Xiangxi furong town? Tujia Maogusi Cultural Festival

The Basic Situation and Historical Evolution of Yongshun County

? Yongshun County is located in the west of Hunan Province and the north of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. It is adjacent to Zhangjiajie City in the east, Longshan County and Baojing County in the west, Sangzhi County in the north, Guzhang County in the south and Yuanling County in Huaihua District in the southeast. The county seat is 90km away from Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport and 165km away from Guizhou Tongren Daxing Airport. The total land area of the county is 38 10 square kilometers.

? Yongshun County governs 30 townships and 327 village (neighborhood) committees, and is a county where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. Tujia, Han, Miao, Hui, Bai, Yao, Uygur and other 2 1 ethnic groups live in the territory, among which Tujia has the largest population. The county has a total population of 495,000, of which 43 1 0,000 are ethnic minorities.

? Yongshun is an ancient and magical land, an important birthplace of Tujia nationality, with beautiful natural scenery, profound historical and cultural heritage and rich ethnic customs. There are 169 intangible cultural heritage protection projects in the county, including Tujia Maogusi, Waving Dance, Daliuzi, Tujia Brocade, Horse Divine Comedy and so on, which are listed in the national protection list.

? Yongshun was called Xizhou in ancient times and belonged to the central part of Chu during the Warring States Period. During the Qin Dynasty, it was a county in central Guizhou. In the first year of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC), it was located in Youyang County. Youyangzhi is located in the southeast of Jinzhi (Lingxi Town). During the three kingdoms period, it belonged to Shu Han at first; In the 24th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 19), it belonged to Wu. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was Youyang County. Metal Wuling county. Song belongs to Wuling satrap. Qi Liang belongs to Wuling County. Chen belongs to Yuanling County. The Sui Dynasty set up Chenzhou, abandoned Youyang, moved to Fuling, and changed it into a big town and county, belonging to Yuanling County. In the second year of Tang Dynasty (69 1), Chenzhou was analyzed, and Xizhou was established, and Yongshun was a big township and county in Xizhou. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Xizhou was changed to Lingxi County, renamed Xizhou and transferred to Guizhou Middle Road. 19491June19, China People's Liberation Army liberated Yongshun and transferred to Yongshun District, Hunan Province. 1957 In September, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established, and Yongshun was under its jurisdiction.

? Brief introduction of Tujia nationality

? Tujia nationality is an ancient nationality in China. It has a long history and splendid culture. Tujia people call themselves Bizka or Bizka, that is, Bizka. Tracing back to the historical origin of Tujia nationality, there are several understandings: one thinks that Tujia nationality is an indigenous ancestor in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou, and is formed by the fusion of ancient Ba people. One is based on Ba people, who think Tujia people are Ba people who settled in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou in ancient times and merged with other ethnic groups. One is that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a group of barbarians entered this area and merged with the aborigines and Ba people. No matter what kind of theme, there is a * * * similarity, that is, Tujia is an ancient nation, and Tujia, like the other 55 ethnic groups in China, is a multi-source fusion.

? Tujia people have no written language but Tujia language, and there are still more than 40 thousand people in the territory who can speak Tujia language; Young men like to wear double-breasted clothes, embroidered belts around their waists, embroidered purses, short trouser legs and double-nostril shoes. Middle-aged and elderly men like to wear a left-breasted dress with a long belt and wide trouser legs, wrapped in green silk and green cloth. Old people wear nostril shoes, and they like to wear a pair of white socks or wrap their legs with blue cloth in winter. Women like to wear blue silk handkerchief or green cloth handkerchief, and long skirts with plum blossom stripes, including shoulder rest, collarless, silver hook and short collar. I like aprons embroidered with all kinds of flowers and plants. In February and August, people wear white cloth and sweat clothes with blue and blue coats, which is called "the magpie is white". Pants are mostly blue cloth with white waist, and the bottom of pants is inlaid with blue edge or blue edge. Lace is embedded in the mouth of the shoe, and grass, butterflies and bees are embroidered on the upper. Professional women don't wear socks and like to wrap their legs with white cloth in winter. Only a long braid is left on the girl's head, and the married woman's hair is rolled up and combed into a bun, with silver ornaments such as banana fan, Yu Baozhen and Peng Lian in her hair. Most women like to wear earrings, jade rings and rings. There is a toothpick button on the chest, which is tied with silver training, silver medal, silver tooth inlay, silver bell, silver bead and other ornaments. The old woman wears a ring hat and big ring earrings. The hats worn by children change with the seasons. Wear purple and gold crowns in spring and autumn, Dai Dong melon rings in summer, and dog-head hats or fishtail hats in winter. The hat is embroidered with the words "long life and wealth", "easy to cultivate people" and "happy life". Silver bodhisattvas such as Wen Eight Immortals, Wu Eight Immortals and Eighteen Arhats are nailed in front of the hat, and there are many silver ornaments on the top and back of the hat. Both boys and girls wear silver bracelets with hollow silver hammers or bells.

