Analysis of Song and Yuan Navigation Policies

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The development of ancient navigation in my country

Reward points: 0 - Solved time: 2008- 7-13 19:08

Asker: Originally 2007 - Magic Apprentice Level 1 Best Answer

Introduction to Navigation Technology in the Past Dynasties

1. Pre-Qin Period

During the Yin, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties, in addition to making ships, people could also make sails and use wind power to sail. The oracle bone inscriptions use "fan" instead of "sail", indicating that the Yin people already used sails for sailing. However, sails at this time were generally mainly used for land and river navigation. With the rise of maritime activities in various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people's geographical knowledge of navigation gradually increased, and the different waters surveyed outside eastern China were divided into the "North Sea" (today's Bohai Sea), "East China Sea" (today's Yellow Sea), and "South China Sea" ( Today's East China Sea). People have learned that "all rivers return to the sea" and started cruising along the coast. At the same time, people gradually got to know the wind in the process of rivers and sailing, and used wind and sails to sail.

In the pre-Qin period, people not only understood the wind, but also understood some cloud and rain weather conditions. For example, "The moon follows the stars, and it follows the wind and rain" in "Shang Shu·Hong Fan", which are all mentioned by people during navigation. Experience rules summarized by paying attention to weather changes.

During this period, people had a certain understanding of ocean hydrology, especially tides. For example, "Shang Shu·Yu Gong" "Welcome it day and night, then go up", etc., which shows that people at that time knew how to go out to sea at high tide, use the ocean to direct the current, and go down the river.

It is worth mentioning that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, maritime navigation technology had been linked to astronomy. During the Warring States Period, people had made quantitative observations of the twenty-eight constellations and some stars, and achieved gratifying results. They also combined maritime navigation with astronomy and used the North Star to orient navigation. During the Warring States Period, the magnet "Sinan" was invented. But its use is mainly for land positioning. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the sun and the North Star were mainly used as navigation symbols at sea.

In short, the navigation technology in the pre-Qin period has a certain foundation. People have gradually deepened their understanding of the ocean. They have a certain understanding of ocean currents, winds, tides, and maritime astronomy and meteorology. They use the sun and Polaris to It is a maritime navigation mark and invented an instrument for measuring the height of celestial bodies at sea.

2. Qin and Han Dynasties

During ocean navigation during the Qin and Han Dynasties, people began to consciously use monsoon navigation. The Chinese have mastered the monsoon patterns of the western Pacific and northern Indian Ocean and have applied them to navigation activities. In fact, Yingxun of the Eastern Han Dynasty mentioned in "Customs and Customs": "There is a falling plum wind in May, and Jianghuai is considered a trade wind." The "falling plum wind" means the southeast monsoon that appears after the plum rain season. During the Han Dynasty, people could only sail across the ocean by taking advantage of the monsoon.

Based on the celestial navigation of the pre-Qin period, the navigation technology of the Qin and Han dynasties was further improved. According to "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", the astrology books for maritime navigation in the Western Han Dynasty included twelve volumes of "Star Divination in the Sea", 22 volumes of "Miscellaneous Matters of the Five Stars in the Sea" and other related books, totaling 136 volumes. Many of them may be the astronomical experiences and laws summed up by Chinese navigators during their voyages. The content should be to record the position determination of constellations, planets, etc. during navigation to confirm the route.

In addition to celestial navigation, celestial navigation and land positioning also play a very important role in navigation.

In the Han Dynasty, people could already use the "heavy difference method" to accurately measure maritime topography. Li Chunfeng's "Island Actuarial" of the Tang Dynasty recorded that by using a moment or table to make two observations, the height of the island and the distance from the ship can be obtained. This has a profound impact on the surveying and mapping of later generations of navigation charts and the calculation of voyages.

In the Han Dynasty, people's understanding of tides was no longer limited to the rise and fall of the water surface, but they could also find out the reasons. Wang Chong scientifically linked the causes of tides to the movement of the moon for the first time in "Lunheng·Shuxu Chapter", which reflected the progress of people's understanding of tides and also helped people navigate in and out of harbors by using the tide.

