Who discusses the foreign policy of the late Qing government and its influence on China society-China's diplomacy viewed from the evolution of Hongkong.

First, the diplomacy of the late Qing government.

1, the evolution of diplomatic institutions in the late Qing Dynasty

Minister of Trade for Five Ports-Minister of Trade for Three Ports-Prime Minister's Office-Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Ministry of Foreign Affairs

2. The Qing government's handling of foreign forces.

Judging from the general trend, China experienced the process of confrontation-temporary compromise-confrontation-complete surrender, giving priority to compromise and surrender, wantonly selling national sovereignty and becoming a semi-colonial society.

3. Three stages of diplomacy in the late Qing Dynasty.

(1) Before the Opium War, he pursued a closed-door policy and was arrogant.

(2) In the war of aggression against China by modern powers, there were confrontation and compromise, and compromise was the main one.

(3) After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", it completely became a tool for imperialism to invade China.

Early history

Archaeological studies show that human activities in Hong Kong can be traced back to 5000 years ago. The excavation of Neolithic Age shows that the local culture is different from the Stone Age culture in northern China, including Longshan culture. Bronze fishing tools and weapons were unearthed on Lantau Island and Lamma Island. At present, eight stone carvings have been found in Donglong Island, Kau Sai Chau, Po Toi Island, Wong Chuk Hang, Cheung Chau, Shek Pik on Lantau Island, Big Wave Bay on Hong Kong Island and Lobster Bay in Sai Kung. These stone carvings facing the sea are thought to be related to Hong Kong ancestors who lived in Shang Dynasty. They sacrificed to the weather and prayed for calm. /kloc-Archaeological discoveries in the 0' s and 930' s are considered to be related to the Hong Kong culture adjacent to Guangdong during the Warring States Period from the 6th century to the 3rd century.

[Editor] Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty

Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Panyu County for more than 500 years in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty. From the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 33 1 year) to the first year of Tang Suzong to Germany (AD 756), this area was under the jurisdiction of Baoan County. From the second year of Zhide (AD 757), it went through the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, and reached the sixth year of Qin Long's Ming Muzong (AD 1572). For more than 800 years, this area has been under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County. Small-scale salt ponds were also developed.

Since the Han Dynasty, Han people have settled in Hong Kong. The tomb of Li Zhengwu Village is considered as a building in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to the lack of documents and archaeological discoveries, the historical materials of Hong Kong during the Three Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were relatively scarce. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Eastern Zhejiang Uprising Army led by Lu Xun once captured Guangzhou. After the uprising failed, the rest retreated to Lantau Island. It is the earliest written immigration activity in Hong Kong. The sculpture near the Castle Peak Buddhist Temple in Tuen Mun is said to be a portrait of a monk in the Southern Dynasties. In May, 2004, a large number of pottery and pottery-making tools from the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Tang Dynasty were excavated at a drainage site only two meters deep at the junction of Cai Tong Street and Soy Street in downtown Mong Kok, showing that people lived there more than a thousand years ago.

In the Tang Dynasty, as Guangzhou was an international commercial port, the "Tuen Mun District" (that is, the coastal area from Dongguan to Lantau Island including Deep Bay) was used as a military port, a safe haven and an outer port for overseas traffic in Guangzhou, which was the only place for seagoing ships to pass in and out of Guangzhou. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty once quoted Jia Dan, a geographer in the Tang Dynasty, as saying, "Guangzhou runs 200 miles from the Southeast Sea to Tuen Mun Mountain". Han Yu wrote in the sixth poem "Farewell to Yuan Eighteen": "Although the clouds are high, they still reflect waves". Liu Yuxi wrote in Song of Treading Waves: "Long time without wind, surging waves will not turn into treading waves." At present, there is no historical evidence that Han and Liu have been to Tuen Mun. The scenery of Tuen Mun appeared in their poems, which shows that it was famous for its convenient maritime transportation in the Tang Dynasty. The management of salt ponds is also quite developed.

In the sixth year of Dabao in the Southern Han Dynasty (AD 963), Liu Ti, the queen of the Southern Han Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, recruited thousands of pearl-picking soldiers, specializing in diving and pearl-picking. When the Southern Han Dynasty established Yokai Capital, it began to develop pearl mining mainly in Tolo Harbour and Tai Po Sea: "Capital" means the military wing, and "Yokai Capital" is one of the garrison troops. "Step on the Sea" is the Tai Po Sea in the New Territories today. Picking pearls is hard and dangerous. Since Song Yuanming, in this sea area, pearl mining was officially announced once, and pearl mining was prohibited again. It was not until the early years of Kangxi that the official banned pearl picking permanently.