? Shuangfeng Village, Heping Township, Yongshun County, was the focus of the study of Tujia nationality in China in March 1953 by Mr. Pan Guangdan/KLOC-0. The village has preserved the complete Tujia language, customs and national psychological quality, and provided detailed empirical data for many experts and scholars. The remains of the original ecological culture provide evidence for Tujia people to become a single minority. Over the years, it has been praised by all walks of life as "the first Tujia village" in China, and Yongshun has been established as a Tujia sampling county in China by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission. At the same time, the "Eight Yi Theory" circulating in western Hunan proves that Yongshun is one of the birthplaces of Tujia nationality. Yongshun is also Youyang (Wangcun)-Laosicheng-Xizhou-Yongshun on the border of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou. From "barbarian" to "Tujia" national melting pot. Following the 800-year-old Tusi capital of Sicheng, Yongshun was confirmed as the root ancestor and ruling core of Tusi in modern Hunan-Hubei-Chongqing-Guizhou border region. The ancient and splendid Tujia folk art heritage is the "museum" and "gene bank" of Tujia people in China.

? Introduction to Maugus

? Maogusi dance is called "Gusbapa dance", "Papaji" or "Bubuka" in Tujia language, and is often called "Maogusi dance" or "Maohunting dance" in Chinese. Maogusi dance is an ancient dance form of Tujia nationality, which was produced in the sacrificial ceremony of Tujia nationality and was praised as "the living fossil of human drama" by relevant experts.

? Maogusi dance is a primitive drama dance with characters, dialogues, simple story lines and certain performance procedures. It expresses the production contents of Tujia ancestors' fishing, hunting and farming in an artistic way similar to traditional opera, which has both the characteristics of dance and the performance of drama, and the two are intertwined. Most of the performances are interspersed with hand dances, and sometimes they are performed alone on specific occasions. Maogusi dance is unique. The performer kneels, shivering all over, rustling all over, and the five big braid on his head keep swinging from side to side. During the performance, they stepped forward and backward, jumping from side to side, shaking their heads and shoulders. According to the performance actions, we can clearly distinguish "dew", "sweep in and sweep out", "hunting" and "hunting celebration". The most prominent feature of this dance is the style of clothing. The performers are dressed in grass bark, simple and elegant, and their style is very primitive. When performing a dialogue, it is required to change the tune so that the audience can't recognize the real identity of the performer. Most importantly, Maogusi dance, as an ancient and unique art form, can provide reliable clues for studying the origin of Tujia dance.

? Maogusi dance is not only of great value for studying the primitive life form and lifestyle of Tujia people, but also becomes a precious cultural heritage with its ancient belief symbols such as nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship and artistic elements such as freehand brushwork, virtuality and imitation.

? Rich tourism resources

? Furong town, a famous historical and cultural town in Hunan Province. Furong town is an ancient town with a history of 2,000 years, located on the shore of Youshui, 5 1 km away from the county seat. Originally the county seat of Youyang County in the Western Han Dynasty, it was convenient to go to Sichuan and Guizhou for Dongting. It has been a trading port of Yongshun since ancient times and is known as the "Golden Boy of Chu and Shu". It enjoys the reputation of Youyang Xiongzhen, Xiangxi "Four Famous Towns" and Little Nanjing.

