From what angles can tourism resources be classified?

Chapter II Classification of Tourism Resources

Learning purpose

It is required to master the concept, purpose and significance of tourism resource classification; Principles, basis and methods of classification; Be able to classify regional tourism resources and understand several common classification schemes of tourism resources.

basic content

● Overview of classification

Concept and significance; Principles, bases and methods of classification.

● Dichotomy classification scheme

Categories, basic types, types and classification basis.

● Other classification schemes

The classification in China Tourism Resources Census Standard (for Trial Implementation) includes functional classification, motivation classification, growth classification, value and management scope classification, utilization status classification, characteristics of tourism resources and nature of tourism activities.

Section 1 Overview of Classification

I. Classification and its purpose and significance

(A) the concept of classification

Usually the so-called classification refers to the classification according to the characteristics of things. It is a logical method to divide things into different categories according to their similarities and differences. It is based on comparison, that is, identifying the similarities and differences between things, then merging them into larger classes according to their similarities, and dividing things into smaller classes according to their differences, thus dividing things into different levels of systems with certain subordinate relations, which is classification.

The classification of tourism resources is a working process of merging or dividing different grades and categories with certain affiliation according to the similarities and differences of tourism resources. In each category (type), their attributes are similar, but there are also some differences between different categories (types). For example, according to the causes, tourism resources can be divided into two categories: natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources. All natural tourism resources occur and form naturally in nature, while all humanistic tourism resources are formed under the influence of human beings, and the causes between them are obviously different. According to the internal differences between natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources, we should further divide them into sub-types, thus forming a category system of different levels with certain subordinate relations.

(B) the significance and purpose of classification

Scientific classification is an important basic research work. The classification of tourism resources is of great significance.

First of all, classification can make many complex tourism resources organized and systematic, and provide convenience for further development and scientific research. Wuhua's tourism resources have their own characteristics. Through comparison, understanding, induction and division, the different classification systems of tourism resources are actually an access system (i.e. information system) about tourism resources, which creates favorable conditions for people to understand tourism resources in whole or in part (classification). The establishment of regional tourism resources classification system can also provide some scientific basis for regional tourism development. Without the classification of tourism resources, it is difficult for people to understand and use the chaotic individual tourism resources, and they will fall into the fog. Therefore, the classification of tourism resources is an important basis for studying, understanding and developing tourism resources, which has important practical significance.

Secondly, the classification process of tourism resources is actually a process of deepening people's understanding of the attributes of tourism resources. Classification always separates different levels of subordinate relations and their relationships by analyzing the * * * or differences of a large number of tourism resources attributes. By constantly supplementing new materials, putting forward a new classification system, or classifying tourism resources with different requirements in different regions, we can deepen our understanding of the attributes of tourism resources from different aspects, and even discover and summarize some new regular understandings, thus promoting the improvement of relevant theoretical level. Therefore, the classification of tourism resources also has certain theoretical significance.

It can be seen that the purpose of tourism resources classification is to deepen the understanding of the overall or regional tourism resources attributes, master their characteristics and laws, and serve for further development, utilization, protection and scientific research through the establishment and supplement of various classification systems.

Second, the principles and basis of classification

(1) principle

Classification principle is the criterion and standard of classification. Only by following certain principles can classification be scientific and practical. As the principles of tourism resources classification, there are mainly:

The principle of 1.* * * is also called the principle of similarities and differences, that is, tourism resources that do not have the same attributes of * * * cannot be classified into one category, and tourism resources of the same type at the same level must have the same attributes of * * *, and there should be some differences between different types.

2. The contents of the sub-level types divided according to the correspondence principle must completely correspond to the contents of the upper-level types, and the contents of the lower level cannot exceed or be less than the contents of the upper level, otherwise logical errors will occur. For example, the further classification of geological and geomorphic tourism resources should include all geological and geomorphic tourism resources, including not only geological and geomorphic tourism resources, but also non-geological and geomorphic tourism resources.

3. The principle of step-by-step division is the principle of combining grading with classification. Tourism resources is a complex system, which can be divided into different levels and subsystems. When classifying. Classification can be combined with classification, and classification can be carried out step by step to avoid; Logical errors in modern leapfrog division

Wrong. For example, tourism resources can be divided into higher-level natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources, and then into lower-level types. If necessary, it can be further divided into lower-level types.

