How to save yourself and help each other in the field trip

If bitten by poisonous snakes or insects in the wild, the patient will immediately have symptoms such as bleeding, local redness, pain, etc. In severe cases, he will be in danger of shock within a few hours, and even die if he is not treated in time. Therefore, once you encounter a poisonous snake bite, you must immediately tie the upper part of the wound with a cloth, handkerchief or tie to prevent the spread of snake venom, and then cut a knife with a length of 1 cm and a depth of about 0.5 cm at the wound with a sterilized knife (if it is too late for disinfection, put the knife on the fire and burn it), and suck out the venom with your mouth. If the oral mucosa is not damaged, its digestive juice can play a neutralizing role, so there is no need to worry about poisoning. When bitten or stung by insects, you can apply cold water or ice water to the affected area, and then apply some ammonia water to the wound. If you are stung by a bee, its poisonous needle will stay in your skin. You must pull out the broken thorn in the meat with a disinfectant needle, then hold the stabbed part hard and suck it repeatedly with your mouth to suck out the toxin. If there is no medicine around for the time being, wash the affected area with soapy water and then apply some vinegar or lemon. In case of shock, when notifying the emergency center or on the way to the hospital, attention should be paid to keeping breathing open and giving first aid such as artificial respiration and heart massage.

Matters needing attention

1, after being stung by poisonous bees, it is basically ineffective to apply ammonia water to the affected area, because the histamine of bee venom cannot be neutralized by ammonia water.

Wasps are poisonous, but bees are not. After being stung by a bee, you should also pull out the broken thorn first. Unlike wasps, we can apply some ammonia, baking soda water or soapy water to the wound.

You can rest assured that you have been stung by bees for 20 minutes without symptoms.

break

In case of fracture or dislocation, the broken limb should be fixed correctly in time, which can alleviate the pain of the wounded and the continuous damage of the surrounding tissues, and also facilitate the handling and transfer of the wounded. But the fixation in first aid is temporary. Therefore, it should be simple and effective, and does not require accurate reduction of fractures; Open fractures with exposed bone ends are not suitable for reduction and should be fixed in situ. The first-aid site can use local materials, such as wooden sticks, slats, branches, rattan or cardboard, which can be used as fixing equipment, and its length is subject to fixing the upper and lower joints of the fracture. If you can't find a fixed hard object, you can also directly tie the injured limb to your body with a cloth belt. The fractured upper limb can be fixed on the chest wall, and the forearm can be hung on the chest; Fractured lower limbs can be fixed with healthy limbs. When you fall from a tree or rock and hurt your spine, you should immediately put the patient on a flat and hard stretcher to prevent his body from shaking, and then immediately send him to the hospital for treatment.

Traumatic hemorrhage

When traveling in the wild, if you are cut by a sharp weapon, you can wash the wound with mineral water and drinking water you carry with you, and then wrap it with a towel. Mild bleeding can be stopped by compression. After one hour, Somatsu every 10 minutes to ensure blood circulation, buy time and get a doctor as soon as possible.

food poisoning

On the way to the field trip, I ate bad food, which was accompanied by symptoms such as fever or fatigue besides diarrhea and abdominal pain. I can't find a doctor for the time being because I am traveling abroad. The only way is to spit out all the food in your stomach, and drink as much cold water or salty tea as possible. You can even put your finger in your throat to induce vomiting and take out the food in your stomach.

Fuzzy

Never move the patient at will, first observe whether his heartbeat and breathing are normal. If the heartbeat and breathing are normal, pat the patient and wake him up loudly. If the patient does not respond, it means that the situation is more serious. Head to one side, slightly lower, then look up, and then use artificial respiration and heart massage for first aid.

Cardiogenic asthma

Tired running may induce or aggravate tourists' cardiogenic asthma. The patient should take the semi-recumbent position first, and then tie the three limbs of the patient with cloth belts in turn, every 5 minutes 1 time, which can reduce the blood flow into the heart and reduce the burden on the heart.

Gallbladder colic

If you eat too much high-fat and high-protein diet during the trip, it is easy to induce acute biliary colic. Patients should lie in bed after onset and apply hot compress to the right upper abdomen with a hot water bottle. You can also use thumb pressing to stimulate Zusanli point to relieve pain.

pancreatitis

Some people induce pancreatitis because of overeating while traveling. After the onset, patients should strictly prohibit drinking water and eating. You can press Zusanli, Hegu and other acupoints with your thumb or forefinger to relieve the pain, relieve the illness and send them to the hospital for treatment in time.

Encounter an avalanche

When encountering an avalanche, lie flat, move on the bottom of the avalanche surface in a crawling posture, throw away packages, sleds, walking sticks or other encumbrances, cover your nose and mouth to avoid swallowing snow. Try to build a big cave around you when you are resting. Try to reach the surface before the snow solidifies. Throw away the toolbox you can't give up-it will prevent you from being dug out. Save your strength and shout when you hear someone coming. When you are buried in the snow, calm down, let the saliva flow out to judge up and down, and then dig hard-if you can still move.