? Furong town is not only a thousand-year-old ancient town with a long history, but also a tourist attraction integrating natural scenery and ancient ethnic customs. It is also the gateway to Mengdong River scenic spot and the best scenic spot to visit ancient times. Small towns surrounded by green mountains and green waters, winding and deep streets, Tujia wooden houses hanging from the water, and Wuli long street paved with bluestone slabs are permeated with simple Tujia folk customs everywhere, which makes tourists full of praise and linger. After visiting Mengdong River and furong town, Mr. Hu Jiwei wrote a eulogy: "Wuling Mountain is beautiful, and the Three Gorges is Luoxi State. The cliff is steep and green, and the boat swings leisurely. Cooking fresh fish, playing with monkeys, visiting immortals in Longdong, hanging feet in Furong ancient town, Tujia feelings are very strong. " In order to live up to the leading role of furong town's tourism and successfully push furong town to the market, Yongshun County Party Committee and government have set the strategic goal of 1 year to organize ancient towns, build scenic spots in two years, accumulate markets in three years, build products in four years and win brands. Focusing on the determined tourism strategic objectives, furong town Tourism Industry Development Co., Ltd. combed and integrated the Qin and Han culture, Tujia culture, architectural culture, religious culture and film and television culture which have been deposited and formed in the ancient town for more than 2,300 years, listed 46 ancient dwellings in the ancient town as protection objects, and maintained and repaired more than 100 ancient streets, Gu Xiang, ancient trees, ancient walls and ancient tombs in batches. Since July last year, furong town Tourism Industry Development Co., Ltd. has been following the basic principles of "combining scenic spot construction with market, combining scenic spot function with ancient town construction, and combining environmental construction with ancient town management". It can constructively plan a landscape ancient town with "ancient streets, squares, waterfalls, streams, docks, houses, parks and religions", which has been recognized by the government, experts, markets and residents. It has also established four tourism culture plates, namely, film culture with Furong Square as the platform, Qin and Han culture with Wangcun Ancient Street as the backbone, Tujia culture with Zhu Tong Park as the theme, and farming culture with rural landscape as the axis. The county party committee and government decided to invest 654.38+0.2 billion yuan in furong town in three phases and three years. Guzhen Company follows the working mode of "government-led, enterprise-led, social participation and market operation" and closely focuses on the working requirements of "making efforts to build furong town into a market-oriented, humanistic and ecological tourist area of ancient towns with historical and cultural characteristics". Through one year's efforts, the development of scenic spots in furong town has achieved certain results. According to the scenic spot planning, the first phase of the project has been completed around the four major projects of "scenic spot construction system, tourist service system, identification system and environmental protection system". Initially built around the ancient town of "three roads, three streets and three circles"; Six parking lots and 1 battery car transfer station were built, and 20 battery car fleets were officially put into operation on May 1 day. All the lighting street lamps in the scenic spot have been installed, and the night scene lighting project has been initially completed; The first-phase greening project of Furong Road and some swimming lanes was basically completed. Completed the identification of ancient streets and trails and the construction of a simple interpretation system. The names of scenic spots on No.3 Road (Furong Road, Xizhou Road and Zhu Tong Road), No.3 Street (Wangcun Ancient Street, Pan Yun Street and Chaofo Street), No.3 Path (Chushu Tongjing, Waterfall Curtain Scenery, Three Waterfalls Flowing Gold) and five major scenic spots (movies, Qin and Han Dynasties, nationalities, religions and pastoral areas) were determined, and signboards were set up. Signs have been set up on three motor vehicle lanes and pedestrian zebra crossings in the scenic area. In addition, a performance team of more than 40 people has been set up, and performances 12 such as witchcraft stunts, Maogus, Sanbangu, crying marriage and excerpts from the movie furong town have been arranged, and two folk performances have been performed in Lotus Square every day. These performances and explanations with unique Tujia folk customs have greatly increased the attraction of ancient town tourism.