4. Classification of different grades or different series. Adopt the basis (standard) of adopting small similarity; Types of different levels cannot be classified on the same basis (standard), and the sub-level types of each type must be directly classified with the same basis (standard), otherwise the classification will overlap. In addition, the classification system should be concise and practical.

(II) Basis

To classify, we should not only follow the basic principles, but also have certain specific basis (standards), that is, we should classify according to some specific attributes or relationships of tourism resources themselves. Because the attributes and characteristics of tourism resources and the relationship between things are varied, and the classification standards are also varied, people can choose different standards for classification according to different purposes. Common standards mainly include:

1. Genesis refers to the basic reason and process of the formation of tourism resources. For example, human tourism resources are man-made, while natural tourism resources exist in nature. Natural landscape tourism resources can be divided into flowing water tourism landscape, wind tourism landscape and erosion tourism landscape according to their causes.

2. Attribute refers to the nature, characteristics, existing forms and states of tourism resources, such as geological and geomorphological tourism resources, water tourism resources, climate tourism resources and biological tourism resources among natural tourism resources. They have different attributes, so they can be divided into different categories.

3. Function The function of tourism resources refers to the function of meeting the needs of developing tourism activities. Some tourism resources can meet the needs of various tourism activities, so they have various tourism functions. According to the different functions of tourism resources, tourism resources can be divided into different categories such as sightseeing, participation and experience, shopping and so on.

Time refers to the time difference between the formation of tourism resources and the present. Accordingly, tourism resources can be divided into different categories. For example, architectural tourism resources can be divided into ancient buildings and modern buildings according to time factors.

5. Others, such as the development and utilization, management level and quality of tourism resources, can be used as the classification basis for different purposes.

Third, the classification method

How to classify it specifically? As a classification of regional tourism resources, usually on the basis of collecting a lot of information of various tourism resources (or scenic spots), it can be carried out according to the following steps:

Firstly, the purpose requirements of classification are determined, and it is clear whether it is a general classification of tourism resources or a special classification of tourism resources with special purpose requirements. With reference to the general classification principles and basis, the corresponding classification principles and basis are determined in combination with reality.

Secondly, through comparative analysis, the classification system is initially established, and various tourism resources are divided into different types. This process can be carried out by combining step-by-step segmentation and step-by-step merger. The so-called step-by-step classification refers to the top-down classification, that is, all tourism resources are regarded as a group (that is, a whole or a large system), and according to certain similarities and differences, the high+level types (that is, categories or subsystems) are divided first, and then different types are subdivided step by step. The so-called step-by-step merger refers to the bottom-up classification, that is, starting from a single tourism resource, according to a certain basis, first merge the same into the most basic small type, and then gradually merge into a larger type or category according to certain similarities and differences.

Third, improve the classification system by supplementing and adjusting. On the basis of the preliminary classification and the establishment of the classification system, and then from top to bottom or bottom to top, step by step comparative analysis, whether it meets the requirements of the classification principles and purposes, whether the basis used is appropriate, and whether the classification system contains all the classification objects (that is, tourism resources) that should be divided. If there is something wrong, it should be supplemented and adjusted to form a scientific classification system that meets the requirements.

Fourthly, on the basis of the above work, a brief explanation should be written, including the purpose, requirements, principles, basis and classification results of tourism resources classification.

For the classification results of regional tourism resources, the tourism resources information system should be established by computer as far as possible, which is convenient for supplementary adjustment and application.

Section 2 Dichotomy Classification Scheme

The so-called "dichotomy" classification scheme is to divide tourism resources into natural tourism resources first.

And it is the most common and widely used classification scheme at present. Many scholars have done a lot of research and improvement on this classification scheme, but due to the differences in understanding and the basis used, the process and results of further subdivision of natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources are also different, so there is no truly universally recognized dichotomy classification scheme at present. On the basis of previous research results, a dichotomy classification scheme is proposed for reference.

I. Dichotomy classification system

Classification system * * * includes two categories, l4 basic type and 63 types. See table 2 1 for details.

Second, some explanations.

