On the military side, what are the famous phalanxes in history?

During the Warring States Period, Sun Bin's The Art of War is a masterpiece of ancestors, and the ancient arrays before the Spring and Autumn Period are summarized into ten arrays. These "ten arrays" are square array, circular array, sparse array, several arrays, cone array, goose array, hook array, mysterious array, water array, fire array and so on. Water array and fire array are about the tactics of water and fire warfare, not just array methods, so Sun Bin Ten Array actually has only eight basic arrays.

Phalanx: Policy is the most basic formation for military operations in the era of cold weapons. The large phalanx is all composed of small phalanxes, which is called "the phalanx in the containment matrix". Sun Bin believes that a phalanx should be "thin in the middle and thick in the square", that is, there are fewer troops in the center of the phalanx and more troops around it. There are few troops in the middle, so you can bluff. There are many troops around, which can better defend against the enemy's attack. Square array is a relatively balanced formation of attack and defense. Commanders and other golden drums are generally deployed behind the phalanx.

Circular array: Circular array is for circular defense. The golden drum flag is deployed in the center and there is no obvious weakness.

Sparse array: Sparse array is an evacuated battle formation, and both square and circular arrays can be sparse. Sparse the array to increase the distance between ranks, various flags, weapons, grass men, more handles at night, and fewer soldiers are stronger.

Number array: Number array is a dense battle formation, which is mainly defensive and offensive.

Conical array: it is a combat formation, and the striker is like a cone. The conical array must be sharp and fast, and the wings must be strong. It can attack the enemy on a narrow front through elite forwards, break through and split the enemy's formation, and expand the results with two wings. It is a formation that emphasizes offensive breakthrough. Cone array is also called bull array.

Yan zhen: The so-called yan zhen is a horizontal battle formation, and the left and right wings are arranged forward or backward in a ladder shape. The front is a "V" shape, just like the two arms of an ape extending forward, which is used to outflank the circuitous formation, but the defense at the back is weak. The backward layout is inverted "V" to protect the safety of the two wings and the rear and prevent the enemy from detouring. If the two wings are cavalry with strong mobility, they can be protected and supported by the central infantry at rest, and can also play the role of attacking cavalry and increase suddenness. Alexander's battle in India was similar.

A formation.

Hook-shaped array, the front of the hook-shaped array is a square array, and the two wings are bent back into a hook shape to protect the safety of the flank and prevent the enemy from attacking the golden drum at the rear.

Xuanxiang Array: This is a false array that confuses the enemy. The distance between the queues is very large, and most of the flags and drums are constantly beating. It simulates the sound and footsteps of soldiers marching. It seems that the troops are huge and deceive the enemy in various ways.

Shamefully, the leader in this research is the Japanese. We can see the shadow of Sun Bin in many Japanese Three Kingdoms games and movies.

During the Three Kingdoms period, after Zhuge Liang came to Shu to pacify Nan Man, the main target of the Shu army was the combined forces of Cao Wei's infantry and cavalry, and the combat area was mainly mountainous, while Shu lacked horses, so Zhuge Liang practiced the "Eight Arrays".

Eight arrays actually existed as early as the Three Kingdoms period. Sun Zi has eight arrays, and Sun Bin also wrote eight arrays in Sun Bin's Art of War. On the basis of the original eight-array diagram, he innovated the real array method and drew the array diagram, and finally formed the "eight-array diagram" to train the Shu army. The so-called array diagram is to draw the array method into a figure, draw it on brocade, paper, ground or pile it up with sand to form an intuitive object. This is an array diagram. The written records of Zhuge Liang's array law have not been handed down, and the eight-array map has been lost in the Tang Dynasty. However, it is said that Zhuge Liang once built an array with stones. It is said that the remains of the 8864 piles of stones on the Yudu River are the eight arrays left by Zhuge Liang. Combined with a few words of Zhuge Liang's eight-array diagram, a reasonable simulation is made. Modern military strategists believe that the eight-array diagram is a group square, and each eight-array diagram has eight small arrays distributed in eight directions around the central array. In the center of the eight-array diagram, there are generals, golden drums and horses directly under them. This is the middle array diagram. Each small array has the code names of heaven, earth, wind, cloud, dragon, tiger, bird and snake. This is the saying that "the number of arrays is nine" in Li Tang's title, so there are eight arrays called the Nine Armies in the Song Dynasty.

