8th grade geography Beijing courseware

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8th grade geography Beijing courseware

Section 1 National Political and Cultural Center-Beijing

first kind

Target ※

Knowledge target

1. Make students understand the geographical location, area and natural environment characteristics of Beijing, and make a brief evaluation of Beijing's geographical location;

2. Make students understand Beijing's historical and cultural traditions and master Beijing's urban functions and future development direction.

capability goal

1. Cultivate students' ability to read pictures and analyze and sort out data;

2. Make students master the basic methods and ideas of understanding a city.

Moral education goal

Through the study of this section, students can deepen their understanding of the long history and profound cultural heritage of the motherland and further cultivate the spirit of patriotism.

Main points ※

1. Beijing's physical and geographical features, historical and cultural traditions and urban functions;

2. The future development direction of Beijing.

Difficulties in teaching ※

1. Evaluation of Beijing's geographical location;

2. Problems and countermeasures in Beijing urban construction.

Teaching method ※

Discussion and heuristic narration.

Preparation of teaching aids ※

Multimedia display stand.

Class arrangement

Textbook analysis

Beijing is the capital of our country, and every citizen of China should know the basic situation of the capital. Besides, Beijing is a megacity. Through the introduction of Beijing, the textbooks enable students to master the basic methods and ideas of understanding a city. Therefore, this part of Beijing plays an important role in this chapter.

This part is divided into three parts: the first part introduces the urban functions and superior natural conditions of Beijing as the capital; The second part introduces the long history and culture of Beijing. The third part describes the future development trend of Beijing. The clue of this textbook is very clear, that is, Beijing's superior geographical location and natural environment largely determine its political function; It is precisely because Beijing has been a political center since ancient times that it has a long history and profound cultural heritage and has become the cultural center of the country. Because Beijing is the capital, it needs to develop further into an international metropolis, and because it is an ancient historical capital, we should pay attention to the preservation of traditional features while developing. Generally speaking, the teaching materials have been developed around three aspects: natural environment-urban function-urban development and construction.

First of all, the textbook introduces the advantages of Beijing as the capital of China in geographical location, foreign relations, topography and other aspects through pictures, written materials and active words, and further verifies that "Beijing is the political and cultural center of the country" through the fact that there are many state organs, overseas institutions and other departments in Beijing and the facilities of cultural institutions are high.

The urban function of Beijing is the political and cultural center of the whole country, which is directly related to the ancient capital. Therefore, in the second part, the textbook introduces the traditional culture of Beijing, including the urban pattern and historical sites. It also puts forward the problem of how to protect the characteristics of the ancient city to pave the way for the future.

The third part introduces the modernization of the ancient city of Beijing. No matter from the perspective of urban construction or economic development, Beijing embodies the flavor of the times. When students have a deeper understanding of Beijing's "tradition" and "modernity", the textbook naturally raises the question of "protection" or "development", which inspires students to think dialectically and comprehensively about the future development direction of Beijing.

Self-study thinking questions:

1. Beijing is located on the northern edge of the plain, with its back facing the mountains and the sea.

Beijing has a climate.

The climate in Beijing is characterized by winter and summer.

Beijing is a country, a center and an international city.

5. It is the seat of NPC Standing Committee, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.

6. It is the largest city square in the world.

7. It is the largest and best-preserved palace complex in the world.

Beijingers began to live here several years ago.

9. Beijing was called for the first time.

10, the old city of Beijing was formed in two generations, with architectural arrangement.

Therefore, the urban pattern is "axis" shaped.

1 1. The dynasties with Beijing as its capital are,,,.

12. The places of interest in Beijing listed in the World Cultural Heritage List are:

teaching process

[introducing new lessons]

In the first book, we have studied the administrative divisions of our country. Please recall how many administrative divisions China has divided. How many are there at the top? What are the categories?

Ask questions and students answer them. (omitted)

Narrator: China has a vast territory. For the sake of economic development and convenient management, * * * has divided three administrative divisions, of which 34 are the highest level. There are 4 municipalities directly under the central government, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions respectively. Then, do you know which of the 34 provincial administrative regions has the most important political status?

Student A: Beijing.