On the basis of classification

This classification system is divided into three levels, in which the first category is mainly divided according to the basic prisoners of tourism resources, that is, natural or artificial, and accordingly divided into two categories and two basic types, mainly according to the similarities and differences of various tourism resources attributes; There are many grounds for the classification of grade types, such as the further division of tourism resources such as geology, landform, water body, meteorological climate and astronomical phenomena, animals and plants, comprehensive landscape and so on. , mainly based on the concrete existence form, state and morphological similarities and differences of its content. The further division of historical sites, tombs, religious culture, towns and social customs tourism resources is mainly based on the similarities and differences of specific contents and connotations; The further division of tourism resources such as ancient buildings and gardens is mainly based on their original uses and similarities and differences. The further division of literature and art tourism resources is mainly based on the different forms of expression.

(B) on the "comprehensive landscape" and "other" types

Because there are many contents in nature reserves, including animals and plants, typical non-biological geological profiles, fossils, landforms, water bodies and so on. Although the pastoral scenery is mainly based on planting and breeding, some of them also contain other contents, such as terraces in hilly and mountainous areas, and the scenery of "low wind and grass, low cattle and sheep" in plateau pastoral areas all contain certain landforms (including man-made landforms), and aquatic biological farms are even more inseparable from water bodies. Therefore, nature reserves and pastoral scenery should not belong to animals and plants, and should be classified separately. Therefore, the basic types of comprehensive landscape are divided.

Among the three types, because there are many contents, for the sake of brevity, try to merge and list the main types. For content that is not included in the main type, use the Other type. For example, in addition to defense projects (such as city walls and the Great Wall), palaces, water conservancy projects (such as canals, canals, weirs and wells), traffic projects (such as bridges, straights and gallops), living buildings (such as halls, restaurants and pavilions) and ornamental buildings (such as pavilions, platforms, pavilions and ships), we can also take ancient buildings as examples. Section III Introduction of Other Classification Schemes

Due to the different purposes and requirements of classification, a variety of classification schemes have been formed, which are mainly introduced as follows:

I. Classification in "China Tourism Resources Census Standard"

1992 The Standard for General Survey of Tourism Resources in China (Trial Draft), edited by the Resource Development Department of National Tourism Administration and the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences, puts forward the application classification scheme of general survey of tourism resources. The scheme is mainly classified according to the nature and state of tourism resources, the consistency of characteristic indexes of tourism resources and the obvious exclusiveness between types. * * * Divided into 6 categories and 74 basic types.

(1) Landforms include 13 typical geological structures, standard geological profiles, biological fossil sites, natural disaster sites, famous mountains, volcanic lava landscapes, erosion landscapes, strange pictographic rocks, sand (gravel) landscapes, islands, caves and other landforms.

(2) The waters include seven kinds of waters, including scenic valleys, drifting river sections, lakes, waterfalls, springs and modern glaciers.

(3) Biological landscapes include six kinds of forests, ancient and famous trees, exotic flowers and herbs, grasslands, wildlife habitats and other biological landscapes.

(4) Historical sites and buildings include human cultural sites, socio-economic and cultural sites, military sites, ancient cities and ancient city sites, the Great Wall, palace buildings, religious buildings and sacrificial buildings, halls (halls), pavilions, towers, archways, steles, architectural sketches, gardens, landscape buildings, bridges, sculptures, tombs, grottoes and mausoleums. There are 32 kinds of Japanese, squares, local buildings, folk blocks, memorial sites, scenic spots, other buildings or other historical sites.

(5) Leisure and knowledge-seeking fitness includes scientific and cultural education facilities, rest and social welfare facilities, zoos, botanical gardens, parks, stadiums, amusement places, festivals, literary and art groups and other leisure and knowledge-seeking fitness activities.

(6) Shopping includes market and shopping.

1. Temple fairs, famous shops, local products and other five kinds.

Second, according to the functional classification of tourism resources

Functional classification of tourism resources. Its main purpose is to understand and give full play to the role of various tourism resources and serve the development of various forms of tourism activities. According to the different functions of tourism resources, tourism resources are divided into the following types:

(A) Tourism resources

This kind is mainly composed of various beautiful natural scenery, famous ancient buildings, urban landscapes, garden buildings, etc., for tourists to visit and enjoy, and tourists can enjoy various aesthetic feelings and cultivate their temperament.