The arrays in each direction are grouped into six small arrays, and the middle array is grouped into sixteen small arrays. There are sixty-four small arrays in the whole phalanx, which is just in line with the number of eight piles, eight piles and sixty-four piles of rocks in the ruins of Jiang Lei. After the big phalanx, there may be a small array of twenty-four rangers, and a * * * is eighty-eight small arrays. These small phalanxes can be cavalry, infantry, motorcades, and dozens to hundreds of people. The crossbowman is in the front row, the long weapon is in the middle, and the short weapon is in the back row (sometimes in different order). In order to delay the enemy's attack and give full play to the power of crossbowmen, the Shu army also set up obstacles such as running cars, antlers and thistles in its defense.

Zhuge Eight Arrays belong to the defensive formation. The advantage is that there is no weakness in deployment. When attacked in any direction, there is no need to fundamentally change the entire large array. If a place is attacked, an adjacent array with two wings can automatically become two wings to protect and support the attacked array. However, the shortcomings are also obvious. First of all, such a complex Zhuge eight-array diagram needs a lot of time to train and has poor maneuverability. In order to maintain the integrity of the formation, it is not allowed to run when advancing, and it is not allowed to run violently when retreating. This is Li Tang's question that "the past is the back, the future is the front, there is no speed before, and there is no retreat after", so eight arrays are one.

A very conservative formation of defensive nature. Without a big defeat, it is equally difficult to win a big victory. Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times, and Jiang Wei also attacked Wei many times, without great defeat or great victory. It can't be said that it has nothing to do with the Shu army's eight-array war.

But personally, I think that the above is only the foundation or embryonic form of Zhuge's Eight Arrays, because it seems impossible to rely on such a rigid formation to compete with Cao Wei, whose strength is weaker than Shu for decades, without being defeated, which is out of proportion to Zhuge's position praised by people for eight thousand years. Moreover, the combat area belongs to the mountain environment, and the Eighth Array is more suitable for infantry to fight in the plain. . . So personally, I think there should be many changes in Zhuge Eight Arrays. When the position is limited by ditches, ridges and trees, it should be adjusted according to the actual situation. Moreover, there should be various changes when marching and attacking, but due to the limitation of data, more in-depth research is needed.

It is quite difficult to study Zhuge Liang's eight-array diagram. . . Moreover, I personally think that the so-called Zhuge Eight Arrays is not just a battle formation, but through the training of "Eight Arrays", the guiding ideology, compilation and training of the Shu army are infiltrated into the Shu army. ...

However, in the Tang Dynasty, Li Jing compiled a six-flower array on the basis of Zhuge's eight-array map ... The so-called six-flower array was like the formation of "six flowers coming out". In the middle, the former army, Zuo Jun, the latter army, the right army and the right army are distributed around. According to Li's question, the six-flower array includes circular array, square array, curved array, vertical array and pointed array. These five formations have five changes, and * * has twenty-five changes. General can according to different enemy situation and terrain. This is also one of the reasons why I think Zhuge Liang's "Eight Arrays" will have various changes. . .

Due to the threat of nomadic people in the north, the Song Dynasty lacked enough cavalry in quantity and quality to counter the nomadic cavalry with infantry as the main force on the plain. Therefore, the Song Dynasty paid the most attention to arrays ... but the Song Dynasty practiced the principle of "defending China". Every time a general goes out to war, the emperor should "find out the battle situation, plan the main hall to win, do his best to give discipline, make remote control cheap, the commander-in-chief must obey, and your minister must supervise ... In order to better control the generals who lead the troops to fight, he often awards the general array before sending troops, and stipulates the specific tactics of the front line in the palace. Therefore, after the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, most of the wars against the northern minorities ended in failure ... Since the Song Dynasty, the formation development has gradually become conservative. According to the general introduction of martial arts classics, Song Jun's commonly used array methods mainly include the regular array, the brave array and the eight array methods of the dynasty. ...

