Shenliu popular science knowledge

Shenzhou VI spacecraft is still a three-room structure of propulsion module, return module and orbital module. The shape and structure of the whole ship are the same as the original, and the weight is basically maintained at about 8 tons. After the spacecraft entered the orbit, it first circled five times in an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 200 kilometers and an apogee of 350 kilometers, and then changed its orbit to a circular orbit with a distance of 343 kilometers from the ground. After flying around the earth for 90 minutes, the flight trajectory projected on the ground moved eastward in a sinusoidal curve. Orbit features are the same as those of Shenzhou 5.

Because there was no rendezvous and docking mission on this flight, Shenzhou VI cancelled the additional segment for this function. In addition, the spacecraft added more than 40 devices and 6 softwares, making the number of devices and 82 softwares more than 6.5438+million.

The improvement of Shenzhou VI can be roughly summarized into four aspects: [blocking advertisements]

First, around the improvement of the multi-day task of two people. First of all, we have prepared enough or even excess astronaut consumables, including food, water and sleeping bags. The food cabinet was put in the orbital module, which was empty before. According to the water consumption of one and a half thermos bottles per person per day, the astronauts' water is prepared with water tanks and separate soft packages. Secondly, the environmental control ability of the cockpit is improved. A person exhales nearly a liter of water a day. Shenzhou VI improved the ability to condense water vapor, expanded the condensation water tank, and put water-absorbing materials on all exposed pipes to ensure that the humidity of the spacecraft was controlled below 80%. Oxygen, temperature and humidity in the cabin can be automatically sensed and adjusted.

Second, the improvement of the function and use of the orbital module. Astronauts have many necessities, such as food heating devices and tableware. There is a sleeping bag hanging in the orbital module for two astronauts to take turns to rest. In weightlessness, people can actually sleep in the air, but considering the habits of people on the ground, sleeping bags artificially create a feeling of "bed", otherwise astronauts may have the illusion of rolling in the deep when sleeping. There is also a special cleaning cabinet in the orbital module, and astronauts can clean it with items such as wet wipes. This is the first time to use the urine collector.

Third, improve the safety of astronauts. The astronaut seat of the return capsule is designed with landing buffer function, which is to ensure the safety of astronauts when the thrust rocket fails. In the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft, only the seat on which Yang Liwei was seated has the landing buffer function, and there is a small defect, that is, it is difficult for astronauts to see the situation outside the porthole before returning. Shenzhou VI redesigned the buffer and carried out repeated tests with the whole ship. The three tests dropped from the tower and the plane were successful every time. If the hatch between the return module and the orbital module is not tightly closed when returning, it will threaten the safety of astronauts. Three astronauts were killed in Russia. Shenzhou VI researchers have successfully developed a quick and automatic inspection device for cabin door seal, and developed a special rag for several months, which does not produce fiber, static electricity and odor, and is specially used for cleaning cabin doors.

Fourth, continuous improvement. China's manned spaceflight project was officially launched in 1992, and it has been 13 years. Some parts and raw materials originally used on the spacecraft are no longer produced, and some technologies are a bit outdated. Shenzhou VI made some daily continuous improvements. For example, the "black box" from Shenzhou I to Shenzhou 5 was developed in 1994, with a storage capacity of only 10 trillion. Nowadays, the storage capacity of the black box is not only 100 times larger than the original, but also the data reading and writing speed is increased by more than 10 times, but the volume is less than half of the original.

Composition of Shenzhou VI spacecraft

Orbital module: "multifunctional hall"

Shenzhou spaceship orbital module is a cylinder with a total length of 2.8m and a maximum diameter of 2.25m.. One end is connected with the return cabin, and the other end is connected with the space docking mechanism. Shenzhou VI's orbital module is called "multifunctional hall" because two astronauts are in the orbital module at other times except when taking off and returning. The orbital module integrates many functions such as working, eating, sleeping, washing and convenience.

Escape Tower: Ensure the safety of the spaceship.