In short, the shipbuilding industry was developed during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and it was able to use monsoon navigation. When did astronomical and geographical navigation further improve, and scientific and reasonable explanations of tidal phenomena could be made. With the advancement of navigation technology, China has It has joined the ranks of the world's advanced maritime countries.

3. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

While the shipbuilding industry developed during the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, navigation knowledge and technology were further enriched and improved.

The "Nanzhou Foreign Objects" written by Wang Zhen of the Three Dynasties described the sailing technology of the sea-going ships sailing in the South China Sea at that time: "The four sails were not straight forward, and they were all sailing in the wrong direction. When they gathered together, they took the wind." This record shows that at that time, Chinese sailors in the South China Sea already had four-sail sailboats that could be increased or decreased as needed, mastered the deflection technique of "blown and used the wind", and sailed in the Indian Ocean routes. , also sailed by using seven sails to sail the wind.

With the increase in navigation activities after the Three Kingdoms, the trade wind patterns in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean have been understood and utilized.

The progress in navigation technology during this period is also reflected in the fact that people have a preliminary understanding of the coastal topography of the sea areas they sail through, such as the corals in the South China Sea. At the same time, astronomical navigation technology also Adopted.

4. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties Periods

During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties periods, navigation technology became more mature. People were able to skillfully use monsoon navigation. Their astronomical and geographical navigation levels were significantly improved, and they could also control tides. Further correct explanation.

In the Tang Dynasty, people have been able to realize that the wind from the Sea of ??Japan in the north to the South China Sea in the south comes and ends regularly. This monsoon related to navigation became the "trade wind". While using these trade winds for navigation, people have been able to correctly summarize and summarize the coming and going patterns of these trade winds. It was by understanding and utilizing the monsoons and ocean current patterns of the South China Sea, the North Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal that Ru Yijing arrived in Southeast Asia by boat and returned to Sri Lanka. At the same time, people in the Tang Dynasty had a better understanding of marine meteorology and were able to use red clouds, halo rainbows, etc. to predict typhoons.

The development of astronomical positioning in the Tang Dynasty was concentrated in geodesy, which used the height of the North Star in two places to determine the change in distance between north and south. During the Kaiyuan period, astronomers such as Hui and his party were able to use the "complex moment" instrument to measure the height of Polaris from the ground. Although there was a certain gap with the actual number, this was the world's first actual measurement of the meridian, and this measurement technique was probably already used in Used during navigation. Navigators in the Tang Dynasty had mastered the use of the height of the North Star for positioning and navigation.

Like astronomical positioning, geological navigation technology also improved to a certain extent during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The "Guangzhou Tonghai Yidao" has relatively specific navigation directions, distances, and times. It has clear geographical positioning descriptions of the geographical location or terrain features of certain areas, and there are also records of artificial navigation marks used in ocean navigation. Especially with the advancement of mathematics, navigators have been able to use the "heavy difference method" of two observation calculations to measure landmarks based on the principle of the Pythagorean law of similarity, which has greatly improved the level of coastal surveying.

In "Haitao Zhi", the author Uncle Dou conducted an in-depth study of the synchronization rules of tidal movement and moon movement, and analyzed the causes of tidal movement, the time of occurrence of large and small tides, calculation methods, and the understanding of tidal cycles. The cycle has been discussed in detail. The later closing performance also made a very clear discussion of the daily movement of the tides in January.

5. The Two Song Dynasties

The most prominent improvement in navigation technology during the Two Song Dynasties was the widespread application of the compass.

Navigation guidance before the Song Dynasty generally relied on celestial phenomena and celestial bodies to identify directions. Stars were used to guide the way at night, and the sun was used to identify directions during the day. By the Northern Song Dynasty, navigation technology began to make major breakthroughs, and compasses could be used. Sailing. The application of the compass developed into a compass structure during the Southern Song Dynasty. With the continuous improvement of accuracy, its application became more and more widespread. Maritime navigation gradually relied on the compass to indicate direction, which was more advanced than the Northern Song Dynasty. It also promoted the development of maritime transportation between China and foreign countries. The application of the compass in navigation is a major breakthrough in the history of human civilization in the world and has made a significant contribution to the development of world civilization and culture.