? The bronze column of the Western Zhou Dynasty is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Xizhou Copper Pillar is now in furong town Folk Scenery Museum. In 940 AD, Ma Xifan, the king of Chu, and Peng, who was stabbed to death in Xizhou, made peace after years of struggle, entered into a covenant, smelting across the border and casting 5,000 Jin of copper columns as proof. According to historical records: "In the fourth year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty (AD 939), the Xizhou secretariat Peng fought with Ma Xifan, the king of Chu who occupied Hunan at that time. After the defeat, Peng Yu made peace with Ma Xifan in the fifth year of Tianfu (AD 940), the last year of Jin Dynasty, and carved the course of the war and the terms of the peace talks on a copper pillar. The bronze column weighs 5000 kilograms and is 2 feet high. There are 6 hearts buried underground. It is eight-sided, hollow and filled with a lot of money. The end of the column is covered with a copper top, which stands on the copper column. It was rebuilt in the second year of Song Tianxi (A.D. 10 18), and some local titles were engraved. In the middle of Qing dynasty, the copper top on the column was stolen and sank in the middle of the river, and the copper coins in the column were used up. In the 11th year of Guangxu (AD 1885), Zhang Zengyang, the magistrate of Yongshun, built a pavilion for protection. The museum was destroyed during the Republic of China. " The copper of the copper column is pure and smooth; Although the inscriptions on eight sides and six bodies have been washed away by thousands of years of wind and rain and eroded by frost and snow, they are still as clear as ever. Bronze columns in the Western Zhou Dynasty are important documents to study the ancient history of Tujia nationality. Tujia people regard bronze columns as sacred objects.

? Mengdong River, a national scenic spot. Mengdong River rafting scenic spot is located in Sihe River, a tributary of Mengdong River, with a total length of 47 kilometers. The highlight is located in the section from Hanigon to Lu Niu, about17km long. Both sides of the scenic spot are mostly primitive secondary forests, lush and fast-flowing. full of green has the reputation of Shili Cliff, Shili Waterfall, Shili Picture Scroll and Shili Cave. Among them, there are 20 rapids 108 and waterfalls. Drifting, crossing rapids, crossing dangerous beaches, breaking into narrow valleys, surfing, no danger, endless aftertaste. In particular, Hani Palace, Triangle Rock, Jilongmen, Yuxian Gorge (rubbing soil), Yan Wangtan, Shuiluokeng, Mengsi Gorge, Carp Cut-off, Three Guns and other scenic spots are amazing. Liu Yi, director of the National Tourism Administration, praised it as "unique in China". Fei Xiaotong, vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), wrote an inscription after drifting: "Drifting is the best in the world". Chen Fuli, a famous Hong Kong photographer, praised after drifting: "The real drifting is not in the Philippines, but in Mengdong River in Hunan, China", and wrote an inscription: "Seek seclusion, explore victory and stimulate relaxation, and Mengdong River drifting will be famous all over the world". In February 2002, "No.1 Piao in the World" won the famous trademark of Hunan Province, which is the only famous trademark in China's tourism service industry.

? Laosicheng, a national key cultural relics protection unit. Laosicheng is located in Sicheng Village, Macha Township, more than 20 kilometers east of the county seat. This ancient city, whose real name is Faust City, is also called Sicheng and Laosicheng because it was the ancient capital ruled by the Tusi Dynasty for 800 years. During the Tusi period, Faust City was the political, economic and cultural center of Xi Gu, and it was very prosperous. People say that the old city is divided into inner and outer Los Angeles, with eight streets and ten lanes criss-crossing, dense population and prosperous shops. According to historical records, "there are 3,000 households in the city and 800 households outside the city", and "Wuxi Giant Town, Wan Li Border Town". Peng Shiduo, a tribute student in Qing Dynasty, wrote "Zhi Zhu Ci", praising "the brocade in the city of pumice is the nest, the water waves beside the land palace, the red light is thousands of people, and the hand has the aftermath".