Escape Tower: Located at the front of the spacecraft, it is 8 meters high. It is actually a small launch vehicle composed of a series of rocket engines. 900 seconds before the launch of the launch vehicle and 160 seconds after the launch? The running distance of the rocket ranges from 0 to 100 km. In case of emergency, this life-saving tower will be activated urgently, dragging the return module and orbital module of Shenzhou VI spacecraft away from the rocket, quickly escaping from the dangerous area and landing to safety through parachute.

Orbital module: the "home" of astronauts

Orbital module: also known as working module. Its shape is a cylinder with cone angles at both ends, which is the "space bedroom" and "workshop" for astronauts. It also has two functions: astronaut's living module and orbital experimental module, so it is also called orbital module. The orbital module is equipped with a variety of experimental equipment and instruments, which can be used for earth observation. On both sides, it is equipped with retractable large-scale solar cell panels, solar sensors, various antennas and various docking structures, which are used to convert solar energy into spacecraft energy and communicate with the ground. As an astronaut's "space bedroom", the environment of the orbital module is very comfortable, and the temperature in the module is generally between 17 and 25 degrees Celsius.

Return capsule: astronaut's "cab"

Return capsule: also known as cockpit, it is the "cab" of astronauts. It is a cabin for astronauts to travel to and from space. This is a closed structure with a hatch in front. After "Shenzhou VI" completed its mission around the earth, two astronauts will also return to Earth in the return capsule.

Propulsion module: also known as instrument module. Usually, propulsion system, power supply, track brake are installed, and oxygen and water are provided for astronauts. There are also main solar cell sails with an area of more than 20 square meters on both sides of the propulsion cabin.

Why did you choose to go public in autumn?

Morning News Comprehensive Xinhua News Agency Careful people will notice that China's first manned spaceship, Shenzhou 5, was successfully launched at this time two years ago. Is it a coincidence that the launch of Shenzhou VI this year coincides with the golden autumn season? No. This is because the meteorological conditions in autumn are most suitable for China to launch manned spacecraft.

The selection of launch season of spacecraft should consider all kinds of factors that may affect the launch, among which meteorological conditions are the most direct and key determinant.

After the spacecraft is put into orbit, TT&C network will manage the spacecraft TT&C. If shenzhou spaceship is compared to a kite flying into space, TT&C net in space is an important kite line. China's space TT&C network consists of several TT&C ground stations and four Roy space survey ships. The four survey vessels are Roy 1 and Roy 2 in the Pacific Ocean, Roy 4 in the Indian Ocean and Roy 3 in the Atlantic Ocean. Among them, three survey ships are in the southern hemisphere with relatively high latitude.

The seasons in the southern hemisphere are just the opposite of those in our country. China's spring and summer seasons are autumn and winter seasons in the southern hemisphere, and the sea conditions are harsh, so it is difficult to ensure safety even when sailing normally, let alone performing monitoring and control tasks at sea, which is not suitable for launching spacecraft. Autumn and winter seasons in China are spring and summer seasons in the southern hemisphere, and the sea conditions are good, which is convenient for navigation and investigation tasks. Therefore, the launch timing of China's Shenzhou-1 to Shenzhou 5 spacecraft is chosen in autumn and winter, which is opposite to the southern hemisphere.

In addition, compared with autumn and winter, although Shenzhou IV launched on June 30, 2002 broke the historical record of China's low-temperature launch, in manned space flight, people-oriented and fully ensuring the safety of astronauts became the biggest feature of the launch, so the meteorological conditions in the launch section are also very important. Obviously, autumn is more suitable than winter. Therefore, two years ago, Shenzhou 5 and this year's Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft both chose to launch in autumn.

According to Gong Jiancun, a researcher at the Space Environment Forecasting Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, "this year is close to the bottom of the cycle. It is expected that the solar activity during the Shenzhou VI flight will be stable and suitable for human space activities. "

Gong Jiancun said that people have learned that the solar activity cycle is 1 1 year, with the peak in 2000 and the trough in 2006. Therefore, the frequency of abnormal solar activity this year is low, and the general trend is beneficial to human space activities. Shenzhou VI will fly in "fine weather"

From the rise of Shenzhou 5 to the breakthrough of manned space flight in China, and then to the manned space flight of Shenzhou VI with more than two people traveling in outer space, Mengniu Milk, the special milk for China astronauts, accompanied the astronauts from the sweaty training ground to the vast space, witnessing the hardships and glory of manned space flight in China. What are the special requirements for the selection of astronaut food? How did Mengniu milk become "special milk for astronauts in China"? With the successful return of Shenzhou VI, the mystery shrouded in astronauts' recipes was gently uncovered by nutrition experts.

