environmental problems

This belongs to the neighboring right. On June 30, 2000, a gold mine sewage sedimentation tank in Romania was flooded due to the surge of accumulated water. More than 6.5438+million liters of sewage containing a large amount of heavy metals such as cyanide, copper and lead was washed into Tisza River, a tributary of Danube River, flowing down the river, quickly flowing into Danube River and spreading downstream, causing a large number of fish to die and making the river undrinkable. Hungary, Yugoslavia and other countries suffered greatly, which affected the national economy and people's lives to some extent, seriously damaged the ecological environment of the Danube River basin and triggered international litigation.

1July, 1994, heavy rain suddenly fell in Henan Province in the upper reaches of Huaihe River, and the water level of Yingshang Reservoir rose sharply, exceeding the flood warning line. So the floodgate was opened, and 200 million cubic meters of water accumulated in the upstream was released in one winter and spring. Where the water passes, the river is turbid, the foam on the river surface is dense, and the fish and shrimp suddenly lose. Some local residents in the downstream have symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea and vomiting after drinking the river water that has not reached the drinking standard after being treated by the waterworks. After sampling inspection, it was confirmed that the water quality of upstream water deteriorated, and the waterworks along the Yangtze River was forced to stop water for 54 days. Millions of Huaihe people are in a hurry to drink water, and many places spend a lot of money to get water to drink. Some local residents snapped up mineral water, which was the "Huaihe water pollution incident" that shocked China and foreign countries.

Major water pollution events in the world

■ Minamata disease incident

1950, a large number of cats and dogs who committed suicide due to insanity were found in a small fishing village near Minamata Bay, Japan. 1953, a strange patient was found in Minamata town. At first, his gait was unstable and his expression was dull. Later, he was deaf and blind, and his whole body was numb. Finally, he went insane, fell asleep for a while, and was excited for a while. His body bent down and died of screaming. 1956, a girl with the same disease was hospitalized, which attracted the attention of local experts in Kumamoto University Hospital and began to investigate. Finally, it was found that a local chemical fertilizer plant used a low-cost mercury catalyst process to discharge a large amount of wastewater containing organic mercury into Minamata Bay, resulting in fish poisoning, and people, cats and dogs died from eating poisoned fish. 1972, the Japanese Environment Agency announced that there were 283 mercury poisoners in Minamata Bay and the lower reaches of Akye River in Yeken Prefecture, of which 60 died.

■ A painful event

During the period of1955-1972, a strange disease appeared on both sides of the prodigy Kawaguchi in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. There are more women than men. Suffering from this disease, the whole body aches and can't walk, hence the name "painful disease". After investigation, this is a cadmium poisoning incident, which is caused by the cadmium-containing wastewater discharged from nearby electroplating factory, storage battery factory, welding factory or mining industry that has not been properly treated and polluted the water body of Shentongchuan. Residents on both sides of the strait irrigated farmland with river water, which led to cadmium poisoning in rice and drinking water. From 1963 to 1979, there were 130 patients.

■ Chemical plant incident

1986 a fire broke out in a chemical factory warehouse in Sandoz, Switzerland, located in the upper reaches of the Rhine River. 10 tons of pesticides and sewage containing various toxic chemicals flow into the Rhine River, affecting more than 500 kilometers.

■■ Gold Mine Event

In 2000, cyanide wastewater leaked from a gold mine in the Romanian border town of Oradia and flowed into Yugoslavia. Where poisonous water flows, all living things will suddenly die in a very short time. 80% of fish in Tisza River and its tributaries, one of the largest rivers in Europe flowing through Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia, have been completely extinct, and the areas along the river have entered a state of emergency. This is the biggest environmental disaster in Europe since the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in the former Soviet Union. Partly, if the other side of the pig really affects you, you can claim the right of land use control system.

Land is the most important part of a country's territory, and its legal meaning should include land, inland waters, beaches, islands, territorial waters and continental shelf. This is the foundation of the existence of any country.

