Topography means-

Topography refers to the general name of features and landforms.

(1)[ land form; Physical contour; The general shape of the earth's surface; Terrain]

(2) Surface morphology, including topography, natural features and artificial features.

(3) Topography is a general term for features and landforms.

1. The shape of the ground. "The Warring States Policy Qin Ce II": "Gan Mao's sages are not constant. It lives in Qin and is more important than the world. There are food and valleys everywhere, and the terrain is dangerous and easy. " Tang Bai Juyi's poem "Early Spring is Things" says: "Things change with the weather, and spring comes from the terrain." In Wang Shouren's Biography in the Ming Dynasty: "Emperor learning is called Biyong, and vassal learning is called Pan Gong, all of which are named after the terrain." Mao Zedong's "On protracted war" 70: "What does the shooting principle of' covering the body and developing firepower' mean? The former is to save oneself, and the latter is to destroy the enemy. Because of the former, there have been various methods of using topography, adopting leap-forward movement and expanding formation. "

2. refers to the geographical location. Song Sushi's "Xuzhou Fu Xie Qi": "The terrain is important, when things go hand in hand; People are embarrassed by food, just like the drought in spring and summer. "

Various forms of the earth's surface are collectively called topography. According to its morphology, it can be divided into five types: mountains, plateaus, plains, hills and basins. Terrain is the result of interaction between internal and external forces, which is constantly changing. In addition, there are rivers, deltas, waterfalls, lakes and deserts formed by external forces.

The topography of the seven continents has its own characteristics, while the topography of Europe, Africa and Antarctica is relatively simple. Europe is dominated by plains, with low terrain and an average elevation of about 300 meters, making it the lowest continent in the world. The topography of the African continent is mainly plateau, which is called "plateau continent"; Antarctica is mostly covered with ice and snow, with an average elevation of over 2000 meters, making it the highest continent in the world. The topography of North and South America and Oceania and the Australian continent can be roughly divided into three regions: west, middle and east. The difference is that the topographic combination of North and South America is the western mountain, the central plain and the eastern plateau, while the topographic combination of the Australian continent is the western plateau, the central plain and the eastern mountain. The terrain in Asia is the most complex, with high in the middle and low around. The central plateau and mountainous areas are vast, and the plains are distributed around the mainland. The seabed topography is roughly divided into three parts: continental shelf, continental slope and seabed. The seabed landform is complex and the trench is deep.

Vast ocean basins and continuous ridges. The deepest trench in the world is the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, and the highest mountain is the Himalayas.

Main features of China's topography

1. The terrain is diverse. On the vast land of China, there are majestic plateaus, undulating mountains, vast plains and low hills, and large and small basins surrounded by mountains and low in the middle. There are five basic land types in China, which provide various conditions for the development of industry and agriculture in China.

2. The mountains are vast. Usually people call mountains, hills and rugged plateaus mountains. China's mountainous area accounts for 2/3 of the country's total area, which is another remarkable feature of China's topography. The vast mountainous areas bring certain difficulties to the development of transportation and agriculture. Mountain areas can provide forest products, minerals, hydropower and tourism resources, which provides resource guarantee for changing the face of mountain areas and developing mountain economy.

China is high in the west and low in the east, and the overall distribution is ladder-shaped.

The first step of the terrain is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters. There are Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain in the northern and eastern edges, which are the dividing lines between the first and second steps of the terrain.

There are large basins and plateaus on the second terrace, with an average elevation of 1000-2000m. Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain in the east are the dividing lines of the second and third steps of the terrain.

The third step of the terrain is a vast plain, with hills and low mountains in the middle, most of which are below 500 meters above sea level.

If you draw a topographic profile of China from west to east through the 32 N line, it is obvious that the western plateau, the central basin and the eastern plain are high in the west and low in the east.

The third step extends from China land to below the sea surface, which is the shallow sea continental shelf, which is a natural extension of the mainland to the ocean. Generally, the depth is not large and the slope is gentle.

A mountain is a mountain that stretches into a vein. Mountains constitute the skeleton of Chinese topography, and are often the dividing line between different terrain regions. The direction in which mountains extend is called strike, and the distribution of mountains in China can be divided into five situations according to their strike.

There are mainly three east-west mountains (mainly including the Five Mountains): Tianshan-Yinshan in the north; The central pillar is Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountain; The south column is Nanling.

Northeast-southwest mountainous areas are mostly distributed in the east of China, and there are mainly three rows (including seven mountains): Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain in the west; It is listed as Changbai Mountain-Wuyishan; The east is listed as a mountain range in Taiwan Province Province.

Northwest-southeast mountainous areas are mainly distributed in western China, including Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain.