In China, an air force pilot should be selected from 654.38+10,000 soldiers. Only one of the 654.38+10,000 air force pilots has the opportunity to become a fighter pilot, and the astronauts are selected from these fighter pilots after comprehensive investigation and comparison. In order to ensure that these "national treasures" shouldering the heavy responsibility of the motherland maintain good physical and psychological qualities, a nutrition team composed of experts from all sides began to strictly select special foods for astronauts long before Shenzhou 5's first manned space mission. In order to ensure the safety, green and nutrition of space food, the regulations of the Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering on astronaut food are as long as 8 pages! The investigation and selection of "all-nutritious food" milk bear the brunt.

Milk source is the first key to determine the quality of milk, so it has become the primary factor for experts to evaluate. Considering that the western prairie of China, with Inner Mongolia prairie as the core, is located in the internationally recognized high-quality dairy farming belt with mid-temperate monsoon climate, which is unparalleled in China and has leading significance in the world, Mengniu Dairy, whose main milk source bases are in this area, has entered the expert's field of vision. In Mengniu's production base, they saw the world's leading "model factory". Every drop of raw milk went through a series of automatic processes and became a fragrant and qualified dairy product. The whole process was carried out in a closed and sterile state. From the market to the factory, from the factory to the pasture, the performance of Mengniu milk convinced every expert.

After strict testing, the national aerospace department believes that all the indexes of Mengniu milk meet or exceed the domestic and foreign standards. Mengniu milk has the characteristics of pure nature, high quality, rich nutrition and good taste, and finally became the only "special milk for astronauts in China" designated by space nutritionists. Since then, "three cups of milk a day" has become a "white sport" in astronaut training, work and life.

Every morning, while enjoying other carefully matched foods, astronauts also drink a cup of Mengniu milk to effectively ensure the calories and nutrition for the whole day. "After lunch, the nutritionist at the training base will send a cup of Mengniu yogurt to each astronaut in time. It turns out that the organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid contained in yogurt not only give yogurt a refreshing sour taste, but also help milk to form a smooth curd, thereby reducing the PH value of the intestine, promoting gastrointestinal peristalsis and digestive juice secretion, inhibiting the reproduction of harmful microorganisms, and making the astronauts energetic all afternoon. " Mengniu changed two kinds of probiotics in its yogurt products to four kinds, which not only significantly improved the nutritional value compared with similar products, but also further strengthened its role in helping digestion and inhibiting harmful bacteria, and was deeply loved by astronauts. "The nutritionist at the base commented like this.

After a day of intense training, astronauts will also drink a glass of milk at dinner. Nutrition experts pointed out that on the one hand, the calming effect of dinner milk promoted the astronauts' deep sleep; On the other hand, when the human body is asleep, it is easier to absorb protein from milk.

"Three cups of milk a day, 500-800 ml a day. This scientific recipe not only ensures the nutrition supply, but also does not cause fat accumulation, which is not only suitable for astronauts, but also for ordinary people! Nutrition experts believe that the scientific collocation of milk in astronauts' diet is worth popularizing in the whole society.

Becoming the "special milk for China astronauts" is not only a lofty honor, but also an expectation and responsibility for Mengniu. While China's space industry "inspires China's heart" with one brilliant achievement after another, everyone in Mengniu is also committed to the great mission of "strengthening China people". In 2003, Shenzhou 5 rose from the ground to achieve a breakthrough in manned space flight in China. Mengniu milk quickly became the leader in the liquid milk market in China, and in 2004, it became the special milk for athletes' training in the Training Bureau of the State Sports General Administration, contributing its own strength to the world stage of China athletes. Subsequently, Mengniu took the lead in building the largest "Australia-Asia International Ranch" in China, and took the lead in introducing robotic milking facilities in China, planting high-quality pastures from 12 countries around the world, and cultivating high-quality dairy cows around the world, which opened the way for china dairy to upgrade its milk source. In 2005, when Shenzhou VI revolved around our beautiful planet in a perfect posture, Mengniu had sold 7,000 tons of liquid milk a day, surpassing many multinational dairy giants with a century-old history and becoming a global leader in the field of liquid milk. As the first "partner of China's space industry", Mengniu should not only "cheer for China", but also use white and mellow milk to cheer for the health of every astronaut and every China person and make unremitting efforts to "strengthen the Chinese dream".