Positive array: In the Northern Song Dynasty, troops were often divided into forwards, defenders and other parts, and the formation formed by each part was called "positive array". In other words, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the troops were often divided into various parts to form a "positive array" according to tactical purposes, and then combined operations. Including the following formations: vanguard array, strategic vanguard array, large array, front array, east-west abduction array, landless horse division array, rejected rear array, strategic rear array and so on.

Forward array is a combat formation composed of forward troops. Forward troops are similar to modern avant-garde troops. The task of the vanguard is to "resist the impact, sink into the solid array, and attack the sharp division", so the Northern Song Dynasty, like all previous dynasties, "chose the elite soldiers and set up the vanguard array".

Forward array is a combat formation composed of troops cooperating with forward, which is "placed behind forward array". This array is unified by "a rider". When the vanguard resists the enemy or the troops are weak, it should rely on the vanguard to control the enemy's "advance"

Large array, also known as China Army Array, is a battle formation composed of main horses and infantry. Generally grow arrays (columns) or squares.

In the formation, "soldiers use spears as weapons, horses use cloth as arrays, or cars as arrays, which is called' soldier formation'". Behind it is John bow and crossbow. At the same time, "four doors open at one time, cavalry is in it, waiting for the battle, that is, open the door and put the team." In short, the main force is arranged in four directions in the form of "car camp" to prevent the enemy from "flying" when you need to fight, and open the door on all sides to let the "team" fight.

Front Line: The General Outline of the Art of War, which was deployed "before the large array of China's army", said, "When the enemy is in the front line, winning with the strange soldiers and being able to cooperate with the front, back, left and right, it is always invincible." . . Wu Yao also quoted the method of holding strange pictures after the wind and the deployment of Liao army, and thought that the number of strange soldiers should account for about 1/3 of the large-scale soldiers.

East-west abduction horse array: this is an array that directly protects the large array, "for the left and right wings of the large array." The reason why this array was set up was because "Yi Di used soldiers, and each bow rode fiercely, attacking the large array to prevent it from rushing, because he set up a kidnapper array and thought it was salvation". The number of troops in this array is also the result of the large number of soldiers, which is temporarily selected.

Divide the horse and have no land: It is a mobile unit controlled by a large array of China army. It is arranged around the "general barracks array" and is "used his quick wits". Its soldiers are commanded by various units (battalion units? ) from the team. The number of mobile troops is "temporarily divided, there is no fixed number".

Refusing rear array: Also called "rear array", it is a combat formation composed of guard troops, which is arranged behind the large array of China troops to prevent the enemy from attacking from behind. Song people think that under the situation of "military array system", it is necessary to reject the rear array in order to prevent "the grain route from being cut off". According to the General Outline of Military Classics, several failures in the battle with Liao were all related to the fact that "grain and grass" were cut off by the enemy. Therefore, from the beginning of the true Sect, we should pay attention to "behind the military palace" in order to "use it urgently and avoid being attacked between Scylla and Charybdis."

"Behind the House" array: It is a combat formation composed of troops coordinated behind the house. It is set between the back array and the main force.

Pingrong Wanquan Array: It was built by Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi himself and given to the general. It is valuable. Pingrong Wanquan array consists of five armies: front, back, left, middle and right. It is a square square in 17 (personally, this square can expand the depth and reduce the space for enemy cavalry to maneuver). The main infantry is deployed in the center of the array, and the chariots are strengthened. Set up three car battalions to enhance the defense and attack ability of infantry. The cavalry is deployed in front, back, left and right to serve as guards and cover the central array ... This is a conservative defense formation, so that Song Jun, with infantry as the main force, can fight.

Zhong Jun's array is made up of three phalanxes, which is the main force of the whole array ... The circumference of each phalanx is 20 Li (equivalent to 360 steps × 20 = 7200 steps). Every five steps is a "land division", each "land division" is led by a cart, defended by 22 infantry, and there is no land division (that is, mobile reserve). In a phalanx of 5000 people, each phalanx uses 36680 infantry. Three phalanxes * * * have 1 10040 people, plus 240 people (that is, observers and Wang Chen sentries), making a total of * * * infantry 1 10280 people. ...