Yes, Beijing. Beijing, for short, is the capital of China people. How much do you know about Beijing? Who has been to Beijing? Raise your hands, please. Ok, let's ask XXX to introduce his understanding of Beijing.

Student introduction. (omitted)

Through the introduction of several students just now, we all have some impressions of Beijing, but they are not comprehensive and systematic. Today, we will learn more about Beijing, the political and cultural center of our country.

Writing on the blackboard: Chapter VI Understanding Provinces and Regions

Section 1 National Political and Cultural Center-Beijing

[teaching new lessons]

The reason why Beijing has become the political and cultural center of the whole country is inseparable from its location, scope and geographical environment.

Student activities: Please read Figure 6. 1 Schematic Diagram of Beijing and Figure 6.3 Geographical Location of Beijing Urban Area and related texts.

Analyze, discuss and answer the following questions: (Typing on the screen)

1. Geographical coordinates of Beijing;

2. Which provinces and regions are adjacent to Beijing?

3. What are the advantages of Beijing's geographical location?

4. What are the characteristics of Beijing and its surrounding terrain?

5. What's the climate in Beijing? What are the characteristics?

6. What are the rivers that flow through Beijing?

7. What are the characteristics of Beijing's external traffic?

Student discussion: (in groups of four) Teachers take part in the tour guide. (According to the time requirement, 1 and 2 groups can be arranged to discuss 1 and 2 issues, and 3 and 4 groups can discuss 3 and 4 issues, etc. )

Ask questions, team representatives will answer them, and team members will supplement them. (omitted)

Ask questions and students answer: ellipsis.

To sum up, Beijing's location advantages are mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1. The latitude position and land and sea position are superior. Beijing is located in the mid-latitude warm temperate zone, inland but not far from the sea, which makes Beijing have a mild climate advantage suitable for urban development.

2. Strategic position is superior. The topography of Beijing determines that it is easy to defend but difficult to attack in wartime, and it is suitable for economic development and urban construction in peacetime.

3. Superior economic position. Beijing is bordered by the energy and raw materials base of China Loess Plateau in the west, Huanghuaihai Plain rich in grain, cotton and oil in the south, and Inner Mongolia Pastoral Area, the largest pastoral area in China, in the north. These areas have laid a solid material foundation for Beijing's economic development, urban construction and people's life.

Transfer: It is precisely because of its superior geographical position that Beijing has been a strategic town in China since ancient times. Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing successively established their capitals here. After the founding of New China, Beijing was established again.

Question: As the capital of a country, what is the most important function of Beijing?

The student replied: a little.

Narrator: (writing on the blackboard) Fourth, Beijing is the political and cultural center of China and an international exchange city.

Activity: Please read the text and figures 6.2 and 6.4, and see from what aspects that Beijing is the political center, cultural center and international exchange center of China.

Ask questions and students answer them.

Beijing is the political center of China. The National People's Congress, the highest authority in China, and the State Council and The CPC Central Committee, the highest administrative organs in China, are all in Beijing.

Beijing is the cultural center of our country. There are hundreds of institutions of higher learning and scientific research in Beijing, including Peking University, Tsinghua, National People's Congress and Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as numerous stadiums, museums and national literary and art groups.

Beijing is an important international exchange center in China. There are many foreign embassies, representative offices of international organizations, representative offices of overseas enterprises, foreign correspondent stations in Beijing and other international exchange institutions, and various international conferences are often held here.

[course summary]

In this lesson, we mainly studied the geographical and environmental characteristics of Beijing, such as geographical location, topography and climate. We know that Beijing has a superior location and has mastered the functions of the city. It is the political and cultural center and international exchange city of China. As the capital of China, Beijing has become the most desirable place for China people.

[Feedback exercise]

1. Fill in the blanks

(1) Beijing lies on the northern edge of the plain. This plain is the largest in China, and the other two plains are hehe.

(2) Beijing has a typical climate with the following characteristics.

(3) The terrain in Beijing is high and low. Surrounded by mountains on three sides and plains in the southeast.

(4) The geographical coordinates of Beijing are.

judge

(1) Beijing is surrounded on three sides by Hebei Province, which is a part of it.