There are mainly two mountains in the south and north, which are distributed in the southwest and northwest, namely Hengduan Mountain and Helan Mountain.

The arc mountain system consists of several parallel mountains, which are connected with Hengduan Mountain from east to west and north to south. The most famous mountain is the Himalayas, which is distributed on the borders of China, India, Nepal and other countries, stretching over 2,400 kilometers with an average elevation of 6,000 meters. Its main peak, Mount Everest, is the highest peak in the world, with an altitude of 8844.43 meters.

Topographic types of China

1. Plateau China has four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. They are concentrated in the first and second levels of the terrain. Due to the differences in height, location, causes and external erosion, the appearance characteristics of the plateau are also different.

2. There are four great basin in China: Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin and Sichuan Basin. They are mostly distributed on the second step of the terrain, and their characteristics are different because of their different positions. In addition, the famous Turpan basin is also distributed on the second terrace, which is the lowest basin in China (-155m).

3. There are three plains in China: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. They are distributed on the third step of the eastern terrain of China. Because of the different location, causes and climatic conditions, they also have their own characteristics in topography. The above three plains are connected north and south, with fertile soil, and are the most important agricultural areas in China. In addition, there are Chengdu Plain, Wei Fen Plain, Pearl River Delta and Taiwan West Plain in China, which are all important agricultural areas.

Main mountain ranges and their highest peaks

Shanming

Altitude (m)

Highest peak and altitude

Shanming

Altitude (m)

Highest peak and altitude

Altai Mountains

3000

Youyi peak

4374

Helan mountain

More than 2000

Helan mountain

3556

Tianshan mountains

5000

Timur von

7435

Yinshan, Yinshan

/kloc-above 0/500

Hu he ba Xi ge

2364

Altun

4000

Sulamutag

6295

Daxinganling

1 100 or more

Huanggangliang

2029

Qilian mountain range

More than 4000

Qilian Mountains

5547

Xiaoxing' anling

More than 500

table mountain

1429

Shule Nanshan

More than 4000

Gangs are my knot (Unity Peak)

5827

changbaishanmai

1000

bai yunfeng

269 1

Mt. Kunlun

More than 5000

Gong Geer mt

77 19

Zhangguangcailing

More than 800

Big-headed tee

1669

Alger mt

More than 5000

Bukadaban PK

6860

Longgangshan

More than 700

Gangshan

1347

Hoh Xil mountains

6000

Gonzari

6305

yanshan shanmai

1000

Wuling mountain

2 1 16

bayankala mountains

More than 5000

Guoluoshan

5369

Mount Tai

/kloc-above 0/000

xiaowutai mountain

2882

Aemye Ma-chhen mountains

More than 5000

Ma Qing Gangri

6282

Western Hills

1000

Dongling mountain

2303

Tanggula Mountains

6000

Gradanton

662 1

Mount Wutai

two thousand and five hundred

Beitaiding

3058

Kailash Mountains.

6000

Lengbu gangri

7095

Luliangshan.

/kloc-above 0/500

Nanyang Mountain (Guandi Mountain)

283 1

Nyainqentanglha

6000

Nyainqentanglha Peak

7 1 1 1

Mount Tai

1000

Yuhuangfeng

1524

Hargulun mountains

More than 6000

Peak. Also known as DAPSANG

86 1 1

Yuntai Mountain

300

Wutai Mountain (Yunv Mountain)

625

Himalayas

More than 6000

Mount Qomolangma

8844.43

tianma mountains

More than 50

tianma mountains

98

the hengduan mountains

More than 4000

Gongga mountain

7556

Tianmu Mountain

1000

Qingliangfeng

1787

Nushan

More than 4000

Meili Snow Mountain

6740

Donggongshan

1 100 or more

build

192 1

Sharuri, mt

More than 4000

Jolla, mt

6 168

Wuyishan vein

/kloc-above 0/000

huang gang shan

2 158

Daxueshan

5000

Gongga mountain

7556

Mount Huangshan

1000

Lianhuafeng

1873

wuliang mountain

1600

Maotoushan

3306

Luoxiao mountain range

1000

Nanfengmian

2 120

Ailaoshan

1600

Ailaoshan

3 166

Xuefeng mountain

1000

Zibaoding

1934

Wumeng mountain

2000

Jiucaiping

2900

Nanling mountains

/kloc-above 0/000

Maoshan

2 142

Wulingshan

/kloc-above 0/000

Hill phoenix

2570

Yaoshan

1000

Shikenggan (Mengkeng Stone)

1902

Tapa Mountain is also called Taba Mountain or Daba Mountain.