There are two rows of cavalry in front and back (that is, before and after). . . Sixty-two cavalry teams, each with 50 riders, have 3,100 cavalry. After sixty-two teams, each team has thirty cavalry * * * 1,860 cavalry. Two * * * columns of four thousand nine hundred and sixty cavalry, plus forty cavalry spies (reconnaissance), a total of five thousand cavalry. Before and after two * * * ten thousand cavalry. . .

Things are slightly arranged in an array (that is, the left and right wings), each with two columns. One hundred and twenty-five teams at the forefront, each with fifty cavalry * * * 6,250 cavalry; One hundred and twenty-five teams followed, each with thirty cavalry and * * * 3,750 cavalry. Each array has * * * ten thousand cavalry and 650 spies, totaling * * * 20650 cavalry. . .

The troops used in the Pingjun battle were * * * 140903 (main infantry1/0280, front, rear, left and right cavalry 3650), and there were 1440 carts used for the defense of the car camp. In this array, the front of the large army array is about 17 miles wide (the front and depth of each array are five miles, and the squares are separated by one mile); The front and back teams are sixty-five steps ahead, and the front is about eleven miles and seventy steps (65 steps ×62=4030 steps, equivalent to 1 1 mile and seventy steps); Left and right two arrays, each team covers an area of 50 steps, and the first * * 17 Rio 130 steps (50 steps × 125 = 6250 steps, equivalent to 130 steps in 17). ...

Eight arrays of this dynasty: According to "General Jason Wu? 6? According to the 1 eight-array diagram of this dynasty, the so-called eight-array diagram of this dynasty in Northern Song Dynasty refers to square array, circular array, square array, Zhen Niu, punching square array, square array, wheel array and goose array.

The forces and formations used in the eighth array refer to the Li Jing array method, that is, each array consists of fourteen thousand people with * * * stance just look. Among them, the infantry is organized into 200 teams, each with 50 people, accounting for 1 10,000 people; Ma Jun 80 teams, each with 50 people, a total of 4000 people. Each array is divided into seven armies: left, right, left and right, and * * *. In every outbreak, "every ten people"

For columns, four sides are opposite and inherit from each other. ""One soldier takes two steps, and one horse is two steps wide "."Eight Arrays in the Dynasty "is accompanied by arrays except the circular array (because it has the same shape as the wheel array). The names of soldiers in each array are inherited from the Tang Dynasty. . . The "garrison troops" in the picture are the "garrison troops" in the Northern Song Dynasty (the so-called garrison troops mean that these troops are used to occupy enough areas at the beginning of the formation to prevent the enemy from rushing to protect themselves, but after the formation is completed, they exist to maintain the shape of the formation and are often composed of archers. We often listen to storytelling or read old novels, and archers often shoot positions, which is why. The "front team", "team", "jump" and "surprise soldiers" in the picture are civil war soldiers and landless soldiers in the Northern Song Dynasty. . . The names of the seven armies in the picture also follow the military vocabulary of the Tang Dynasty, such as: pioneers and militarists of the Northern Song Dynasty, You Houyu and You Jun; The former army and the latter army, that is, the generals of left rib and right rib in the Northern Song Dynasty; Left, man, that is, the commander of the home front and the home front in the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the name of the current eight-array diagram was called eight-array diagram, but because the circular array and the wheel array were the same array diagram with different names, there were actually only seven arrays. Looking at the descriptions of these eight-burst names, seven-burst diagrams and martial arts, we can see that the names of eight-burst arrays are not much different from those of the previous generation, but they are essentially different from those of the previous generation in the arrangement methods of various formations. The ancient Eight Arrays are all changes in the arrangement of the army's main forces, while the so-called "Eight Arrays of the Dynasty" in the Song Dynasty, except for the circular array and the wheel array, always arranged the main forces in a phalanx to defend the surrounding area, only with a small amount of troops, made some symbolic changes around the main phalanx to symbolize the ancient meaning, which is completely different from the ancient Eight Arrays. It can be said that the eight-array diagram of this dynasty can be said to be a distorted square. . .

