are square in shape, but some are round, semi-circular and irregular in shape. The structural forms include those constructed of Sanhe soil and river pebbles, as well as those made of blue bricks and strips of stone. The most representative surviving enclosed houses include Xinwei in Guanxi, Longnan, Yanyiwei in Yangcun, Longguangwei in Taojiang, Dongshengwei in Anyuan Town, Tianxinwei in Egong, Dingnan, etc.

The enclosed house in southern Gansu is an ancient, sturdy dwelling that integrates a temple, a home, and a fort, and has well-known defensive features. The outer wall of the enclosure is 1 meter thick (the Yanyi enclosure wall is 145 meters thick) and is three or four stories high. There are various bunkers protruding outward and upward at the four corners. In order to eliminate blind spots, some small cantilevered single bunkers are added to the bunkers. There are rows of gun holes and blast holes on the roof floor. The door wall is particularly thick, the door frames are made of huge stones, and the thick board door is also covered with nailed iron sheets. There is usually a gate behind the board door, and there is also a heavy toilet door behind the gate. The top of the door is also equipped with a leak to prevent fire attack. Except for a few large enclosures, there is usually only one gate. Most of the houses with enclosed roofs were used for war purposes, and the inner 2/3 of the wall was used as a circular sandwiched wall corridor to facilitate the movement of time-occupied personnel. There are wells dug in the enclosed houses, and there are often storage rooms for grain and grass. Some of them are divided with ferns, or mixed with glutinous rice flour, brown sugar, and egg white to paint the walls. If you are short of food for a long time, you can peel it off to satisfy your hunger.

Most of the enclosed houses in southern Gansu are square, with strong watchtowers built at the four corners (a few are at two symmetrical corners). The outer wall is a solid enclosure with holes for guns and gunshot holes. The appearance is stern and cold, impregnable. Obviously, its image is very similar to the Mingqiwu Fort in the Guangzhou tomb and the gate tower of General Sun of the Eastern Wu Dynasty unearthed in Ezhou.

Whether the Gannan enclosed house is as small as a cat cabinet with only three bays on one side or as large as the Guanxi Xinwei covering an area of ??more than 11 acres, it also has a solid defensive function and the affinity of clan living. , Fangwei is surrounded by simple enclosed houses, usually two or three stories, some with as many as four stories, with cantilevered verandah structures. The larger enclosure also has an ancestral hall inside; the larger one is a multi-story enclosure. The outer walls of the enclosure are mostly solid walls made of river stone, granite, bluestone, and green bricks, and are even as thick as two meters. Internal granaries, wells, sewers, etc. are all available. This kind of besieged building that is easy to defend but difficult to attack is simply an independent kingdom, a small city. Hakka Enclosed House Guide 5

Liyuanwei is the largest enclosed house in southern Jiangxi. It is located in Liren Town, Longnan County, covering an area of ??68 acres. It was first built in the Xinyou Year of Hongzhi and has been in existence for more than 500 years. . The surrounding walls are all made of rubble, and hundreds of private houses are scattered and densely scattered among them. The three fish ponds within the enclosure are arranged side by side to form a lake, with green bamboo and willow shadows scattered along the shore. Although it is a typical Hakka enclosed house, it has the charm of Jiangnan scenery. The residents of Liyuanwei are all surnamed Li, and it is said that they are descendants of Li Qinggong, the general of the Ming Dynasty. General Li followed the famous Confucian general Wang Yangming to lead the army and put down the rebellion. He made outstanding military achievements. After returning home, he used the land he was given to build a fenced house. It is said that the three words "Liyuanwei" were inscribed by Wang Yangming himself.

Liyuanwei is famous for its one ancestral hall and three halls, namely: Ji Jin Ancestral Hall, Lishu Hall, Xinzao Lower Hall and Lishu Lower Hall. Among them, the Ji Jin Ancestral Temple is the main temple of the entire enclosed house. The clan members come here for meetings, weddings, and funerals. The new Zaoxia Hall was completed in the late Jiajing period. Two fifth-grade doctors were born here, and it became the famous "Doctor's Hall" in Liyuanwei. The second fifth-grade doctor, Li Yuhan, was blessed with a great-grandchild when he was 95 years old. The doctor who had "five generations living under the same roof" became a favorite for the first time.

