Comparison of marine climate

The maritime climate is characterized by cool in summer, not cold in winter and small daily temperature difference, which is a good place to cool off the heat. Continental climate, dry climate, hot winter in Leng Xia, with large annual and daily temperature difference.

The continental climate is hot in summer. Different climates mainly depend on the different properties of the surface. The physical properties of ocean and land are very different. Under the same solar radiation, their heating and heat dissipation are very different. Seawater absorbs heat much better than land. Solar heat radiated to the ocean is rarely reflected back, but most of it is absorbed by seawater and stored in the ocean through the fluctuation of seawater. In this way, even in hot summer, the temperature in the ocean will not suddenly rise. Compared with the land at the same latitude, the temperature change of the ocean is much smaller. In winter, although the solar radiation decreases, a large amount of heat stored in the ocean begins to be released steadily, so the temperature in the ocean and its vicinity is higher than that in other land areas at the same latitude. So the ocean is like a huge automatic thermostat, which makes the temperature in the nearby area warm in winter and cool in summer.

In the hinterland of the mainland far from the ocean, due to the lack of ocean regulation, the annual and daily temperature difference is much larger than that in coastal areas.

The annual average daily range of Pingtan Island in Taiwan Province Strait is 4.9℃, which is 5.5℃ smaller than that of Yong 'an, Fujian. In many inland areas of western China, the daily temperature difference is generally between 20-25℃, while in Turpan Basin, the daily temperature difference reaches 50℃. In addition, the interannual variation of temperature in coastal areas and inland areas is very different. The average monthly temperature in the hottest months in the South China Sea islands is only 28-29℃, while the inland Chongqing, Changsha and Nanchang are as high as 34-35℃.

The maritime climate and temperature change gently, with spring coming late and summer fading slowly, and the temperature in spring is generally lower than that in autumn. On the contrary, the continental climate and temperature change dramatically. Spring comes early and summer goes early, and the temperature in spring is higher than that in autumn. Influenced by ocean air mass and warm and humid airflow, the annual precipitation in maritime climate is more, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is more uniform in a year, especially in winter. The annual precipitation in continental climate is less, the seasonal distribution of precipitation is uneven in a year, and the precipitation is the most in summer.

Due to the great influence of land and sea distribution on climate formation, the climate in the same latitude zone is significantly different under marine and continental conditions. The former is called maritime climate, while the latter is called continental climate. There are many indicators to distinguish marine climate from continental climate, and the most important ones are temperature and precipitation. The temperature signs of maritime climate and continental climate are generally expressed by several indicators, such as daily temperature difference, temperature annual range, annual temperature phase time, spring and autumn temperature difference, continental degree, etc., and the range of temperature change is also related to the latitude of the place.

(1) The temperature in annual range: Valencia is the lowest (7.9℃), the farther inland annual range is, the higher it is, and Irkutsk reaches 38.7℃.

(2) Annual temperature phase: Due to the influence of the ocean, the temperature in Valencia changes slowly, and the time of the most Leng Yue (February) and the hottest month (August) is later than the other three stations in Table 6.8 1 month.

(3) Temperature difference between spring temperature and autumn temperature: In climatology, the temperatures in April and 10 usually represent spring temperature and autumn temperature respectively. The maritime climate and temperature change gently, with spring coming and summer going, and the temperature in spring is lower than that in autumn (such as Valencia in April; T 10 month).

(4) Daily range: Generally, the daily range in summer is greater than that in winter. The maximum daily temperature difference δ TM in Valencia is 4.1℃ (June), and the minimum daily temperature difference δ TN is1.2℃ (65438+1October). Δ TM and Δ TN in Irkutsk are14.1℃ (June) and 5.7℃ (65438+February), respectively, which are both higher than those in Valencia. As can also be seen from Table 6.8, the annual precipitation of maritime climate at the same latitude is more than that of continental climate, and the distribution of precipitation in a year is more uniform, but it is more in winter. The frequency of cyclone rainfall is the largest, and the variability of precipitation is small. The continental climate is dominated by convective rain, and the precipitation is concentrated in summer, with large precipitation variability.

In addition, the absolute humidity and relative humidity of maritime climate are generally greater than those of continental climate. The relative humidity of maritime climate is smaller than that of continental climate. Be distributed

Tropical maritime climate appears on the east coast of the mainland and several islands in the tropical ocean in the trade wind zone of north latitude10 ~ 25. For example, the Caribbean coast in Central America, the West Indies, the narrow east coast of Brazil Plateau in South America, the east coast of Madagascar Island in Africa, the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean and the coastal areas of Queensland, Australia. These areas are influenced by trade winds from tropical oceans all the year round, and tropical marine air masses prevail all the year round, with a maritime climate. The annual and daily difference is small, but the average temperature in Leng Yue is slightly lower than that in the equator, and the rainy climate in the whole year is slightly higher than that in the equator. The annual precipitation is generally more than 2000 mm, and the seasonal distribution is relatively uniform. Most of the Pacific islands are located between the Tropic of Cancer, belonging to the equatorial rainy climate and tropical maritime climate. Due to the small area of each island, it can be completely adjusted by the ocean. Although it belongs to tropical climate, the temperature is not too high [1].

climate

Except for a few islands, the annual average temperature rarely exceeds 29℃ or is lower than 24℃ (Table 9-8). The annual temperature difference in equatorial regions does not exceed 1℃; in high latitudes, such as New Caledonia, the annual temperature difference exceeds 5℃; only in the northwest Pacific, due to the influence of monsoon, the annual temperature difference exceeds 10℃.