Although there were defensive formations in the previous Eight Arrays, the main one was the offensive formation, and the "Eight Arrays of the Dynasty" in the Song Dynasty essentially became a new four-sided defensive formation. In other words, the main forces of each array are still not divorced from the pure defense mode, and none of them has inherited the offensive spirit of the previous generation of troops. The emergence of this situation cannot but be said to be related to the conservative military thought of adopting simple defense in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Of course, this is also related to the threats faced at that time. Because the Song Dynasty was different from the previous generation, it lacked cavalry and faced powerful northern nomadic knights, so its wings and rear direction were always threatened. The formations facing defense in all directions, such as phalanx and circular array, are indeed defensive cavalry, while the ancient eight arrays are mainly set in the shape of geese and cones, which are offensive formations facing a certain direction, and the defense on the flanks is greatly weakened (in fact, I personally think that the ancient eight arrays have been greatly weakened). . Among them, there should also be various formations.

Today, however, there is no way to test the changes. These things are the essence of China ancient array. Only by studying the arrangement and shape of each formation can we get its shape, not its spirit. . . It's just the skin of our ancient array. . . ), in the absence of enough cavalry, it seems impossible to attack the highly mobile cavalry with infantry formations, because when the situation is unfavorable, the cavalry can always leave the battle or attack the flank and rear direction in a roundabout way. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use square or round formations to defend cavalry in the field. . . The Eight Mistakes of Song Dynasty in this Dynasty

The mistake is that we should not spend so much money. If the phalanx can work, why complicate things and have an eight-array that is neither fish nor fowl? . . It seems that this is also the product of literati divorced from the reality of war. Of course, it does not rule out the possibility that the Wu kiln array map is inaccurate.

There is a shortage of cavalry in Song Jun, accounting for only one seventh of the total number of the whole army, and there are often three or four horseless cavalry (in Li Wen, Li Jing advocated setting up wooden horses in the cavalry camp to facilitate cavalry training. I really don't know whether this is due to lack of horses or habits, but it may be the source of modern pommel horse. Nine times out of ten there are no horses. For example, Liu Guangshi has 52,000 soldiers and only over 3,000 war horses. This shows the extent of the shortage of horses in Song Jun. . . In addition, Song Ma is relatively small, generally around 1.36 meters, which is not a big horse by current standards. Han Shizhong once presented a horse, about1.58m, to Emperor Gaozong, which was a rare horse in the Song Dynasty. In order to deal with nomadic cavalry, the Song Dynasty made great efforts in formation in an attempt to resist riding in the field. During the Song Dynasty, I personally think that there are two formations worth mentioning, namely, the crossbow formation and the overlapping formation in the Song Dynasty.

A crossbow array is a formation that exerts the power of a crossbow (a crossbow strung with pedals, which is more powerful than a crossbow strung with arms). Divided into three rows, from back to front, the first row is curved, the second row is loaded with arrows into the crossbow, and the third row is aimed at shooting. When in use, after the third row is shot, it returns to the back of the first row through the gap between two rows to wind it up, and after the second row enters the crossbow, it enters the aiming shooting state, and so on. Get continuous and intensive long-range strike capability.

Diezhen was founded by Wu brothers in Sichuan in Song Dynasty, which was found in the history of Song Dynasty. It is also divided into three columns, with swords and guns holding long soldiers in front, bows in the back, and crossbows with arms or pedals at the end. This is a requirement close to actual combat. When fighting, the whole army should kneel down. When the enemy approaches 65,438+000 steps, let an armed archer stand up and shoot (this is for ranging). If the enemy can enter the enemy line, then send all the archers out. When the enemy approaches 70 paces, let a flat archer stand up and shoot. If you can get into the enemy line, then send all the archers out. When the enemy refused to mount the horse, the Marine Corps started hand-to-hand combat with him. In this way, the use of long-range strike weapons to intercept and defend layer by layer weakens the ability of enemy cavalry to move quickly, making it possible to resist riding in the field.

Explain the formation of the army first. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, due to the extensive use of firearms, the dense formation in the era of cold weapons would cause great casualties. In the southeast coastal areas, there are few plains and many mountains, so large-scale battles cannot be opened.

Faced with the looting threat of Japanese pirates along the southeast coast of China, many of them are vagrants and have strong ability to fight alone. They use weapons such as mountain cities, especially the method of "jumping warfare", and adopt a loose formation. In the face of fierce enemies, the Ming army is often in a passive position. Therefore, Qi Jiguang has developed a small centralized and large decentralized Mandarin Duck Array, from large array to small array, and from dense array to evacuation. This is an innovation of formation.