Mild hypothermia

The reasons for the drop in body temperature are: the higher the altitude, the greater the climate change, the lack of proper warm-keeping equipment or long-term exposure to harsh low-temperature environment, especially when clothes are exhausted and wet, the physiological reaction of body temperature drop will occur. When the body temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius, the human body has entered a state of hypothermia. Symptoms of hypothermia include: vague feeling, uncontrolled muscles, slow response, changed or irrational temperament, slow pulse, loss of consciousness and so on.

First aid should be given immediately. The most important first aid principle of hypothermia is to prevent patients from losing their body temperature, and gradually help patients get normal body temperature, and take patients away from the harsh low temperature environment and move them to warm tents or mountain houses. Take off wet and cold clothes and wrap patients with warm clothes, sleeping bags, etc. If the patient is conscious, let him drink some hot and sweet drinks. If he loses consciousness, let him lie in a recovery position. The patient may have respiratory and cardiac arrest, and should be given cardiopulmonary resuscitation and sent to the hospital as soon as possible. Remember not to give the patient alcohol, nor to wipe or massage the patient's limbs, nor to encourage the patient to exercise.

frostbite

The cause of frostbite is the end of the body's circulatory system, such as fingers, toes, ears, nose and so on. Long-term exposure to cold or harsh climate, or contact with ice and snow, resulting in frostbite of skin or subcutaneous tissue. Symptoms of frostbite include tingling and gradual numbness in the affected area, stiff skin, pale or blue spots, and difficulty or dullness in moving the affected area. At first, it was skin or deep frostbite, which was difficult to distinguish, and the symptoms were not much different. In addition, frostbite may be accompanied by hypothermia, which should be treated first aid. If it is only frostbite, slowly warm the affected area to prevent the deep tissue from being destroyed. Move the patient to a warm tent or mountain house as soon as possible, and gently take off his clothes and any restraints, such as rings and watches. And warm the affected area through skin-to-skin heat transfer, or immerse the affected area in warm water. Frostbite ears, nose or face can be covered with a warm towel, and the water temperature should be acceptable to the injured person, and then gradually increase. If the affected part recovers its color and feeling within 1 hour, the first aid action of [warming] can be stopped. Secondly, raise the affected area to relieve swelling and pain. Wrap or lightly cover the affected area with a gauze triangle or soft cloth. Unless necessary, be careful not to rub or massage the affected area, and do not radiate heat to warm the affected area.

After heating, the affected area should not catch cold, and do not walk with [thawed] feet.

Therefore, if you encounter a sudden patient or injured person in the field, you should take corresponding first aid measures according to different situations (the sooner you deal with it, the better), and then try to send it to the hospital as soon as possible.

First of all, make sure there is no further danger to the rescuer and the injured, and give first aid as much as possible without moving the injured. Calm yourself down, check the injured quickly, evaluate and decide the priority of first aid.

If there is a lot of bleeding, stop the bleeding immediately.

If breathing stops, you should blow four breaths quickly and give artificial respiration.

If cardiac arrest occurs, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be started immediately.

Deal with shock, raise lower limbs and keep warm.

Handle other injuries (such as trauma, fracture, poisoning, burns, etc. ).

Secondly, transfer the patient to a shelter, such as a tent or a natural shelter, as soon as possible to prevent the injury from getting worse. Correct posture should be adopted when placing patients.

Head and chest injury, if it is horizontal injury, can take the supine position to bend your knees, if it is direct injury, you should take the supine position to lie flat.

For those who are unconscious but breathing normally, they can take a recovery posture.

Shock patients should lie on their back with their lower limbs raised 20~30 cm.

For patients who may need general anesthesia, such as unconsciousness, suspected internal injury, severe head injury, abdominal penetration, etc. Don't give food or drink, be sure to send it to the hospital in the shortest time and in the safest way. Because it is difficult to send a doctor in mountainous areas, we should closely observe the changes of the injured on the way, comfort and encourage the injured at any time, and alleviate their fears and anxiety. If the journey down the mountain is long or it is inconvenient to move the injured, two people can be sent down the mountain for help first, or they can call for help by radio. When asking for help, it is necessary to explain in detail the place for help (preferably with obvious goals), the situation of the injured and the first aid treatment that has been done, so that the rescue work can play a positive role.

Pay attention to the basic principles of on-site first aid:

When encountering an accident, be calm, bold, careful and responsible, prioritize and decisively implement first aid methods; First treat critically ill patients, then treat mild patients, and the same patient, first treat life, then treat local; Observe the site environment to ensure the safety of yourself and the injured; Make full use of available manpower and material resources to assist in first aid.