The causes and process of the formation of Yuanyang terraced fields and Dongchuan red land, as well as the experience that other tourist destinations can learn from.

The origin and process of Yuanyang terraced fields;

The reason why Hani Terrace in Yuanyang is so magnificent and unique is first caused by the special geographical structure of nature. Yuanyang is located in the south of Yunnan Province, with high terrain in the northwest and low terrain in the south. From Zhongdian and Lijiang in the northwest to Simao, Banna, Honghe and Wenshan in the south, the altitude gradually drops, forming a cold temperate and cold zone climate type with no summer all the year round in the high altitude area of northwest Yunnan and a subtropical and tropical climate type with no winter all the year round in the low altitude area of south Yunnan. From northwest Yunnan to south Yunnan, with the decrease of altitude, the stereoscopic climate becomes more and more obvious, and the rainfall is also increasing. The largest rainfall in the whole province is in the Hani nationality concentrated area on the south bank of Honghe River, with an average annual rainfall of 1.397.6 mm. The corresponding rice planting is becoming more and more intensive, and the dry land planting is decreasing. This makes the terraced rice culture more and more developed from the Nujiang River, Lancang River and Yangtze River systems in northwest Yunnan to the southern Yunnan water system, and finally forms the geographical composition environment of the most concentrated and developed terraced rice planting area in the whole province and even the whole country in Hani area in the southern section of Ailao Mountain on the south bank of the Red River.

Secondly, the specific topography, climate and other natural conditions of Ailao Mountain also determine that the Hani terraced fields in Yuanyang must be the most magnificent and unique spectacle. The landform of Yuanyang is characterized by high mountains and deep valleys, criss-crossing ravines, mostly of the cutting mountain type, that is, the mountains in the county are deeply cut by the red river and the rattan river system, with the middle protruding, the sides low, and a bird's eye view of the whole territory. The mountains are continuous and mountainous, and the terrain develops in a "V" shape, which is spectacular and abnormal. The lowest elevation in China is 144m, the highest elevation is 2939.6m, and the height difference is 2795.6m Most of the climate in the county belongs to subtropical monsoon type, but the three-dimensional climate is outstanding due to the complex terrain and disparity. The annual average temperature in the dam area is 25 degrees and the highest temperature is 42 degrees. The annual average temperature in mountainous areas is 1 1.6 degrees, and the temperature difference between the two places is 13.4 degrees. In the journey from the river dam to the alpine region through low mountains and high mountains, it is necessary to experience changes in the tropics, temperate zones and cold zones. As the saying goes, "a mountain is divided into four seasons, and ten miles are different from the sky." Heba Gorge is called "dry-hot valley area" because of extreme heat and drought, and alpine area is called "wet-cold area" because of low temperature rainfall. The evaporation in the dam area is large, the cloud density is high and the rainfall is abundant in the alpine area. There are 29 tributaries in the water system, which is dominated by the two main streams of Red River and Tenghe River, with a total length of more than 700 kilometers. The total water resources are 2.69 billion cubic meters, the surface is 2.0865438 billion cubic meters, and the groundwater is 609 million cubic meters. These rivers are the total source of all water sources in Yuanyang. The perennial high temperature in the low-latitude dry-hot valley makes the river water evaporate a lot (for example, the maximum evaporation in Nansha area 1995 is 65438+2306.5mm). As the hot air mass rises layer by layer, a huge amount of water vapor is cooled and oppressed by the cold air mass in the "wet and cold area" of the mountain, resulting in the situation that the annual average fog period in Yuanyang is 180 days and the annual average rainfall is 1397.6mm, which is also the reason why the fog covers the upper part of Yuanyang all the year round, the rainfall is extremely rich and the sea of clouds is magical and magnificent.

The Hani people have cultivated thousands of terraces with the life-long efforts of dozens of generations, and introduced ditches and canals into the fields for irrigation. Because mountains and rivers flow all the year round, terraces can be saturated with water all the year round, ensuring the development and harvest of rice. The imagination of Hani people to cultivate terraces is amazing. It changes with the mountainous terrain and adapts to local conditions. Plowing when the slope is gentle, ploughing small fields when the slope is steep, and even in the crevices under the ditch, efforts are being made to open fields. Therefore, there are several acres of terraces, and the small ones are only as big as dustpans, and often there are thousands of acres on a slope. This landscape constitutes an unpredictable symphony of heaven and earth art, and has become a spectacle of terraced fields attracting worldwide attention.

The origin and process of Dongchuan red land;

Red soil is a kind of low-yield and barren soil, which is mainly due to the acceleration of "red soil desertification" by human and climatic natural factors. Due to the large population and small land, over-exploitation and deforestation, and the characteristics of soil itself, soil productivity in red soil areas is low, soil erosion is serious, and many areas are seriously degraded, forming "red desertification". Soil erosion and land degradation are caused by steep slope reclamation or excessive reclamation, or deforestation, deforestation and firewood burning, and destruction of surface vegetation. In addition, the soil erosion in hilly areas of southern China is serious, which is more harmful than the Loess Plateau. As a result, the bare stone can not be recovered, forming a "red desert".

Soil erosion, land degradation and red soil exposure in hilly areas of southern China.

Rocky Desertification: Soil erosion, land degradation, exposure of lateritic red soil and further erosion of stony lateritic red soil in hilly areas of southern China.

Yellow Desert: Deserts are widely distributed in the northwest of China.

White desert: Antarctic continent is covered with ice and snow.

Land desertification: land desertification, land salinization, red desertification and rocky desertification.

Lessons to be learned:

Farming culture is the main component of China's excellent traditional culture, and it is also an important spiritual and cultural resource for building the core values of the Chinese nation. It is of great practical significance to fully tap and utilize agricultural cultural resources in the new period for the protection, inheritance and innovation of China's excellent traditional culture. The rapid development and successful brand building of Hani terraced fields and Dongchuan red land tourism provide useful experience for the development and utilization of agricultural cultural tourism resources in other areas of China. On the basis of analyzing the development of Hani terrace tourism and drawing lessons from successful experience, this paper puts forward the development ideas of agricultural cultural tourism in Dabie Mountain.

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