During the Song Dynasty, the descriptions of sea charts were very clear. For example, Xu Jing's "Xuanhe envoys of Korea" and the sea channel map Liu Yu presented to Jin Zhudan, etc., all illustrate the sea charts at that time. development. The development of maritime traffic routes created conditions for the production of hydrographic charts. The emergence of sea channel charts is the result of the continuous accumulation of human ocean knowledge, providing more technical tools and technical knowledge for human beings to further conquer the ocean and develop maritime transportation. There has also been great progress in marine geographical recognition and detection. Determine the orientation and judge the environment based on weather changes. They have also learned how to use long ropes to tie weights to measure the sea depth, and judge the navigation position and conditions from the seabed sediment adhered to the bottom of the weights. It can also sail using the monsoon, and its wind control technology is also quite advanced. There are also certain safeguard measures in place for maritime navigation safety. The use of homing pigeons as a means of maritime transport. It has also been able to repair ships underwater to prevent leaks and sinking. Due to the continuous improvement of navigation technology, external maritime traffic during the Song Dynasty was safer, the course was more stable, and the navigation time was greatly shortened, which was conducive to the further development of Sino-foreign maritime transportation and trade.

6. Yuan Dynasty Period

In the Yuan Dynasty, the compass was more widely used and more accurate, and it has become an essential navigation tool for ships. During navigation in the Yuan Dynasty, many needle points on the compass were connected to mark the route, which was called a needle path. The technology used in compass applications has been further improved. The heavenly stems, earthly branches and four hexagrams (Qian, Kun, and Gen) are used as the route directions arranged on the navigation compass. In this way, sea-going ships can more accurately determine the course and grasp the route.

The improvement of navigation technology in the Yuan Dynasty was also reflected in the understanding and mastery of coastal celestial phenomena and laws to ensure the safety and stability of sea-going ships. Maritime transportation in the Yuan Dynasty was able to familiarly grasp and utilize the laws of the monsoon.

In the long-term practice of maritime transportation, navigators of the Yuan Dynasty summed up their experience and compiled formulas about tides, winds, and weather.

The relevant formulas are said to be "applicable time and time again", indicating that the Yuan Dynasty had a considerable degree of understanding and mastery of the laws of marine meteorological changes, which would help further control the ocean and promote overseas transportation and trade. further development.

7. Ming Dynasty Period

The navigation technology of the Ming Dynasty was mainly reflected in the great improvement and progress in the application of comprehensive marine knowledge and navigation technology.

1. About air routes and headings

The application of compasses in the Ming Dynasty was more popular and accurate. In the past, the use of compasses was mainly based on single needle and suture methods. However, the Ming Dynasty's "Shunfeng Xiangsong" already has the "fixed three-needle method" and the "fixed four-needle method". Although its specific application method is unknown, it should be certain that its route and heading must be clearer and more accurate. Several compasses are used to determine the heading, and there must also be a unit of measurement to determine the voyage. As late as the Ming Dynasty, "geng" had been used as a unit of measurement in navigation. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, one watch was about sixty miles long. Therefore, "update" is not a simple unit of timing, but refers to the mileage passed by the ship at standard speed during one update. The use of "geng" in navigation is also a symbol of the development of navigation technology in the Ming Dynasty. Combined with the compass, it can calculate the ship's position and speed, making the navigation route more accurate. The navigation method that combined "needle" and "geng" was very common in the Ming Dynasty. , reflecting the advanced nature of navigation technology in the Ming Dynasty.

2. Regarding topography and water

When sailing on the sea, you must understand the topography and water potential of the waterway, master the water depth of the waterway and the reefs and shoals, so that you can carry out maritime traffic activities safely and reliably.