In the Song Dynasty, salt production in Hong Kong had reached a considerable scale. Because of the high profit of salt industry, the Song government once set up an "official rich field" in the northwest of Kowloon Bay in this area, which is now around Kowloon City and Kai Tak Airport, and sent salt officials to station troops to manage this salt field. According to Song Hui Yao, in the first year of Longxing (A.D. 1 163), Guangdong Salt Tea Company said: Guangbo Laotian, Tiantian, Chaohuilaitian and Nanlingtian are all far away ... If these four fields are to be abandoned, they should be attached to the adjacent saltworks, and Guanfu Field should be attached to the overlapping blessed land. Longxing is the title of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty. Judging from this historical data, the official wealth field was set before Xiaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty and at the latest during Gaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lantau Island was once an important salt producing area in Hong Kong. In Song Gaozong, the local people came to know others, and the young people were elected as the water army, which relaxed the ban on fishing salt and called it salinization. When Song Ningzong was in Guangdong, Xu Anguo, who raised salt tea, sent people to Lantau Island to catch smugglers, causing a large-scale salt uprising on the island. The insurgents led by Gordon attacked the gate of Guangzhou at high tide.

In the Song Dynasty, the navigation industry in Kowloon Peninsula was also very developed. According to the Lin Family Tree in Pugang Village, Kowloon, a man named Lin Changsheng built Putian in the Song Dynasty and moved his family to Peng Pu Wei (now Daqian Village) near Wong Tai Sin. He made a living by sailing from generation to generation, sailing between Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong. Once, his grandchildren Lin and Lin Baijian went to sea in a hurricane, and the ship was damaged and disappeared. Holding the awning, the two men hugged Lin's elder sister, who was enshrined on the boat, and floated to Donglong Island (South Buddha Hall) to escape safely. They thought it was God's protection of knowledge, so they built a temple for Lin's sister in Nanfo Hall. Lin's son Lin later built a similar temple in Beifotang. This sister-in-law Lin was later called Tianhou. The migration history of Lin family in Song Dynasty and the construction of Nantianhou Temple and Beifo Temple in this area reflected the development of navigation industry in this area at that time.

Because of the booming business, large-scale immigration began in the Song Dynasty. Fisheries and agriculture have also developed due to demand. When Jinshi Deng (a native of Jishui, Jiangxi) was in town, he once took a boat to Yangchun, Guangdong, passing through Tuen Mun, New Territories, and experienced the beauty of local customs. So after resigning, his family moved to Centian (Jintian). Deng established pastoral poetry and built a tomb here, engaged in agricultural development. He built the north-south fence of Jintian and buried the bodies of his great-grandparents, grandparents and parents in the New Territories. According to legend, in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Deng Yuanxun, a descendant of the Deng family, was already very rich, with ten thousand mu of fertile land. During the reign of Kangxi in the early Qing Dynasty, Deng not only owned rich land in Jin Tianyi, but also owned many fields on Hong Kong Island, becoming the first family. In addition, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jinshi Hou Wulang moved to Dongguan County, and his son Hou Zhuofeng moved to Shang He Township to build a tea shed to do small business. Later generations still live in townships, rock hills, money and hills in the New Territories. After the Song Dynasty, Liao, Wen and Peng moved in one after another. His China surname is the descendant of Wen Tianxiang, the leader of the late Song Dynasty. Together with Deng and Hou, they are called the five major clans in the New Territories.

[Editor] The young master fled at the end of the Song Dynasty

In A.D. 1276, Song Gongdi and his ministers surrendered to the Mongolian army of the Yuan Dynasty in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). General Zhang Shijie and his ordinary brother Zhao Yun, headed by Song Duanzong, fled to Quanzhou, Fujian. Later, because of the disagreement between the exiled court and Quanzhou shipping company Pu Shougeng, Pu Shougeng took refuge in the Yuan Dynasty. Zhang Shijie hijacked a ship and went to sea. The coastal imperial court, known as "going to sea", arrived at "Guan Fuchang" on 1277. Zhao Min and his younger brother Zhao Min rest on a big stone with the words "Song Wangtai" engraved on it. According to legend, the exiled court also stayed in Silver Mine Bay (Mui Wo) and Tung Chung on Lantau Island. Hou Wang Temple in Tung Chung is said to commemorate an official of this imperial court.