More than 2000

Motianling

4072

wuzhishan

1000

wuzhishan

1867

Dabashan mountain

2000

Shennongding

3 105

Lianhuashan

More than 800

Zhangtonggu

1560

Qinling Mountains

2000

Taibai Mountain (Baxiantai)

3767

Zhongyangshan

More than 3000

Xiuguluanshan

3833

Mount Huashan

/kloc-above 0/500

Cao lianshan

2646

Mt Jade

More than 3000

Mt Jade

3997

The Dabie mountains

1000

Huoshan (Baimajian)

1774

Ali Mountain

/kloc-above 0/500

Data mountain

2663

liupanshan

2000

Migangshan

2942

Taishan mountain

More than 500

Xin' gangshan

1682

Four plateaus and their positions and characteristics

location

trait

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Located in the southwest of China, mainly including Tibet, Qinghai and western Sichuan; Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain, Hengduan Mountain and Himalayas.

① The terrain is relatively high, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, and there are many snow-capped mountains and glaciers.

② The area is large, accounting for 1/4 of the national area.

③ There are many mountains on the plateau, but the relative height is small.

Inner Mongolian Plateau

Located in the north of China, including most of Inner Mongolia and parts of Gansu, Ningxia and Hebei, between Daxinganling and Qilian Mountains.

(1) The terrain is gentle and there are few mountains.

② The second largest plateau in China, with an average elevation of 1000m.

③ There are many grasslands in the east and Gobi desert in the west.

loess plateau

Located in the middle of China, it includes Shanxi Province and parts of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. South of Inner Mongolia Plateau, north of Qinling Mountains, west of Taihang Mountains and east of the eastern end of Qilian Mountains.

(1) elevation 1000-2000m, and the surface is covered with deep loess.

(2) The surface is broken and ravines are criss-crossed.

③ Less vegetation and serious soil erosion.

the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

Located in the southwest of China, including eastern Yunnan and most of Guizhou. East of Hengduan Mountains, west of Xuefeng Mountain and south of Sichuan Basin.

① The terrain is rugged, with an altitude of1000-2000m.

② There are many canyons and small mountain basins (i.e. bazi).

③ Limestone is widely distributed with typical karst terrain.

5. Hills There are many hills in China, which are widely distributed. The eastern region mainly includes Liaodong hills, Shandong hills and southeast hills. Some hilly areas are densely forested (mostly economic forests or fruit trees) and rich in minerals; Some hills have been turned into terraced fields. Or there is hydropower, hills and peaks, all of which are famous tourist attractions.

Great basin and its status and characteristics.

location

trait

Tarim Basin

Located in the south of Xinjiang, between Tianshan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain.

① It is the largest basin in China.

(2) the vast desert, Taklimakan desert is the largest desert in China.

③ The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, with an altitude of 800- 1300m, and there is an oasis on the edge.

Junggar Basin

Located in northern Xinjiang, between Tianshan Mountain and Altai Mountain.

(1) for China's second great basin.

(2) Wind erosion terrain with small desert area.

③ The terrain is high in the east and low in the west, with an altitude of 500- 1000m, and there is a gap in the mountains on the west side.

Qaidam Basin

Located in the northwest of Qinghai Province, between Altun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Kunlun Mountain.

(1) is the highest basin in China, with a high terrain of 2000-3000m above sea level.

(2) salt lake swamp in southeastern China.

Sichuan Basin

Located in the east of Sichuan, between Wushan, Daba Mountain, Hengduan Mountain and Dalou Mountain.

① 300-600 meters above sea level, high in the north and low in the south, with plains, hills and low mountains.

② There are many rivers, which are the largest outflow basin in China.

Three Plains and Their Location, Composition and Characteristics

location

trait

chief component

Northeast Plain [the largest plain in China]

Located in the northeast of China, between Daxinganling and Changbai Mountain. Including Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces and part of Inner Mongolia.

(1) fertile black soil is widely distributed in the largest plain in China.

(2) The elevation is mostly below 200 meters, slightly higher in the middle, mostly flat, and there are many swamps in Sanjiang Plain and other areas.

Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and Liaohe Plain

North China Plain

Located in the northeast of China, between Yanshan Mountain, Taihang Mountain and Huaihe River, it includes Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Beijing, Tianjin and parts of Jiangsu and Anhui.

(1) the second largest plain in China.

② Most of them are below 50 meters above sea level, and the surface is flat.

Haihe Plain and Huanghuai Plain

Plains of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

Located in the central and eastern China, east of Wushan, along the main tributaries of the Yangtze River, including Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai.

(1) Most of them are below 50 meters above sea level and have low terrain.

(2) The river network is vertical and horizontal, and the lakes are densely covered.

Jianghan Plain, Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Jianghuai Plain and Yangtze River Delta