I am a senior 2 student. I was playing before. Geography is basically abolished. Now I want to study, and I want to ask the master to guide me how to study geography. Where did you learn it?

Analysis of geographical problem-solving ideas

★ How to describe natural geographical features:

Location, topography, climate, soil, hydrology (rivers), vegetation < Biology > , resources <; Rich and poor >

★ How to describe topographic features:

(1) topographic types and structures (plains, mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, etc.) (2) distribution of main topographic areas (3) elevation (4) ground fluctuation (5) topography (southeast and northwest) (6) other (typical landform)

★ (2) Terrain (high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset and long sunshine time); (3) weather conditions.

★ Factors affecting the intensity of solar radiation (i.e. factors affecting the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation):

(1) solar height (i.e. latitude); (2) weather conditions; (3) topography; (4) Air density.

★ Location conditions for the formation of salt field:

1. Climate: high temperature, little precipitation, windy and strong sunshine: favorable for evaporation

2. Terrain: flat beach with a wide area and muddy coast

★ Formation reasons of swamp wetland:

(1) Terrain-low terrain, Poor drainage

(2) climate-more precipitation, less evaporation (high latitude, high terrain)

(3) river-river network, water quantity, ice flood

(4) land-soil is sticky, frozen soil is developed, and surface water is not easy to seep down

★ Occurrence conditions of landslide:

2. Material conditions, whether it is material fragmentation and multi-fault structure; 3. Vegetation conditions, whether it is poor vegetation conditions and many barren hills and mountains.

Human factors:

1. Whether human activities have destroyed the surface structure and increased the ups and downs of the terrain; 2. Whether human activities have piled up a lot of debris; 3. whether human activities have destroyed the vegetation on the surface

★ conditions of debris flow:

1. topography: steep slopes and deep valleys in mountainous areas

2. rock conditions: broken rocks, with a lot of loose debris

3. vegetation conditions: poor vegetation coverage

4. meteorological conditions: heavy rain in summer or the convergence of melting snow and ice, with a lot of mud and stones.

★ Location conditions of the satellite launch base:

"natural conditions"

1. Good meteorological conditions (the most crucial and direct factors): sunny days, low wind speed and low humidity

2. Latitude: linear speed of the earth's rotation

3. Terrain and geology: flat and open, and stable geological structure

. Possibility of establishing a no-fly zone again

2. Transportation: convenient transportation

3. Military: meeting the needs of national defense security

★ Conditions of satellite landing site:

1. Sparse population

2. Flat and open grassland area

3. Areas convenient for finding targets and rescue

★ Factors affecting temperature: < p Annual range (the temperature in annual range in low latitudes is lower than that in high latitudes)

2. Topography (height, topography): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, valleys and basins with different altitudes (for example, the topographic heat in valley basins is not easy to dissipate, the tall topography blocks the winter wind, and the mountains with the same latitude are worse than the plains and the annual range is smaller)

3. Land and sea location: the strength of the ocean.

4. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidifying)

5. Weather conditions (annual range is lower in cloudy and rainy places than in cloudy and rainy places)

6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high ice and snow reflectivity, low temperature); The daily air temperature in green space and annual range are less than those in bare land

7. Human activities: urban heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc.

★ Factors affecting the annual range of air temperature and its variation law:

(1) Latitude: small in low latitude and large in high latitude;

(2) The nature of underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coastal area is smaller than the inland area, and the vegetation is smaller than the bare land; Comparison between land-sea transition zone and the same underlying surface

(3) Weather conditions: the places with more clouds and rain are smaller than those with less clouds and rain.

★ Factors affecting precipitation:

1. Climate: atmospheric circulation (pressure belt, wind belt, monsoon)

① atmospheric circulation factors-factors that determine the amount of precipitation

There are more in summer and autumn in monsoon control area, and less in winter and spring; There is little precipitation in the subtropical high control area, such as summer drought, tropical desert climate and Mediterranean climate; There is abundant precipitation in the control area of equatorial low pressure zone; There is more precipitation in the westerlies and less precipitation in the trade winds. (pay attention to the direction of the wind: the wind that meets the shore is often rainy; It rains less when the wind is offshore)

② Weather system factors-there is more precipitation in the low-pressure center and trough, but less precipitation in the high-pressure center and ridge; Frontal control precipitation, such as plum rain, Guiyang winter rain, northern summer rainstorm; Cyclone transit precipitation is more, such as winter in western Europe, spring in northeast China and Jiangnan; Anti-cyclone transit precipitation is less, such as summer drought; Typhoon has a lot of precipitation in transit.