(2) Beijing is an inland city, so it is very inconvenient to communicate with the outside world.

(3) Most of the rivers flowing through Beijing belong to the Yellow River system.

(4) Beijing is the capital of China, so it is the economic center of our country with a high level of economic development.

(5) "Beijing time" is the local time in Beijing.

select

(1) There is a mountain () between Beijing and the plateau.

A. Taihang Mountain Inner Mongolia Plateau B. Daxinganling Inner Mongolia Plateau

C. Taihang Mountain Loess Plateau D. Daxinganling Loess Plateau

(2) The urban function of Beijing is ()

A. iron and steel industry center b economic development center

C. Political and cultural center D. International exchange center

Answer: 1. (1) The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the second northeast plain of North China.

(2) Warm temperate continental monsoon, cold and dry in winter and hot and rainy in summer.

(3) Northwest, Southeast, Northeast, Northwest, Southwest and North China

(4) 40 degrees north latitude 1 16 degrees.

2.( 1)× (2)× (3)× (4)× (5)×

3.( 1)C (2)CD

Second lesson

[introducing new lessons]

Last class, we learned about the characteristics of Beijing's natural environment and urban functions. Who can tell us what the main functions of Beijing are?

Answer: The main functions of Beijing are the national political and cultural center and the international exchange center.

Narrator: This urban function of Beijing is directly related to its history and culture, and it also determines its future. Today we will learn the second part of this section: (blackboard writing) ancient cities with a long history and modern metropolises.

[teaching new lessons]

Activity: Please read the text and Figure 6.5, think and answer the following questions:

1. How many years has Beijing been built? Which dynasties established their capitals here?

2. In which two dynasties was the pattern of the old city of Beijing formed? What are the characteristics? Why is this layout?

Ask questions and students answer them.

Induction and narration: 1. Beijing has a history of more than 3,000 years, starting with Ji Cheng in Zhou Wuwang, where the Jin, Liao, Ming and Qing dynasties established their capitals. (blackboard writing: the city was built early)

2. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the pattern of the old city of Beijing has basically taken shape. The pattern of the old city is characterized by the imperial city outside the palace and the capital outside the imperial city. The buildings in the city are arranged in a chessboard. The central axis of the city is prominent, the palace is located on the central axis of the city, and the buildings on the east and west sides develop symmetrically with the central axis. Fangcheng cross street, large and small quadrangles, interlocking and distinct.

Taking natural factors into account, one of the main reasons for the layout of the old city of Beijing is to provide sufficient water sources for the city by using the existing North Sea and China Sea. Because the city is a big settlement with a large population and needs a lot of fresh water every day, the distribution of water resources will affect the layout of the city; Second, because China is located in the northern hemisphere and Beijing is located in the north of China, it is cold in winter, and the northwest wind often blows. In order to have enough light to help houses keep warm and keep out the cold, sitting north facing south has become the dominant direction of urban layout.

This layout feature of Beijing Old Town also embodies China's traditional thought for thousands of years. Putting Miyagi and the palace in the city center embodies the feudal emperor's thought of "being the only one in the world"; Facing south embodies the traditional concept of "facing south is king"

Inheritance: The old city of Beijing is not fixed, but constantly changing.

Activity: Please read Figure 6.7 and think about answering the following questions:

1. How has the old city of Beijing changed in space since Liao Dynasty?

2. What is the relationship between the change of the ruins of the old city of Beijing and the water source?

What is the relationship between modern Beijing and old Beijing?

Look at the pictures, analyze and discuss.

Teachers and students unanimously concluded that the spatial changes of the ancient city of Beijing since the Liao Dynasty have the following characteristics. First of all, the spatial scope of the old city of Beijing is expanding. Secondly, the spatial distribution gradually expanded from the original site of Nanjing City in Liaoning Province to the north and east, and then contracted to the south in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which changed the outline of the old city from a square in the Liao Dynasty to a rectangle in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and then to a convex shape in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The constant changes of the ruins of the old city in Beijing are closely related to water sources. As can be seen from the figure, no matter how the location of the city changes, we must always ensure that there is sufficient water near the city to provide sufficient water for production and living. Therefore, with the continuous increase of urban population and the continuous enrichment of urban functions, the abundance of water resources directly restricts the development of cities and the changes of urban sites.