Comparison between Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou VI

Shenzhou 5 Shenzhou VI

The size, weight and equipment of the two are basically unchanged; The "Long March II F" carrier rocket is used as the power carrier.

Release time: June 2003 10, June 2005 15,1mid-October.

The range of activities is limited to the return cabin. Open the door of the return module and enter the orbital module for scientific experiments.

Yang Liwei's spacesuit has been stuck. His spacesuit weighs 10 kg. The new spacesuit is mainly composed of clothes, helmets, gloves and space boots.

The spatial duration is 2 1 hour 1 19 hours.

The number of astronauts is 1 and 2.

Food instant food, without heating or adding water, includes about 50 staple foods, such as "abalone", "salted shrimp" and fruits.

Special toilet for diaper problem in toilet.

Shenzhou VI spacecraft = propulsion module, return module and orbital module. The shape and structure of the whole ship are the same as the original, and the weight is basically maintained at about 8 tons. After the spacecraft entered the orbit, it first circled five times in an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 200 kilometers and an apogee of 350 kilometers, and then changed its orbit to a circular orbit with a distance of 343 kilometers from the ground. After flying around the earth for 90 minutes, the flight trajectory projected on the ground moved eastward in a sinusoidal curve. Orbit features are the same as those of Shenzhou 5.

Because there was no rendezvous and docking mission on this flight, Shenzhou VI cancelled the additional segment for this function. In addition, the spacecraft added more than 40 devices and 6 softwares, making the number of devices and 82 softwares more than 6.5438+million.

The selection of launch season of spacecraft should consider all kinds of factors that may affect the launch, among which meteorological conditions are the most direct and key determinant.

After the spacecraft is put into orbit, TT&C network will manage the spacecraft TT&C. If shenzhou spaceship is compared to a kite flying into space, TT&C net in space is an important kite line. China's space TT&C network consists of several TT&C ground stations and four Roy space survey ships. The four survey vessels are Roy 1 and Roy 2 in the Pacific Ocean, Roy 4 in the Indian Ocean and Roy 3 in the Atlantic Ocean. Among them, three survey ships are in the southern hemisphere with relatively high latitude.

The seasons in the southern hemisphere are just the opposite of those in our country. China's spring and summer seasons are autumn and winter seasons in the southern hemisphere, and the sea conditions are harsh, so it is difficult to ensure safety even when sailing normally, let alone performing monitoring and control tasks at sea, which is not suitable for launching spacecraft. Autumn and winter seasons in China are spring and summer seasons in the southern hemisphere, and the sea conditions are good, which is convenient for navigation and investigation tasks. Therefore, the launch timing of China's Shenzhou-1 to Shenzhou 5 spacecraft is chosen in autumn and winter, which is opposite to the southern hemisphere.

In addition, compared with autumn and winter, although Shenzhou IV launched on June 30, 2002 broke the historical record of China's low-temperature launch, in manned space flight, people-oriented and fully ensuring the safety of astronauts became the biggest feature of the launch, so the meteorological conditions in the launch section are also very important. Obviously, autumn is more suitable than winter. Therefore, two years ago, Shenzhou 5 and this year's Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft both chose to launch in autumn.

According to Gong Jiancun, a researcher at the Space Environment Forecasting Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, "this year is close to the bottom of the cycle. It is expected that the solar activity during the Shenzhou VI flight will be stable and suitable for human space activities. "

Gong Jiancun said that people have learned that the solar activity cycle is 1 1 year, with the peak in 2000 and the trough in 2006. Therefore, the frequency of abnormal solar activity this year is low, and the general trend is beneficial to human space activities. Shenzhou VI will fly in fine weather.