? There are many remains in Laosicheng, which has become a precious cultural landscape for tourists, experts and scholars to understand and study Tujia history and culture. There are mainly ancestral halls, Peng's ancestral halls, chieftain's political tablet, Yinan archway, chieftain's underground palace and chieftain's ancient tomb. Tusi Zushi Temple is located at the southern foot of Taiping in Laosicheng. It was founded in the second year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty (AD 937) and rebuilt in Ming Dynasty. The main hall is surrounded by a large number of columns, and there is no trace of axe chisel on the wooden Fang. It is said that it was built by Luban. This hall covers an area of more than 580 square meters. The main hall is five rooms wide and rests on the top of the mountain with four double eaves. Length17.5m, width13m and height 20m. It's all-wood structure, with 34 pillars supporting the roof. The column base is in the form of double drums, and the ridge and eaves of the temple are exquisite ceramic tiles. In front of the golden pillar in the temple, there is a shrine dedicated to the statue of "ancestors" The arch of the temple is magnificent and simple, and the beam structure is quite special. It is a building with national characteristics in Tujia area and a national key cultural relics protection unit.

? Peng ancestral hall is located in the center of Sisheng, behind the "bedroom" of Tusi. There are ancient chieftain tablets, exquisite wood carvings and a collection of three cardinal guides and five permanents. It was built in the 19th year of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 159 1 year) when Peng Yuanjin, the 24th chieftain, served as Xuanwei's ambassador. There is a 200-meter-long official road from the ancestral hall gate to the main street, which passes through four platforms, five stone steps and more than 30 stone steps, and gradually rises, showing a magnificent style. There are a pair of stone drums at the entrance of the ancestral hall, each of which is estimated to weigh at least 5000 kilograms. According to folklore, Harry Garba, an ancient Tujia hero, mentioned Sicheng from the military attache Ping more than a hundred miles away.

? Yinan archway, located in the elegant lawns of Zijinshan and Ruoyun Academy in the south of Sicheng, was built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, with the words "Children and grandchildren will enjoy forever" engraved on it, which was established to commemorate the 26th generation of chieftain Peng Jinan who led troops to fight against Japan. In the thirty-third year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1954), Peng Jinan, a 26-generation chieftain who was only 18 years old, led 5,000 soldiers to fight against the Japanese pirates in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Soldiers are good at using hook knives, flexible in queue and brave in fighting. In the battle of Wang Jiang Trail, the whole army was wiped out 1900 people. The Ming Dynasty said that "since the enemy came into being, there has been no war in the southeast, which is the first achievement" and set up an archway of "Children and grandchildren will enjoy forever" as a punishment.

? Tusi ancient tombs are mostly concentrated in Zijinshan, Cliff Lawn and Batong Lake in Zicheng, among which Zijinshan is the most. According to the investigation, there are 109 tombs of Tusi kings and their nobles somewhere in Zijin Mountain. Peng Fushi toasted, and local officials and their families were buried here respectively. The size of an ancient tomb depends on its rank. Judging from more than 30 ancient tombs that have been dug up, the basic form is a semi-circular adobe arch with stone statues and horses in front of the tomb, surrounded by walls, and the entrances and exits must pass through iron gates. Exquisite flowers, dragons and phoenixes are carved on the tomb wall. The coffin is made of nanmu and sub-wood, painted black with earth paint, and hung in the stone room with iron hooks. The funerary objects are also extremely rich, including gold flowers, gold medals, hairpins, earrings, lotus flowers and other gold and silver ornaments, as well as various jade articles. The tombs of some famous chieftains in the Ming Dynasty, such as Peng Xianying and Peng Jinan, are still well preserved.

? Xiaoxi, a national nature reserve. Hunan Xiaoxi Eco-tourism Scenic Area is located in Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve, southeast of Yongshun County, adjacent to Zhangjiajie National Forest Park and Mengdonghe Scenic Area, with a total area of 24,800 hectares, of which the core area is 6 133 hectares. Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve is home to a large area of subtropical low-altitude evergreen broad-leaved forest. There are many rare plants in the area, including Davidia involucrata, Taxus chinensis, cypress and tapiscia sinensis. Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve has high scientific research value, and has been investigated and demonstrated by authoritative experts and scholars as the only treasure house of natural resources of primitive secondary forests without Quaternary glaciers in 13 provinces in central and southern China.