Because the land resource itself is limited and immovable, its use value is continuous, that is, the use value of any piece of land will not disappear with the passage of time, and the value of land will generally appreciate with the passage of time and the improvement of the surrounding environment. The appreciation of a certain piece of land will drive the investment of surrounding plots. Therefore, the state must formulate a scientific land use control system to make full use of this limited and precious non-renewable resource.

The National Land Management Law clearly stipulates that the state implements a land use control system. According to the current regulations, the use of land by the state can be divided into three categories: agricultural land, construction land and unused land. The basic principles of the three types of land use are: special protection of cultivated land (such as delineation of basic farmland protection areas and strict examination and approval system for agricultural land conversion), strict control of agricultural land conversion to construction land, total control of construction land, and national overall land use planning.

The overall land use planning is the starting point of implementing the land use control system. After necessary investigation and study, the land authorities plan land use according to scientific laws, that is, land use is divided into areas (such as commercial areas, industrial areas, tourist areas, etc.) ), and divide small areas or blocks on the basis of large belts. Land owners and users of relevant plots must use the land according to the limited use of the corresponding land.

Agricultural land conversion approval and land requisition approval, the former refers to the conversion of agricultural land into construction land, and strict approval procedures must be fulfilled. According to the specific content of the construction project and the overall land use planning, the approval of agricultural land conversion shall be approved by the municipal and county people's governments, the people's governments of provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) and the State Council respectively. Land requisition approval means that the state, as the main body of land requisition, nationalizes the land collectively owned by farmers in accordance with legal procedures. In most cases, agricultural land conversion and land requisition approval are two overlapping procedures, which are both related and different.

Under normal circumstances, there will be approval for the conversion of agricultural land at the same time, that is, the requisitioned land includes agricultural land, but there are also cases of land acquisition that does not include agricultural land, such as the requisition of barren hills, ditches and mountains collectively owned by farmers by military facilities (construction land), and the approval for the conversion of agricultural land does not involve land acquisition procedures. For example, there is no land acquisition problem when the agricultural land of state-owned farms is converted into construction land.

In addition, in order to ensure the interests of farmers who are landowners and take care of farmers who are vulnerable groups as a whole, national laws stipulate that the competent departments for approving land acquisition procedures are the people's governments of provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) and the State Council, and the people's governments of cities and counties have no right to handle land acquisition approval procedures, but the people's governments of cities and counties have certain authority to approve the conversion of agricultural land into specific construction projects. The situation is as follows: "If agricultural land is converted into construction land for the implementation of the overall land use planning within the scope of construction land for cities, villages and market towns determined by the overall land use planning, the original authority that approved the overall land use planning will approve it in batches according to the annual land use plan. Within the approved scope of agricultural land conversion, the land for specific construction projects can be approved by the municipal and county people's governments. "

Therefore, the approval of agricultural land conversion is an approval system to control land use according to the nature of land (agricultural land), and the approval of land requisition is an approval system to control land use according to the nature of land owners and protect farmers' interests. When a piece of land conforms to both agricultural land and farmers' collective ownership, two sets of examination and approval procedures must be performed at the same time. In order to simplify procedures and improve efficiency, the Land Management Law stipulates that if the State Council approves the conversion of agricultural land and the provincial people's government approves the conversion of agricultural land within the scope of land acquisition approval, it shall go through the formalities of land acquisition approval at the same time. Beyond the land acquisition approval authority, it shall be reported to the higher authorities for approval. Because it may appear in actual operation, after the procedures of agricultural land conversion approved by the people's governments of cities and counties, it is necessary to report to the provincial level or the State Council for approval for land acquisition.

Land registration is a means of land ownership management, the last link of land use control, the link of determining land ownership and land use right, and the means of publicity and proof for relevant right holders to protect their rights and interests. According to the nature of the land and the different situations of the owners/users, the people's governments at or above the county level or their land administrative departments shall register the land ownership (mainly referring to the state-owned land with undetermined right to use) or be responsible for issuing land use certificates.