Measuring the depth of water in the Ming Dynasty was called drawing water, and the unit was tow. Akito also made great contributions to the drawing of nautical charts. Although nautical drawings had been published during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, they were mainly for coastal areas and did not seem to be prepared for ocean navigation. Until the Ming Dynasty, the drawing of nautical charts had made great progress and reached a very high level. It was mastered not only in coastal areas, but also in overseas ocean areas. The most typical one is the 240th volume of "Wu Bei Zhi" compiled by Mao Yuanyi of the Ming Dynasty. "Zheng He's Navigation Chart". The map was drawn from Nanjing to the coast of East Africa. It covers the vast western Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts. It records more than 500 place names, and also depicts needle paths and the heights of stars everywhere. The nautical charts used for peaks, islands, shoals, rocks, and dangerous narrows during navigation show that the Ming Dynasty had a profound understanding of the necessity and importance of mastering the topography and water potential of the route. Its practical application reflects the development level of navigation technology in the Ming Dynasty. The navigators of the Ming Dynasty had a good grasp of the terrain and water conditions of overseas shipping routes. In the Ming Dynasty, similar specific guidance on the topography and water potential of the route tended to be comprehensive and visual, reflecting the improvement of navigation technology in the Ming Dynasty.

3. About nautical celestial phenomena

Observe celestial phenomena, including the changing patterns of star positions, trade winds, and ocean currents and floods.

Star-finding is used to determine the ship's sailing position. Star-finding was a navigation technology at that time that used astronomical conditions to measure position. That is, a star board is used on the ship to observe the height of a certain star to determine the geographical location of the ship. Especially in the deep sea, the topography and water potential are difficult to provide effective identification, and there is no basis to rely on. The navigation position is often determined by celestial phenomena. "Zheng He's Nautical Chart" is accompanied by the "Ocean Star Navigation Chart", which records the star navigation in the Indian Ocean region.

Utilization of trade winds. The Ming Dynasty's Fei Xin's "Xingcha Shenglan·Zhancheng Map" says: "In December, Fujian's Five Tiger Gate opens to the ocean, sets out twelve sails, and reaches the country of Champa with a favorable wind for ten days and nights." Also in the Ming Dynasty's Ma Huan's "Yingya Shenglan" "Man Lajia" said that for the return voyage, "wait for the south wind to be favorable and sail back to the ocean in mid-May." This shows that the Ming Dynasty mastered and applied the laws of the monsoon very well.

The people of Ming Dynasty were also very familiar with the changing laws of sea weather, ocean currents and tides. "Send the Wind" and "Guide Zhengfa" record many meteorological records and songs in this regard, which illustrates the Ming Dynasty's understanding and emphasis on navigation and astronomical phenomena. ", "Determining the ebb and flow of the tide", "On the electric songs of the four seasons", "The electric songs of the four directions", etc. According to the lunar month and day, the wind and rain patterns of marine meteorology are described in detail.

8. Early and Mid-Qing Dynasty

Although the navigation technology in the early and mid-Qing Dynasty did not have great innovations, it still had a full understanding and summary of the importance of maritime geography. The drawing of nautical charts is also quite good. Chen Lunjiong of the Qing Dynasty has six accompanying maps in his "Hai Guo Wen Jian Lu", which are more detailed and accurate than the previous maps. The "Records of the Coastal Situation of the World" in Chen's "Records of Hearings and Seeings of the Sea Country" has detailed descriptions of the marine landforms, hydrology and shipping along the northeastern and southeastern coasts of China. These have important maritime guidance value.

In navigation application technology, the traditional methods of predecessors are basically inherited. But there is also a certain degree of development. In the application of the compass, the three-needle method is generally used, and the navigation celestial phenomena observation, navigation terrain and water potential are systematically mastered. And start timing with an hourglass. Compared with traditional burning, it is more fragrant and more accurate in estimating the position of the sun and the moon. The use of hourglasses in the early Qing Dynasty illustrates the continuous improvement of the technical performance and technical level of navigation tools on the basis of absorbing foreign navigation technology.

“Chinese ocean ships are no better than Western ships. They use a celestial instrument and a celestial ruler to compare the sunrise, mark the hour, and measure the distance from the water to know where it is.

"In comparison, China's navigation technology has begun to lag behind the West.