The precipitation in Pacific islands varies greatly, depending on latitude, topography and wind direction. Generally speaking, the annual precipitation of each island is above 1000mm, and the windward slope can reach 2000-4000mm or even 6000 mm. Kauai, Hawaii has the highest annual average precipitation, reaching 12040mm, ranking first in the world. The annual precipitation on the leeward slope of the island is less than 1000 mm. The precipitation types in Pacific islands are mostly convective rain and frontal rain, and the islands with higher terrain have a lot of topographic precipitation.

Most Pacific islands have equatorial rainy climate and tropical maritime climate, but near Asia and Australia, they are also affected by monsoon. Central Polynesia and the vicinity of Caroline Islands in Micronesia are the main sources of typhoons, which often cause serious damage to buildings on the islands. The climate of Pacific islands is warm, hot and humid. Except for some coral islands, plants are flourishing. Tropical rainforests are widely distributed in Melanesia, mainly palmae and dendritic ferns. Forests are replaced by grasslands with little precipitation or dry season. There are swamps in river valleys and coastal areas. Mangroves are everywhere in the tidal fluctuation zone. On the low coral island, vegetation is sparse, and there are many pandanus, Casuarina and coconut trees. Due to the geographical isolation of Pacific islands, there are few species and many species of plants. For example, more than 90% of plants in Hawaii are endemic, and 80% of the 2,500 flowering plants in New Caledonia are endemic. distribute

Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40-60 degrees north and south latitude, it is distributed in all continents except Asia, Africa and Antarctica, with Western Europe and the British Isles as the most typical ones. Temperate maritime climate is often only distributed in narrow strips or islands.

The temperate maritime climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and also distributed in the west coast of the American continent, Tasmania in Oceania and the corresponding latitudes in New Zealand. It belongs to a small part of northwest Europe, Pacific coast of Canada, southern Chile, South Africa and southeastern Australia.

Western Europe is located at about 30-40 degrees north latitude, which is influenced by the west wind and the water vapor from the Atlantic Ocean. The topography of North America is higher in the west, lower in the middle and slightly higher in the east. The water vapor blown from the Pacific Ocean is blocked by the Rocky Mountains, which can only affect the coastal marginal areas, and the Alaska Warm Current passes by. Therefore, the scope of northern Europe is large, and the scope of North America is small.

climate

Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 north latitude ~ 60 south latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small. There is precipitation all year round, especially in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation is above 1000mm, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach 2000 ~ 3000mm or even higher. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the corresponding latitude of America, the west coast of Africa, Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania.

This climate type is influenced by the west wind all the year round, and the ocean air mass prevails. Its main characteristics are mild and humid, and the temperature difference is small. The highest and lowest monthly average temperatures are in August and February respectively, and the monthly average temperatures are not lower than 0℃ and not higher than 22℃. The precipitation is 500 ~ 700 mm, and the local windward slope can reach 2500 mm. Due to cyclone rainfall, the precipitation intensity is very small, there are many rainy days and insufficient illumination. Not suitable for the growth of food crops. Natural vegetation is dominated by broad-leaved deciduous forests and mixed forests.

Compared with continental climate, the main characteristics of temperate maritime climate are that not only the annual and daily variations of temperature are small, but also the extreme temperature appears later than that of continental climate zone; The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, with more precipitation days and less intensity; There are many clouds and high humidity. Judging from the annual temperature change, spring is colder than autumn, and temperate maritime climate is an obvious sign of maritime climate. The warmest month appears in August and even lasts until September; Leng Yue is the most in February, and the high latitudes are postponed to March. People usually regard the coastal areas of northwest Europe as a typical maritime climate on the mainland.

Compared with continental climate, the main feature of maritime climate is that not only the annual and daily variation of temperature is small, but also the extreme temperature appears later than that in continental climate area. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, with more precipitation days and less intensity; There are many clouds and high humidity. Judging from the annual temperature change, spring is colder than autumn, which is an obvious sign of maritime climate. The warmest month appears in August and even lasts until September (such as San Francisco); Leng Yue is the most in February, and the high latitudes are postponed to March. People usually regard the coastal areas of northwest Europe as a typical maritime climate on the mainland.

Marine climate is the most basic climate type on the earth. The general feature is that it is less influenced by the mainland and more influenced by the ocean. Under the condition of maritime climate, the annual and daily variations of temperature are relatively mild, and the daily variation of annual variation is smaller than that of continental climate. The temperature in spring is lower than in autumn. The annual maximum and minimum temperatures appear later than continental climate; The hottest month is in August and the hottest month in Leng Yue is in February.

The climate formed by the action of huge water bodies in the ocean. Including the ocean surface or island and the climate of the offshore part of the mainland where the main airflow comes from the ocean. The maritime climate has the following characteristics:

① The annual and diurnal variations of temperature are very small, and even diurnal variations are not observed on the ocean surface. The annual extreme value is generally 1 month later than that of Chinese mainland, such as February in Leng Yue and August in the warmest month. At high latitudes, Leng Yue may be in March, and the warmest month may be in September (such as San Francisco). Autumn is warmer than spring.

(2) The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, with more precipitation days but less intensity. There are many clouds and high humidity.

(3) There are many tropical ocean storms, such as the southwest of the North Pacific and the South China Sea of China, where typhoons have a strong influence. Tropical storm (including typhoon) is a very important meteorological disaster.

④ Cloudy weather with high humidity. Most of the mainland areas near the ocean have maritime climate characteristics, and the coastal areas of western Europe are typical maritime climate areas on the mainland.