2. landform: windward slope and leeward slope (foehn effect).

3. Topography (altitude): precipitation reaches the maximum at a certain height

4. Land and sea locations (distance from the sea) generally have more precipitation along the coast; There is little precipitation in the inland.

5. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

6. Underlying surface: lake, river and vegetation coverage

7. Human activities; Changing the underlying surface affects the precipitation

★ Describe the hydrological characteristics of the river:

1. Flow: size, seasonal change, and whether there is any interruption (depending on the characteristics of precipitation, rainwater supply, and river area)

2. Sediment concentration: depending on the vegetation status of the basin

3. ice period: presence or absence, length

4. Water level: height. Lake regulation and storage)

5. Water energy: related to topography (river drop, flow speed), climate (precipitation, runoff, The amount of evaporation) is related to

★ Describe the characteristics of the river system:

1. Length

2. Flow direction

3. Basin area (within the watershed)

4. Drop size (water energy)

5. River straightness

6. How many tributaries

7.

2. Generally, the greater the river drop (with large topographic relief and many mountains), the faster the water flow, and the richer the hydraulic resources.

For example: (1) Southwest China is rich in water energy, mainly because:

① It is located in a humid area with abundant precipitation and large runoff; ② Located at the junction of the first and second steps, the river has a large drop.

(2) The Three Gorges area is rich in hydropower, mainly because:

① It is located in a humid area with abundant precipitation and large runoff; ② Located at the junction of the second and third steps, the river gap is large. ★ Evaluating the shipping value of rivers:

"natural conditions"

1. Terrain: flat, flowing through plains, with gentle water flow

2. Climate: abundant and even precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal variation, short ice age

3. River course: wide and straight, water depth

"socio-economic conditions"

. The transportation volume is large

★ Thoughts on analyzing the value of inland river shipping:

"natural factors"

1. The water flow in the river system is stable

2. The seasonal change of water level is small

3. Without ice period

"economic factors"

The economy in the basin is developed, and the demand for passenger and cargo transportation is large

★ The causes of river floods: < p B. high sediment concentration; C. The plain river course is curved, with slow water flow and poor water flow. )

2. Hydrological characteristics (a. Flowing through humid areas, there is abundant precipitation; B. the main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water. )

3. Climatic characteristics (The climate was abnormal in that year, and heavy rain fell in the basin, causing flooding. )

"Man-made reasons"

1. Vegetation destruction (a. Excessive logging, serious vegetation destruction, and increased soil erosion, resulting in a decrease in the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak clipping and drought compensation in the basin; B. Sediment entering the river and silting raise the riverbed, which reduces the flood discharge capacity of the river. )

2. Reclaiming land around the lake (siltation causes the lake to shrink, and the ability of regulating and storing flood peaks decreases. )

For example, the causes of floods in the Yangtze River are:

(1) Natural causes:

① Features of water system: wide drainage basin with many tributaries; The vegetation in the middle and upper reaches is seriously damaged and the sediment concentration is increased; The middle and lower reaches are mostly plains, with curved rivers, slow water flow and poor water flow.

② Hydrological characteristics: It flows through humid areas, with abundant precipitation, long flood season and large water volume.

③ climatic characteristics: in some years, the climate is abnormal, and heavy rain falls in the basin, resulting in flooding.

(2) Man-made reasons:

① Excessive logging, serious damage to vegetation, and increased soil erosion, which reduced the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak clipping and drought compensation in the basin; Sediment enters the river, silting up and raising the riverbed, which reduces the flood discharge capacity of the river;

② Reclaiming land around the lake leads to siltation, which leads to the shrinking of the lake and the decline of flood peak regulation and storage capacity.

★ River regulation measures:

Upstream: the regulation principle is flood regulation, and the practice is to build reservoirs and plant trees; Middle reaches: the principle of flood control is flood diversion and storage, and the practice is to build reservoirs and flood diversion and storage projects; Downstream: the principle of regulation is flood discharge and water harness, and the practice is to reinforce the levee, dredge the river and excavate the river.