Later, Zhao Min died and established Zhao Min, later called Song Dimin. Another minister, Chen, went to Zhancheng (now a country in southern Vietnam). Hajj arrived in Yamen, Xinhui County, Guangdong Province, and established a small town and village in the local cove and an island off the coast, and got in touch with Wen Tianxiang who resisted Yuan at the junction of Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces at that time. Soon, Wen Tianxiang was captured alive by General Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Dynasty in Wupoling, Haifeng County, Guangdong Province. Zhang Hongfan pursued Hangchao, and in March 1279, he fought with Song Shuishi. Songshi anchored the ship in the bay, hoping to stabilize the ship before going out to sea to escape; However, after being blocked by warships and Yuan Navy with weak firepower, it was heavily bombarded by artillery. Songshi was defeated, and Minister Lu Xiufu committed suicide by jumping into the sea with Zhao Min on his back.

[Editor] Hong Kong in Ming Dynasty

Due to the prosperity of commerce and the growth of population, Hong Kong became an important coastal defense area in the Ming Dynasty. The fortifications here in the Ming Dynasty were to resist the invasion of "Japanese pirates", Portuguese and Dutch. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were three routes along the coast of Guangdong to patrol the ocean to prepare for the Japanese government forces. Among them, the middle road "starts from Nantou City, Dongguan County, and goes out to Buddhist Temple Gate, Cross Gate, Lengshuijiaohai and Macau". The gate of the Buddhist temple is located in Hong Kong, which obviously belongs to the defensive range of the middle road.

In the 42nd year of Jiajing (A.D. 1563), Tan Lun, the governor of Fujian, and Qi Jiguang, the chief company commander, called for the restoration of the old system of setting up naval castle. Later, the Ming government established six water towns in Chaozhou, Huizhou, Guangzhou, Gaozhou, Leizhou and Qiongzhou in Guangdong. Guangzhou Nantouzhai, Dawu in the east and Guang Hai in the west; From the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (AD 1565), the military commander of Nantouzhai was a general. From Wanli 14 to 18 (AD 1586 to 1590), there was a company commander with a higher rank. Nantouzhai has a 53-year-old warship, 1486 officers and men. After Wanli 19 (A.D. 159 1 year), the number of warships increased to 1 12, and the number of officers and men in Lu Xiao reached 208. Water towns have jurisdiction over six flood seasons, including Buddhist Temple Gate, Dragon Boat Bay, Rogge, Tai O, Langtao Bay and Bai Lang. There are more than 200 troops stationed in each flood season. At least two flood areas, Fotangmen and Tai O, belong to today's Hong Kong area.

At present, place names in some parts of Hong Kong have begun to appear in history books. According to the historical data found so far, the place names of Kowloon were first found in the "The Military Records of Governor Cangwu's Frontier Defense" written by Ying Ying in Jiajing 3 1 year (A.D. 1552). The place names of Hong Kong Island were first discovered by Guo Yong during the Wanli period of Ming Shenzong (A.D. 1573- 16 19). The coastal map of Guangdong contained in this book is marked with the names of Hongkong, Stanley, Huangniyong and Tsim Sha Tsui.

During the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, a riot of hungry people grabbing rice happened in Nantou area, and squire Zuo Wu took part in quelling the riot. After the incident subsided, Zuo Wu and others asked Liu Wen, the deputy envoy of Guangdong Haidu, to set up a county in the local area. Many officials and gentry think that the local area is more than 100 miles away from Dongguan County, which is inconvenient to manage. They are often harassed by "pirates" and have been seconded. Liu Wen told the governor of Guangdong that it was established. In the first year of Wanli, 56 miles, 7,608 households and 3,3971person were set aside in Dongguan County, and Xin 'an County was established, with the county site in Nantou. After that, it became a British colony from the first year of Wanli in Ming Shenzong (A.D. 1573) to the Daoguang period of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 184 1 year), and this area has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County, guangzhou fu.

In addition, Hong Kong was rich in fragrant wood during the Ming Dynasty. This kind of fragrant wood belongs to Wanxiang, also known as Daughter Fragrant, which is very popular in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places. Wang Chongxi's Xin 'an County Annals, Volume II, Odero. Product ",once mentioned the production of fragrant trees in Hong Kong in the past:" There are many kinds of fragrant trees in the bar. East Road is from Liyuan, Shaluowan and other places. Lek Yuen is Sha Tin and other places in the New Territories today, and Sha Lo Wan is in the west of Lantau Island. Today, there is another place near Baitian Village in Sha Tin called Xiangfenliao. From the first year of Kangxi to the twenty-third year of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1662-1684), the Qing government tried to sever the connection between the coastal people of Fujian and Guangdong and Zheng Chenggong, and implemented the policy of moving thirty or fifty miles along the coast. Hong Kong residents were also forced to migrate inward, which led to the decline of the local perfume industry. During the Yongzheng period (A.D. 1723-1735), there was a county magistrate in Dongguan who ordered to buy a strong Suo Xiang stick, and the people who planted incense cut down trees and fled. Since then, the production of fragrant wood has never resumed.