(B) Participatory tourism resources

Some people call it experience tourism resources, including surfing, other activities, horse racing, fishing and hunting, dragon boat racing, swimming, making, tasting, visiting, festivals, fair trade and so on. Visitors can be involved in it, participate in activities in person, get personal experience, enjoy it and enjoy it.

(C) shopping and tourism resources

Including all kinds of native products, handicrafts, artworks, cultural relics and imitations, mainly for tourists to buy.

(D) Health and leisure tourism resources

Including various rehabilitation facilities and activities, such as sanatoriums, resorts, hot springs, sand baths, forest baths, gyms, etc. Tourists can restore and improve their physique or treat some chronic diseases.

(E) the source of cultural tourism theft

Including all kinds of natural history exhibitions, scientific and technological activities and cultural and educational facilities, with rich cultural and scientific connotations. Visitors can gain certain cultural and scientific knowledge, broaden their horizons and increase their knowledge.

(6) Emotional tourism resources

It mainly includes celebrity's former residence, celebrity's tomb and various memorial places, which can be used to carry out tourism activities such as ancestor worship, visiting relatives and friends, and nostalgia for the past, so as to express tourists' nostalgia, nostalgia, admiration and hatred.

Thirdly, classify tourism resources according to tourism motivation.

Psychological aspects, such as religious sites, major historical events, visiting relatives, etc. ;

(2) Spiritual aspects, such as scientific knowledge, entertainment and artistic appreciation;

(3) Fitness, such as sanatoriums and sports facilities;

(four) economic aspects, such as local products, shopping goods, etc. ;

(5) Political aspects, such as government situation, various laws, revolutionary memorial sites, etc.

Fourth, according to the growth of tourism resources.

(six) renewable tourism resources such as animal and plant tourism resources;

(seven) non-renewable tourism resources such as geological and geomorphological tourism resources;

(8) Renewable tourism resources, such as some cultural landscapes and tourism commodities.

Five, according to the value and management level of tourism resources.

(9) National tourism resources,

(ten) provincial (city) level tourism resources;

(3) County-level tourism resources.

Six, according to the current situation of tourism resources utilization.

(1) Tourism resources that have been developed and utilized;

(2) Tourism resources being developed and utilized;

(three) undeveloped tourism resources (also known as potential tourism resources).

Seven, according to the characteristics of tourism resources and the nature of tourism activities.

1966 klausen and Nicky (M. Clawson and J. L.KNSCH) proposed the following classification:

(1) User-oriented recreational resources: user-oriented, close to population centers (towns) where users are concentrated, and usually mainly meet people's daily leisure needs, such as stadiums, zoos and general parks. The general area is 40 ~ 100 ha. Usually managed by local governments (cities, counties) or private enterprises. Generally, the altitude does not exceed 1000m, and it is within 60km from the urban area.

(B) Resource-based recreational resources: This kind of resources can make tourists get the experience of being close to nature. The distance between resources and tourists is uncertain. Mainly used for tourists' long-term vacation. Such as scenic spots, hiking, camping and fishing resources, generally accumulated above 1000ha. , mainly national parks, national forest parks, state parks and some private territories.

Intermediate recreational resources: the characteristics are between the above two, mainly used for short-term recreational activities (1 day trip or weekend vacation). Tourists' experience here is closer to nature than user-oriented ones, but not as good as resource-based areas.

Review thinking questions

1. What is the classification of tourism resources? What's the point?

2. What are the basic principles and basis for the classification of tourism resources?

3. Compare the differences among dichotomy classification, function classification and tourism spectrum resources survey classification.

4. Classify the tourism resources of a place according to the reality.

Classification table of tourism resources

Basic types of main classes and subclasses

A landscape AA comprehensive natural tourist destination AAA hilly tourist destination AAB valley tourist destination AAC gravel tourist destination AAD beach tourist destination AAE strange natural phenomenon AAF natural symbol AAG vertical natural belt

AB deposit and structure ABB fault landscape ABB fold landscape ABC joint landscape ABD stratum profile ABE travertine and Quanhua ABF vein and ABG fossil ore concentration area.

Process trace of AC geological landform ACA convex peak ACB single mountain ACC peak cluster ACD stone (soil) forest ACE strange pictograph ACF rock wall and rock joint ACG canyon section ACH gully ACI Danxia ACJ Ya Dan ACK rockfill cave ACL cave ACN beach.