? Xiaoxi eco-tourism scenic spot in Hunan Province is an eco-tourism area characterized by primitive secondary forests, canyons and peak forests. The forest coverage rate is 92.5%, the negative oxygen ion concentration is high, the air is fresh and the environment is pleasant. In the gap between beautiful forests, waterfalls and flowing springs, there are deep streams in steep canyons, strange peaks rising from the ground, birds singing and apes singing, and occasionally one or two Tujia wooden houses, chickens barking and dogs barking, and simple folk customs. Xiaoxi eco-tourism scenic spot is an ideal resort for leisure and soft exploration in central and southern China.

? National forest park-gate 2. Buermen is a famous scenic spot in Hunan Province and one of the Buddhist resorts in Hunan Province. Located on the Mengdong River, south of the county seat 1.5 kilometers, with a total area of 30 square kilometers, it is the north gate of Mengdong River Scenic Area. It features grotesque rocks, hot springs, stone carvings and worship of Guanyin. Parr Shimen, Lotus Pond and Eight Arrays are made of limestone and are considered as masterpieces of nature. A stone carving with the word "shore" combined with "mountain and green coast" and an eight-array map known as ecstasy town are amazing. Lush all year round, Sanskrit fills the air. It is a good place to cultivate one's morality. "The Story of Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort Fighting Bandits" and "The Story of Fighting Bandits in the West" were filmed here.

? National patriotism education base-Tawo Township, former site of Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou revolutionary base areas. The former site of the revolutionary base of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou is located in Tawo Town in the northeast of Yongshun County. During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries, such as Ren, He Long, Xiao Ke and others, led the Second and Sixth Corps of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army and established the revolutionary base areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou here. It is one of more than a dozen revolutionary base areas in China founded by the leaders of China's * * * production party, and the last red base area of China's * * * production party on the south bank of the Yangtze River after the fifth anti-encirclement campaign failed. 1934 10 10 On 24th October, the Sixth Army of the Long March Advance Team led by Ren, Xiao Ke joined forces with the Red Army Corps led by He Long in Yinjiang, Guizhou, and the Red Army Corps immediately resumed its designation. Following the strategic intention of the CPC Central Committee to open up new base areas, the two regiments moved eastward and launched an attack on Xiangxi. On June 7th, 165438+ Yongshun County was captured, and on October 6th, 165438+ won a great victory of 100,000 ping, which laid the foundation for the revolutionary base areas in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou. Later, Sangzhi and Dayong were conquered, and temporary provincial committees, provincial revolutionary committees and provincial military regions were established in Dayong (now Zhangjiajie) on1October 26th 165438+. 12, 18 On February 26th, provincial organs moved to Yongshun Tawo, and more than ten counties (or regions) were established one after another. The base areas include the border areas of northwest Hunan, southwest Hubei, southeast Sichuan and northeast Guizhou. Their base areas and guerrilla zones have reached more than 30 counties with a population of over 2 million.

? After the establishment of the base area, the Red Army Corps and the Sixth Army Corps led the people of all ethnic groups in the base area to fight bravely. It successively smashed the six-way siege of more than 80 Kuomintang regiments, annihilated more than 10,000 enemy troops and seized more than 10,000 guns, which strategically contained the enemy and effectively coordinated the Long March of the Red Army with other revolutionary base areas. Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the Revolutionary Committee of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, the people in the base areas actively cooperated with the Red Second and Red Sixth Army Corps and made great contributions to the establishment and defense of the revolutionary base areas. Yongshun Soviet Area (under the jurisdiction of Soviet areas in Yongbao and Guo Liang counties) participated in and supported more than 80,000 people of the Red Army, died 1 1800 people, joined the Red Army 10000 people, and the Red Second and Sixth Army Corps grew from more than 7,000 people to more than 20,000 people, forming one of the three main forces of the Chinese Red Army.

? Based on the heavy red historical classics, relevant historians call it "Yanan in the south of the Yangtze River".