★ Analysis and solutions of water shortage in a certain area:

※ Cause

"Natural causes"

1. Climate: less or insufficient precipitation, large evaporation and uneven seasonal distribution

2. Rivers: less surface runoff

"Man-made causes"

1. Large water consumption: dense population and labor. Serious pollution and waste

※ Solutions

1. Open source: transfer water across river basins, build reservoirs and desalinate seawater in coastal areas to improve water supply capacity

2. Reduce expenditure: reduce water pollution, reduce waste, improve the utilization rate of industrial and agricultural water resources, limit the development of water industry with high energy consumption, develop water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation), and formulate laws and regulations to raise people's awareness of water conservation. ② Develop water resources and improve water supply capacity; (3) strengthen water management, enhance water-saving awareness, (4) improve water use efficiency and control the growth of water demand; ⑤ Control population growth. )

Example 1: Generally, the runoff in the middle and lower reaches of the outflow river is larger than that in the upper reaches, but the reason why the lower reaches of the Yellow River are often cut off in spring is that the flood season is concentrated in July and August, and the runoff in spring is small; The temperature rises quickly in spring; More infiltration; Irrigation from the Yellow River in the middle and upper reaches; The downstream population and cities are dense, and the water consumption of life, industry and agriculture increases; Serious waste of water resources

Example 2: The estuary is an ideal place for urban development, but the reason why the estuary of the Yellow River Delta has not formed a big city: historically, the position of the Yellow River estuary is unstable; Sediment deposition in the estuary is serious and navigation conditions are poor; Poor agricultural development conditions; Less available resources; The lower reaches of the Yellow River are overground rivers, and cities along the river are threatened by floods

★ Functions of reservoirs:

1. Regulate climate, Improve the ecological environment

2. It is beneficial to the development of aquaculture

3. It is beneficial to the development of tourism

4. It has the function of flood control

5. It has the value of power generation

6. It has the function of irrigation

7. It improves the shipping value

★ Factors affecting the selection of reservoir dam site:

1. The dam site is in rivers and canyons. The reservoir area has a large capacity)

2. Choose a place with good geological conditions to avoid karst landforms and faults, so as to prevent reservoir earthquakes

3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water

4. Consider whether it is necessary to emigrate to build the reservoir, and the situation of land occupation and relocation, so as to minimize the flooding of residential areas

★ Water bloom:

Water bloom is a natural ecological phenomenon in which algae multiply in fresh water bodies.

★ Causes of red tide:

(1) Temperature and precipitation: generally appear in summer, but also occur in spring and autumn. (High temperature and less precipitation are easy to form red tides)

(2) Wind and current: The formation, distribution, aggregation and dispersion of red tides are directly affected by the movement of water bodies, which is why red tides are easy to occur in some harbors. (The wind is weak, and the current is weak, which is easy to cause red tide)

(3) The influence of human activities: A large number of domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and farmland wastewater are continuously discharged into the sea, and excessive mariculture leads to eutrophication of the sea area.

Harm of red tide: Red tide is harmful to marine ecological balance, marine fishery and aquatic resources, and human health.

prevention and control of red tide: control the amount of sewage to prevent eutrophication of seawater; Establish marine environmental monitoring network and strengthen red tide monitoring; Strengthen the monitoring of marine environment and carry out the forecast of red tide; Serve the scientific and rational development and utilization of the ocean; Do a good job in social education and publicity

★ Causes of salt tide:

Salt tide, mainly caused by drought, generally occurs during the winter solstice of last year to Qingming in beginning of spring the following year. Due to the small amount of water and rainfall in the upper reaches of the river, the water level of the river drops, which leads to the seawater flowing back to the inland areas through rivers or other channels. The influence of salt tide is mainly manifested in the content of chloride. According to the relevant national standards, if the chlorine content of water exceeds 25 mg/L, it is not suitable for drinking, and this water quality will also endanger the survival of local plants. Salt tides in China mostly occur in the Pearl River Estuary.

Hazards of salt tide: If the salinity in water is too high, it will do harm to human body, and it is not suitable for the elderly and patients with hypertension, heart disease and diabetes. It will also pose a threat to the production of enterprises, and the production equipment is easy to oxidize and the boiler is easy to deposit scale; In the salt tide disaster, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing, metal products, textiles and clothing industries that consume a lot of water in production have been hit hard, and some of them have to stop production; Salt tide will also increase the salinity of groundwater and soil, which will seriously affect agricultural production and endanger the survival of local plants.

prevention and control of salt tide: establish early warning mechanism, adopt water diversion to reduce salt, strengthen sand mining management in river course and save water.

★ Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds:

1. Topography: vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis and abundant bait)

2. Temperate sea area: great temperature change, flooding of seawater

3. Estuary: rivers bring rich nutrients

4. Ocean current: (cross current or upwelling.