AD natural change relics ADA gravity accumulation ADB debris flow accumulation ADC earthquake relics add subsidence relics ADE volcano and lava ADF glacier accumulation ADG glacier erosion relics.

AEB rock reef in AEA island area of AE island reef

B waters scenery Bahe Bahe sightseeing and leisure Bahe underground river Bagu reach

BB natural lakes and ponds BBA sightseeing and entertainment lakes BBB swamps and wetlands BBC swimming pool

BC Waterfall BCA Hanging Waterfall BCB falls into the water.

BD spring BDA cold spring BDB geothermal hot spring

BEB tidal bore in East Asian estuaries and BEB wave impact in East Asian sightseeing and leisure waters.

BF snow area BFA glacier tourist area BFB perennial snow area

C biological landscape ca tree CAA woodland CAB clump CAC single tree

CB grassland and CBA grassland CBB sparse forest grassland

CC flower field CCA grassland flower field CCB forest flower field

CD wildlife habitat CDA aquatic animal habitat CDB terrestrial animal habitat CDC bird habitat CDE butterfly habitat

D Astronomical phenomena and climate landscape DA light phenomena Observed by the sun, the moon and the stars DAB halo phenomena Observed by DAC mirage phenomena frequently occur.

DBB weather and climate phenomena DBB summer climate DBB summer climate DBC cold climate DBD extreme and special climate show DBE phenological landscape.

E site EA prehistoric human activity site EAA human activity site EAB cultural layer EAC cultural relics scattered EAD original settlement

EB social, economic and cultural activities site EBA historical events site EBB military site and ancient battlefield EBC abandoned temple EBD abandoned production site EBF abandoned city and settlement site EBG Great Wall site EBH beacon tower.

F buildings and facilities FAA comprehensive humanistic tourism area FAA teaching and research experimental area FAB entertainment and leisure resort area FAC religious sacrifice activity area FAD garden leisure area FAE cultural activity area FAF construction project and production area FAG social business activity area FAH animal and plant exhibition area FAJ military sightseeing area FAJ border port FAK scenic spot.

FB single activity venue FBA party reception hall (room) FBB worship venue FBC exhibition demonstration venue FBD sports fitness venue FBE song and dance playground.

FC Landscape Architecture and Ancillary Buildings FCA Pagoda FCB Tower Building FCC Pavilion FCD Grottoes FCE Great Wall Section FCF City (Fort) FCG Cliff Calligraphy and Painting FCH Stele Forest FCI Square FCJ Artificial Cave FCK Building Sketch

FD residence and community FDA traditional and local architecture FDB characteristic street FDC characteristic community FDD celebrity former residence and historical memorial building FDE Academy FDF Club FDG characteristic store FDH characteristic market

FEb tomb (group) FEC hanging coffin in the cemetery of FEA tomb area, in which Fe is buried.

FF Transportation Building FFA Bridge FFB Station FFC Port Ferry Terminal FFD Airport FFE Plank

FG hydraulic construction FGA reservoir sightseeing and leisure section FGB well FGC canal section FGD dam section FGF FGE irrigation area water lifting facilities

G tourism commodities GA local tourism commodities GAA dishes diet GAB agriculture, forestry, livestock products GAC aquatic products and products GAD Chinese herbal medicines and products GAE traditional handicrafts and handicrafts GAF daily industrial products GAG other projects.

H humanistic activities, ha personnel records, HAA characters, HAB events.

HB art HBA literature and art group HBB literature and art works HC folk custom HCA folk festival HCB folk performance HCD folk fitness activities and events HCE religious activities HCF temple fair and folk gathering HCG diet customs HGH special clothing.

Hd Modern Festival HDA Tourism Festival HDB Culture Festival HD Business Agriculture Festival HD Sports Festival

Digital system

8 categories 3 1 subclasses 155 basic types

[Note] If you find a basic type that is not included in this classification, you can add it yourself. The added basic types can be divided into corresponding subcategories, and put at the end, at most two. The numbering method is: when the 1 th basic type is added, the 2-digit Chinese phonetic alphabet of this subclass is +z, and when the second basic type is added, the 2-digit Chinese phonetic alphabet of this subclass is+y. ..