It is said that more than 500 years ago, there was a chestnut forest of hundreds of acres here, called "Chestnut Tree Garden". Dozens of leafy pear trees grow to the west of the chestnut forest, forming a natural pear orchard. People call it the "garden within a garden" within the "chestnut tree garden". One summer, the weather was very hot, and many people in the Li family suffered from lung fever, which could not be cured after a long period of treatment. An old woman passing by told everyone that the pears in the nearby pear orchard were extraordinary. They could clear away heat, detoxify and moisturize the lungs. Digging the roots and boiling water to make ointment could cure diseases. The villagers did as they were told, and they recovered soon after. At this time, the old woman who taught the prescription had disappeared. A wandering Taoist revealed the secret, and it turned out that the old woman was transformed from Lishan Mother to eliminate disasters and diseases for the people. Because too many roots were dug up, the pear grove slowly died. But this "pear garden" remains in the hearts of the Li family. During the expansion of Li Yuan Wai, a "Wei Zhong Wai" was built at the location of the "Li Yuan" and named "Under the Pear Tree". A memorial tablet to Li Shan's mother was also placed in the ancestral hall to express our eternal gratitude to her for her contribution to the Li family. Guidelines for the Help of Hakka Enclosed Houses 6

The main areas where Hakka earth buildings are distributed are several counties and cities in southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong located on the west and east sides of the southern vein of Boping Mountain, especially Hakka and The area where the two major dialects of Minnan dialect meet. Such as Longyan, Hulei, Guzhu, Qiling, Daxi, Hukeng, and Xiayang townships, Kuiyang, Meilin, and Shuyang townships in the northwest of Nanjing, Luxi, Xiazhai, and Hexi in the west of Pinghe , Xiufeng and Jiufeng townships, Xiuzhuan and Guanpi 2 townships in the northwest of Zhao'an, Shuangxi, Fenglang, Taoyuan in the southeast of Dabu, Guanxi in the west of Fengshun, Shangshan and San in the north of Raoping Rao and several other towns. Historically since the Song Dynasty, this has been the dividing line between Tingzhou, Zhangzhou, Meizhou and Chaozhou. So far, it has basically remained unchanged except for very minor analysis. It is very noteworthy that the residents in Tingzhou and Meizhou are known to be Hakkas, and there is Hakka infiltration on the borders of Zhangzhou and Chaozhou.

Among the three types of typical earth buildings, Wufeng buildings are mainly distributed in the three townships of Gaopi, Kanshi and Hulei in Yongding, where there is a large plain area, abundant cultivated land and convenient transportation. It has been a Hakka area rich in grain since ancient times. The cornucopia of smoke, smoke and coal is very different from the general barren scene of "eight mountains, one water and one farm". It should be noted that it is the developed economy here that provides the economic foundation and social status that enabled the construction of Wufeng Tower. At the same time, because it is far away from border conflict areas, the living environment is relatively peaceful. Therefore, the residence emphasizes the order of superiority and inferiority without focusing on defense, and the total number of Wufeng Towers is very small.

Fanglou is mainly distributed in the junction area of ??Longyan, Yongding and Nanjing. Boping Ridge runs through it, and from the Song Dynasty to the present, it is where Ting and Zhangchuan are divided. Square buildings have the largest number among the three types of earth buildings. There are 649 buildings in Gaopi Town, Yongding (including 2 buildings with 6 floors), 1016 buildings in Kanshi Town (including 1 building with 6 floors), Fushi Town statistics are temporarily missing, Hulei Town 609 buildings, Guzhu Township statistics are currently missing, Qiling Township statistics are temporarily missing There are 376 buildings, 155 in Daxi Township, 201 in Hukeng Town (including 6 with 6 floors), and the statistics of Xiayang Town are temporarily missing. There are 34 in Kuiyang Township, Nanjing, 62 in Meilin Township, and 230 in Shuyang Township. Needless to say, the total number of square buildings in Yongding accounts for a dominant proportion. Excluding the scattered towns and villages, there are 3,006 square buildings in six towns and villages. Based on an average of 500, there are 1,500 square buildings in the three townships that are currently missing from the statistics. The total number of square buildings with more than 3 floors in Yongding County exceeds 4,500, which is really an astonishing number.

It should also be pointed out that the owners or builders of all the square buildings mentioned above are almost all Hakkas. The identity of the residents of Shizhong Town, Longyan is unknown, and their common dialect is neither Hakka nor Minnan. However, "the architect of the Shizhong Building came from Jinfeng, Yongding, and his surname was Xiao. He practiced carpentry and settled in Shizhong." Among the 11 towns in Nanjing County, 8 are all Hokkien people. Only Kuiyang, Meilin and Shuyang townships have Hakka and Hokkien people living together, and Fanglou is concentrated in Hakka villages. Yongding is a county where Hakka people live exclusively. The area where Fanglou is located is the transition area from plains to mountain ridges. There is less cultivated land, poor economy, and inconvenient transportation. Banditry and armed fighting have been common in history. Therefore, compared with the Wufeng Tower, the sense of order is obviously weakened and the defensiveness is enhanced.

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