Answer: Liu Laoxie - First time in Jianghu Level 2 7-11 22:09

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Other answers*** 2

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the formation period of my country's ancient navigation industry. During this period, maritime powers - Qi State, Wu Jian and Yue State - appeared successively in maritime exploration, large-scale maritime transportation, overseas trade and frequent naval battles. /p>

In the middle of the seventh century BC, the Qi State was located in Shandong. Its geographical advantage was close to the sea, and its great economic advantages in fishing and salt gave it a great economic advantage, and it finally wiped out more than 30 vassal states. The country became a maritime power that could directly control navigation around the Shandong Peninsula and the Bohai Sea. Its power even reached as far as the East China Sea and the Qiantang River Estuary.

The Yue people have been good at sailing since ancient times and have the custom of "cutting hair tattoos". This may be due to this. Because they are often in the water, long hair is inconvenient, so they cut it short and have tattoos on their bodies, which symbolizes the son of the dragon and seeks their safety in the sea. Naturally, it also has a superstitious color. The Yue people often dive and swim, and are relatively skilled in shipbuilding and navigation technology. The ships they built include barge boats suitable for naval battles, as well as flat boats, light boats, and boats. Under the leadership of Gou Jian, the Yue Kingdom gradually became stronger and stronger in 482 BC. , Gou Jian took advantage of the opportunity of Wu King Fu Cha to lead his elite troops north to Huangchi (now southwest of Fengqiu, Henan Province) to join the alliance, and sent 2,000 Xiliu (sailors), 40,000 soldiers, 6,000 gentlemen (elites), and various imperial guards (chariot soldiers). 1,000 people attacked Wu and captured Wu's capital Gusu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Fu Chai was forced to ask for peace with Yue with generous gifts. In 473 BC, Wu King Fu Chai committed suicide. p>

After Yue defeated Wu, in 468 BC, Yue followed Wu's route to the north and "moved to Langye [yáya]" (the capital of this country) from Kuaiji ("Chronology of the Bamboo Book"). Langye, now Langye, Jiaonan, Shandong Northwest of Taipei (at this time, there were two counties in Langya and Kuaiji). At that time, there were "eight thousand dead soldiers and 300 barge ships", so that "2,800 soldiers in the high-rise ships cut bamboo cabinets into canals". In 379 BC (the 33rd year of King Yi of Yue), Wu "moved its capital to Wu", which is now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. At this time, the Qi State on the coast of Shandong was strong, but the Yue State was declining and had no place to develop in Shandong. They had to move back to Wu from the sea again.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, sea navigation capabilities were already very strong. The Wu people regard "the boat as a horse" and "the huge sea as a barbarian". The Yue Kingdom has always used boats as chariots and bows as horses. The two moves of the capital of Yue also illustrate its navigation ability.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Jizi, a nobleman of the Shang Dynasty, was granted the title of Jizi in North Korea. During the Warring States Period, the people of Yan and Qi, neighboring Korea, could not bear the brutal rule and migrated to Korea in droves. At the same time, it brought a lot of advanced production technology and production tools. Bronze bells, bronze swords and other objects have also been unearthed on the Korean Peninsula. According to research, some of them are cultural relics from the Warring States Period. These show that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, our country's working people were able to make long voyages in the Yellow Sea. There were also many Chinese people who crossed the Korean Peninsula and then crossed the sea to Japan to escape the war. They brought bronze and iron production tools and rice cultivation technology. Metal tools and farming culture are two major characteristics of Yayoi culture. Since then, Japan has transitioned from the original Jomon culture to Yayoi culture (from more than 200 BC to more than 300 AD), and Yayoi culture is a culture from China. Especially the culture from the northern coast of China.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Yue people on the southeast coast of my country often conducted sailing activities in the South China Sea and conducted trade through Panyu Port. Panyu was founded by Yang Yue, a branch of the Yue people. "The area south of Jiuyi and Cangwu to Dan'er has the same customs as those in the south of the Yangtze River, and the more Yangyang, the more popular it is. Panyu is also one of the cities. Pearl, rhinoceros, tortoiseshell, fruit, and cloth are all gathered together." ("Historical Records: Biography of Huozhi") ") At the same time, gold, pearls, rhinoceros, etc. obtained by Baiyue's overseas voyages were also used as tribute to the Chu State.

