About the history of the Mu family in Lijiang?

In the history of Yunnan Tusi, Wooden Tusi accepted China culture the earliest. The history book says: "Yunnan Tusi knows poetry and books, and is courteous and honest, headed by Lijiang Mu." Mushi, the leader of Naxi nationality in Lijiang, has been the hereditary magistrate of Lijiang since Yuan Dynasty, which lasted for 22 generations in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties for 470 years. He is famous for his "knowledge of poetry, calligraphy and painting, courtesy and righteousness" in the southwest toast. As a symbol of kingship, the shogunate is located in the southwest corner of the ancient city. In the Ming Dynasty, its architectural pattern was gorgeous and elegant, which once attracted the traveler Xu Xiake to exclaim: "The beauty of the palace is intended to be king." The survival wisdom and poetic attainments of the Mu family in Lijiang are still unforgettable for future generations. Mufu witnessed the glory of wood and stone.

Lijiang shogunate was originally the hereditary chieftain shogunate of Lijiang, which was built in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1 ~ 1368) and rebuilt in 1998, and changed to the ancient city museum. The wooden house covers an area of 46 mu, with 162 rooms in it. There is also a plaque 1 1 given by emperors of past dynasties, which witnessed the rise and fall of the Mu family.

Most of the buildings were destroyed by the war in the late Qing Dynasty, and the surviving stone archway was also destroyed by the Cultural Revolution. After the 1996 earthquake, the government borrowed a huge sum of money from the World Bank to rebuild the Mufu. After three years of reconstruction, Mufu reopened.

Architectural experts believe that the shogunate is a splendid garden of architectural art, which fully embodies the elegance and temperament of Central Plains architecture in Ming Dynasty, while retaining the primitive and rugged charm of Central Plains architecture in Tang and Song Dynasties. The layout of the wooden house, with the west facing east, the jade ditch criss-crossing and the flowing water gurgling, embodies the spirit of Naxi traditional culture. Mufu is also a famous garden in Naxi ancient kingdom, which combines the elegant atmosphere of heaven and earth with the elegance and richness of the palace. The origin of mu surname

The ancestors of the Mu family can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. According to legend, the ancestors of Mu clan were very capable and clever. Mu's ancestors did not have the surname Mu, but the surname Mu was given by the government. According to the historical book Mu Zhengshi, "In the first year of Bao You in Song Lizong, the Mongolian Emperor Xianzong ordered his royal brother Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan to personally conquer in Dali and meet the soldiers at the mouth of Laba River. He is very honest and is loved by people. He will be appointed as a tea official, so he broke the gas of the giant gold and captured the traitor attalla alive. There were two situations at that time. On the one hand, attalla of Jinjufu stubbornly resisted the Yuan Army in Shigu. On the other hand, Mai Liang of Tongan Prefecture waited for surrender at the mouth of Shigu River and actively cooperated with the Yuan Army to capture Shigu Town. In 1260, Kublai Khan, who was welcomed by Mai Liang, proclaimed himself emperor. In the fourth year of his reign, Mai Liang was named "Xuansi of Tea Wei (from the second grade)". He was awarded the titles of "Deputy Marshal", "Returning to Modi Town" and "Organizing and Regulating All Roads to Command the Military Division" for his meritorious deeds such as pacifying Dali. It is rare for a chief of a frontier minority to get such a high official title. His grandson Ren also received many awards from the imperial court.

As the saying goes, "He who knows the times is a hero", and Mai Liang's survival wisdom inspired his descendants ideologically. In the Ming Dynasty, the Mu ancestors in Lijiang, Yunnan Province followed suit and moved closer to the central royal family more actively. In the 15th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1382), Zhu Yuanzhang sent generals Fu Youde, Aquamarine and Mu Yingyuan to Yunnan. After the Ming army conquered Dali, Ade, the leader of Naxi nationality in Lijiang at that time, led the crowd to join the Ming army first, and "gave the Mu family a gift". Mu's Lun Lu, compiled by the Ming Dynasty, contains the "imperial decree" cloud issued by the court in the fifteenth year of Hongwu: "When the army arrives, Qu Kui will win. Ade, the local official of Erlijiang, led the people to return first, showing his sincerity. I have sealed two trees today, and I want to make contributions from the general. " In the sixteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, decrees such as "Giving the descendants of Er hereditary local officials to know the government, protecting Shimen forever, and governing the town by the emperor" and "sealing the doctor in the middle" were promulgated. Since then, this family has continued the father-son joint system, and at the same time has the Han nationality "Mu" surname, and ruled Lijiang as a "hereditary local official and magistrate". In order to maintain the aristocratization of the ruling group's surname, Mu Tusi carried out the system of "official surname Mu, people surname He". Mu Tusi was handed down from generation to generation until the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even after liberation. Mu ruled Lijiang for 470 years.

The ruling power of the Mu hereditary local officials and county magistrates has been accompanied by the Ming Dynasty until the first year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, and * * * passed on to 18 generations. If you add four generations of the Yuan Dynasty, 22 generations * * *. From 1382 in the 15th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty to 1723 in the first year of Yongzheng, Mu served as the magistrate of Lijiang for 34 1 year. From 1253, when Mai Liang, the ancestor of the Mu family, fell to the Yuan Dynasty, his family ruled Lijiang for 470 years.