Modern Beijing is an expansion based on the pattern of Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, the Second Ring Road in Beijing takes the Beijing City Wall as the background, which shows the profound influence of "history" on "today".

As an ancient capital with a long history, Beijing has a profound cultural accumulation, leaving many places of interest (blackboard writing) for Beijing. This is a huge wealth, and Beijing can make great efforts to develop tourism with this advantage.

Activity: Please look at Figure 6.6 and tell me about the famous places of interest in Beijing.

Ask one or two students to introduce some scenic spots to you. Teachers can introduce representative scenic spots appropriately, such as Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City. See the lesson preparation materials for details. Be careful not to take a travel class)

Turn around and ask questions: Everyone in China has a desire to travel to Beijing and want to witness the elegance of the capital. In addition, in recent years, China's rapid economic development, enhanced international influence, rising people's income, and higher cultural taste requirements have led to more and more tourists in Beijing. During the Golden Week of May 1 and November, the daily average number of visitors to the Forbidden City in Beijing reached 654.38+million, which brought great pressure to the protection of the Forbidden City. This presents a new contradiction: how to make full use of, properly protect and continuously use this historical and cultural heritage?

Activity: Please read P24' s suggestion and give your opinion.

Induction and inheritance: You have just talked a lot about your own ideas, which are very good, and some of them are quite insightful. You can sum up your ideas and send them to the relevant departments in Beijing to contribute to the construction and protection of Beijing. The fourth point in the textbook, "developing virtual tourism by using information technology", is a good idea to solve the contradiction between utilization and protection in the process of urban development by means of modern technology.

With the development of the times and the progress of science and technology, Beijing is also developing continuously. How should Beijing develop in the future?

Activity: Please read P25 text and figure 6. 1 1 and answer the following questions:

1. Combine your own knowledge and feelings and talk about your understanding of urban modernization.

2. What is the future development direction of Beijing? What should we pay attention to in the process of construction and development?

What measures have been taken to accelerate the development of Beijing?

Ask questions and students answer them.

To sum up, urban modernization is manifested in all aspects of the economy, such as convenient transportation, accessible information, beautiful environment, complete functions, advanced facilities, high level of culture, education and scientific research.

Beijing is the heart of China and the symbol of China, so Beijing must develop into a modern metropolis. Because Beijing is an ancient historical and cultural city, history has a far-reaching impact on today. Therefore, in the construction and development of Beijing, we should pay attention to maintaining the pattern and original features of the old city while building modern buildings, which makes Beijing have a special landscape with both tradition and modernity.

In order to speed up Beijing's modernization and continuously enhance its international competitiveness and service functions, Beijing has strengthened infrastructure construction on the one hand and actively developed high-tech industries on the other, making Beijing more and more a modern international metropolis with coordinated development of people and land.

[course summary]

In this lesson, we know that Beijing is a famous historical and cultural city in China. The long history and culture are deeply imprinted in Beijing's urban layout, economic development and other aspects. Beijing, as the political and cultural center of our country, determines that it must develop into a modern metropolis. We believe that Beijing in the future will be an international modern metropolis with complete functions, beautiful environment, convenient transportation, coexistence of history and today, and coexistence of tradition and modernity.

[Feedback exercise]

1. Fill in the blanks

(1) Beijing has a history of years, which was first called. Several generations have established their capitals here.

(2) The pattern of the old city of Beijing was formed by two generations. Before this, the old city has undergone several changes, and the natural reasons for the changes are mainly.

(3) Beijing will become a city in the future.

judge

(1) Beijing is an ancient cultural city. There are many buildings left over from history, which seriously hinder the development of Beijing and should be resolutely demolished.

(2) Today's Beijing has a new look, and history has no influence on today's Beijing.

(3) Beijing is rich in tourism resources. In order to increase tourism revenue, we should extend business hours and increase the number of tourists.

In order to speed up the development of Beijing, we should strengthen industrial development.

Answer: 1. (1) Ji Jin Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties 3000.

(2) Clear and outstanding water source (3) Modern metropolis

2.( 1)× (2)×(3)× (4)×