Qi Jiguang Yuanyang Array: 12 is the most basic combat unit. In this formation, the first two players are long players and rattan players (one of whom is the captain), then two players follow the wolf, then four long gunmen, and finally two short soldiers. Use rattan cards to protect long-range shooting weapons in combat (at this time, the players face the enemy, others form a column, and others hide behind the players). Wolf milling is the main attack force, and pike is used to kill people. Short soldiers are used to prevent the enemy from entering or attacking when the long soldiers are tired Yuanyang Array has been successfully applied to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and achieved great success. Yuanyang group is the most basic group, with many changes.

For example, two arrays of mandarin ducks are basic arrays;

Two instrument arrays (two martial arts are separated) are changed from Yuanyang array;

In my junior year, the formation of two parallel teams was changed to a horizontal team, with the captain holding the card in the middle, a wolf milling on the left and right, and two pike milling on the left and right (in fact, other teams staggered), with short soldiers behind. . . This is to fight on a wide road;

Small three talents line up in a horizontal line, "Wolf milling in the middle, a pike on the left and a pike on the right, a short soldier and a flat column on the left and right", which is the formation adopted on the narrow road; A two-wing and one-tail array divides the participating troops into four parts, with the former as the head, the regular army and the main offensive force; The two wings are raiders, which protect the head flank and attack the enemy flank when appropriate, and the tail is a coordinated force (equivalent to a reserve), ready to reinforce either side. . .

In the Qing Dynasty, it is worth mentioning the various disposal methods of the Taiping Army.

Matchmaking array: This is a marching battle formation, similar to the modern marching column. When marching, you will be ordered to take a matchmaking array, with two Sima Ju and a flag in each array, followed by 25 people; One hundred people held a long flag; Five hundred people are under the banner of Zhang; Two thousand five hundred people are at the edge of Zhang Daqi; Twelve thousand five hundred people are the banner of Zhang Junshuai. An army followed. The wide road is divided into two lanes, and the narrow road is one lane, which is filed. In the March, in case of encounter, the head and tail are hooked together and gathered in an instant to form a circular array. If the war situation is unfavorable, the general will use the gong as a signal to retreat and still maintain the battle formation of the matchmaking array. At this time, according to the width of the road, it can be divided into 10 line and 20 line, but it is not allowed to run sideways, and it will also be rushed by the matchmaking array. The enemy often can't catch up, even if they catch up, they dare not catch up.

Crab formation: This is a three-team parallel combat formation. There are few people in the middle team and many people in the wings. It looks like a crab, so it is called crab shape. This formation is extremely flexible and varies greatly according to the enemy's situation. . . If the enemy is only divided into two teams, the squadron of the array will be divided into two teams. If the enemy has a front team and a back team, combine the strikers on the left and right wings into a team, and combine the second half of the left and right wings with the middle team in parallel, thinking that the front team will join forces. If the enemy has more soldiers on the left, it will turn to the left. If there are more soldiers on the right, they will turn to the right. If the enemy's four or five teams come out, they will be divided into four or five teams to meet them. . . Its large crab-wrapped small crab array is particularly famous. Its method is to engage the enemy with a small array first, and then surround it with a large array, or cheat, lure, chase, ambush and surround it. . . Although the change of crab formation is complicated, it hurts the left and benefits the right. Before moving to the rear, the wonderful operation is that the general will temporarily command according to the enemy's situation. . . It only takes a few big standard bearers to learn, and the whole army will go as soon as they see the standard. Therefore, an army with several big standard-bearers can command all the people without any unevenness, and get an outline, which wins the wonderful use of the crab array (a kind of crab claw array), also known as the purse array and the lotus tail array. )。 . .

Hundred Birds Array: This is an array method using suspected soldiers. Especially suitable for fighting the enemy in the wilderness of Pingchuan. With 25 people as a team, the troops are divided into 100 teams. Just like the stars scattered in the sky, the enemy is surprised that they don't know how many people there are, and each team has the same number, and they don't know where to attack first, so they are defeated every time. . .