The Qin and Han Dynasties were the first peak period of ancient my country's shipbuilding industry. It inherited and developed the technical level of the developed shipbuilding industry in the Bashu region and some of the original six countries. During this period, our country's ships were not only large in scale but also of many types, and could build high-tech building ships.

Qin was able to organize a large fleet capable of transporting 500,000 shi of grain when quelling the war in the south. After Qin unified the country, Qin Shihuang organized five large-scale maritime cruises during his twelve years of reign (221 BC – 210 BC), demonstrating the Qin Dynasty’s navigation capabilities.

Qin Shihuang had five tours. Except for the first tour to Longxi in 220 BC, the second to fifth tours were at sea, that is, in 219 BC and 218 BC. In 215 BC, there were four sea cruises in 210 BC.

His patrols at sea must have strengthened the development of navigation. If my country's navigation was only in its infancy during the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, then after Qin unified China, my country's navigation entered its development stage. .

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tried his best to open up maritime transportation and was committed to the exchanges between countries on the sea. Thanks to the efforts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty finally opened three important sea routes. The sailing ships of the Han Dynasty opened up a route from the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean. This was the first ocean route in the history of our country and the earliest overseas trade in the world.

In the Tang Dynasty, Jianzhen traveled eastward to Japan six times to pass on scriptures and send treasures.

Two Song Dynasties During the Two Song Dynasties, the most prominent improvement in navigation technology was the widespread application of the compass. Navigation guidance before the Song Dynasty generally relied on celestial phenomena and celestial bodies to identify directions. Stars were used to guide the way at night, and the sun was used to identify directions during the day. By the Northern Song Dynasty, navigation technology began to make major breakthroughs, and navigation with a compass was now possible.

The compass in the Yuan Dynasty was more widely used and more accurate, and it has become an essential navigation tool for ships. During navigation in the Yuan Dynasty, many needle points on the compass were connected to mark the route, which was called a needle path. The technology used in compass applications has been further improved. The heavenly stems, earthly branches and four hexagrams (Qian, Kun, and Gen) are used as the route directions arranged on the navigation compass. In this way, sea-going ships can more accurately determine the course and grasp the route.

The improvement of navigation technology in the Yuan Dynasty was also reflected in the understanding and mastery of coastal celestial phenomena and laws to ensure the safety and stability of sea-going ships. Maritime transportation in the Yuan Dynasty was able to familiarly grasp and utilize the laws of the monsoon. In the long-term practice of maritime transportation, navigators of the Yuan Dynasty summed up their experience and compiled formulas about tides, winds, and weather.

The relevant formulas are said to be "applicable time and time again", indicating that the Yuan Dynasty had a considerable degree of understanding and mastery of the laws of marine meteorological changes, which would help further control the ocean and promote overseas transportation and trade. further development.

Zheng He's voyages to the West promoted economic exchanges between China and Asian and African countries; it strengthened the friendly relations between my country and Asian and African countries. It is a feat in the history of world navigation, more than half a century earlier than the voyages of European navigators. Zheng He is a great navigator in the history of our country and the world.

Since the 15th century AD, my country's shipbuilding technology and navigation technology have been in a leading position in the world. The development of the shipbuilding industry in ancient China was closely related to the country's navigation and foreign relations and complemented each other. When the rulers paid attention to the development of foreign relations and the development of navigation, the shipbuilding industry developed. For example, in the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, foreign exchanges were frequent. The shipbuilding industry also developed; from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the shipbuilding industry was affected by the maritime ban policy implemented by the rulers.

The Qing Dynasty implemented a closed-door policy, which restricted the development of my country's foreign trade and navigation and hindered cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

The development of ancient my country's navigation industry was at its peak during the Qin, Han, Song, Yuan, and early Ming dynasties. The navigation situation of each dynasty is roughly listed. The above, I hope it will be helpful to you.

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