"The longest handed down from generation to generation", Mu Tusi carried out the eldest son inheritance system, although there were twists and turns in the middle. For example, Jim, Mu Tai's seventh brother, inherited it in order. Mu was cautious as an official. Although some minor flaws such as buying land across counties were brought into play by the participants, the relevant departments of the central dynasty still protected them.

In Ming Dynasty, Mu Ying was the longest, Mu Chu (28 years), Mu Gong (28 years), Mu Zeng (26 years) and Mu Yi (25 years) were the longest, and Mu Qing (2 years) was the shortest. The highest honorary title is Mu Zeng (left and right political envoys, from second class). Followed by Mu Ying (doctor Tai Zhong, resources cure shaoyin, three products). The rest are Muxiong (magistrate, Dr. Zhong Xian, and Zheng Sipin). Mu, a professor at Yunnan University, believes that Mu Tusi's management mode of "controlling foreign countries with foreign countries" has achieved remarkable results. Practice has proved that the implementation of this policy has played an important role in conforming to historical development, taking into account the actual interests of ethnic minorities, consolidating the dominant position of the central dynasty in the frontier, developing all aspects of the localities and maintaining regional stability. The leader of the Mu family.

The most prominent chiefs of the Mu family in the early Ming Dynasty were Mu Gong and Mu Zeng. Mu and his son are keen on learning China culture. From the "Wanjuan Building" of the shogunate to a large number of China classic books in the building, this point can be illustrated. Mu and his son love poetry, and it is said that they sang together with many famous writers in the Central Plains, while famous artists such as Xu Xiake, Yang Shengting and Dong Qichang all became guests of Mu and his son, and they had close contacts. In order to make Naxi children "know poetry and keep etiquette and righteousness" like Han people, the Mu family also tried to entertain mainland scholars to come to Lijiang to teach Chinese culture to their children. Therefore, Xu Xiake once praised Mu's toast as "elegant in the world, full of the world", and he was a very insightful and far-sighted person in Southwest China. However, Mu's love for China culture was confined to his family and did not spread to the people. This is also the reason why the influence of Confucianism did not spread among Naxi people at that time and even for a long time afterwards. Muliushi Palace

In the history of Tusi in Yunnan, the leader of Mu family accepted China culture earliest. The history book says: "Yunnan Tusi knows poetry and books, and is courteous and honest, headed by Lijiang Mu." This shows the cultural accomplishment of the Mu family. This is the evaluation of historians. There are several generations of writers in history, among which Mu Tai, Mu Gong, Mu Zeng and Mu Zeng have the most outstanding achievements, and they are respected as Mu Liujie by later generations. Literati and poets spoke highly of the literary attainments of Mu writers, calling them "the style of writing is better than that of Zhongzhou" and "the flag and drum of the Central Plains", and thought that their poems had made positive contributions to enriching and developing the literature of the whole Chinese nation. Return to the homeland and end the monopoly.

The real promotion of Chinese culture in southwest minority areas was in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty. Before this, signs have appeared. When Liu Guan came to Lijiang, he found that "Confucianism is not prosperous and people's wisdom cannot be opened", so he begged the toast to pay attention to this matter. Judging from the later situation, whether Mu agreed with this proposal or not, in short, after Liu Guan reported to the court, Lijiang Education Department was approved to appoint professors and instructors to take charge of educational affairs and teaching matters. The purpose of doing this is to give more Naxi people the opportunity to learn. However, with the passage of time and the change of the situation, the Qing government accelerated the adjustment of the ruling policy in minority areas. First, it abolished the chieftain system, then changed the land to local government, then appointed local officials to take charge, and set up prefectures, ministries, states and counties, which fundamentally changed the original "autonomy" system and unified the regime model with the mainland. Since then, Mu's toast has been reduced to a general sentence, and his power and influence have been weakened. After that, Confucianism and Chinese culture got rid of the exclusive monopoly of the Mu family and began to enter the homes of ordinary people. The Value Orientation of Mu's Toast

"Respecting Heaven and Fazu" is a concept that people in Naxi ancient culture admire, and a grand ceremony of "offering sacrifices to heaven" is held in the first month of every year. Jing Li's "A Brief Account of Yunnan" said: "They don't worship gods and buddhas, but climb mountains to worship heaven on the fifteenth day of the first month, which is extremely strict and clean. Men and women move a hundred times, each holding hands, dancing in groups and having fun. " Sacrificing to heaven is a special ritual of Naxi people's nature worship and ancestor worship, which can be attended by both men and women with few restrictions. However, after the Ming Dynasty, the traditional rituals changed. In addition to offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, a "king" was added, and only men were allowed to participate. The concept of "kingship" entered the ceremony of offering sacrifices to heaven, which indicated that the concept of the central dynasty was gradually rooted in people's hearts, and also indicated the establishment of patriarchal clan system and the decline of feminist status.

Tusimu attached great importance to imperial edicts and advocated "loyalty and sincerity". This can be seen from one of Mu's sharp literary works, such as Mu Tai's "Two Ambassadors": "Whenever the imperial edict of the Phoenix comes, the red sun is coming, and the crane book is not idle; Fold the plum and give it to the messenger of Huang Hua. I hope to put a seal on it to comfort Bai Man. " I hope you are satisfied. Thank you for your adoption.