What's the geographical environment like in Jinan?

Jinan is located in the central and western Shandong Province, with Mount Tai in the south, the Yellow River in the north and mountains and rivers in the back. It borders Liaocheng in the southwest, Dezhou and Binzhou in the north, Zibo in the east and Tai 'an and Laiwu in the south.

Jinan is located at 36 40 ′ north latitude and117 00 ′ east longitude, with Mount Tai in the south and the Yellow River in the north. Located at the junction of hilly areas in central and southern Shandong and alluvial plain in northwest Shandong, the terrain is high in the south and low in the north.

The topography of Jinan can be divided into three zones: the Yellow River in the north, the piedmont plain in the middle and the hilly and mountainous areas in the south. The main peaks in the territory are Changchengling, Paomaling, Ladder Mountain and Heiniuzhai. There are more than 3,000 square kilometers of mountains and hills and 5,000 square kilometers of plains. The highest altitude is 1 108.4m, the lowest altitude is 5m, and the height difference between north and south is 1 100m.

Jinan has many springs because of its unique topographical and geological structure. Jinan is located in the heart of Shandong Province, with low mountains and hills in central and southern Shandong and alluvial plains in northwest Shandong, just sandwiched in the middle. It is a gentle monoclinic structure with a height difference of more than 500 meters. The urban terrain is naturally high in the south and low in the north, which is conducive to the collection of surface water and groundwater into the urban area.

Jinan underground is soluble limestone. After many tectonic movements and long-term dissolution, a large number of karst ditches, caves and underground rivers have been formed, which has become an underground pipe network capable of storing and transporting groundwater. A large amount of groundwater in the southern mountains of Jinan, criss-crossing limestone strata, travels southward, and meets closely organized magmatic rocks in the northern suburbs, like a natural stone wall, blocking the water veins. Eventually, a large amount of groundwater trapped here, with strong pressure, gushed out of the ground along many cracks and passages connecting the ground, so natural springs appeared. It is precisely because of this geological structure that although Jinan is located in the earthquake zone of Hebei Plain and Lubei Plain, the underground vibration can be effectively buffered by groundwater to the maximum extent.

Jinan is located in the mid-latitude zone, influenced by solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and geographical environment, and belongs to temperate monsoon climate. It is characterized by obvious monsoon, four distinct seasons, drought and little rain in spring, warm and rainy in summer, cool and dry in autumn and cold and little snow in winter. The annual average temperature is 13.8℃, the frost-free period is 178 days, the highest temperature is 42.5℃ (1July 24th, 955), and the lowest temperature is-0/9.7℃ (1953 65438+/). The monthly average maximum temperature is 27.2℃ (July) and the monthly average minimum temperature is -3.2℃(65438+ 10 month). The average annual precipitation is 685 mm. The annual sunshine hours are 1870.9 hours (2009). ?

In winter, the Mongolian high is formed in the northern part of the Asian continent, and Jinan is controlled by the polar continental air mass and is often attacked by cold air from the north. The weather is cold and sunny, with less rain and snow and more northerly winds. In summer, influenced by tropical and subtropical ocean air masses, warm and humid air currents prevail in the ocean, with hot weather, abundant rainfall, abundant sunshine and southerly winds. Spring and autumn are the transitional seasons from winter to summer and from summer to winter, and the wind direction is changeable. In a year, Jinan is controlled by different atmospheric circulation in different seasons, which constitutes a distinct climate in spring, summer, autumn and winter. The winter duration in Jinan is 136 ~ 157 days, generally from early October to late March of the following year. Summer is 105 ~ 120 days, generally from late May to early September; Spring and autumn are the shortest, less than two months. In addition, the terrain surrounded by mountains on three sides makes it difficult for water vapor and hot air to return and gather, which is more than the summer precipitation in general northern cities.

Jinan, the spring city, is known as the natural karst spring museum because of its large population and abundant water.

There are hundreds of springs in Jinan, and there are ten famous spring groups, which are Baotu Spring Group, Black Tiger Spring Group, Wulongtan Spring Group, Pearl Spring Group, Bai Quan Spring Group, Baimai Spring Group, Yuhe Spring Group, Yongquan Spring Group, Sanguo Spring Group and Hongfan Chiquan Group in Pingyin. The above ten spring groups all belong to "Jinan Spring Group". There are hundreds of spring eyes and 72 springs in Jinan, which is widely circulated.

The spring water distribution in the old city of Jinan is the densest. Among the top ten springs, only the old city accounts for four, which is basically the area around the city today: starting from Black Tiger Spring, passing through quancheng square-Ximen-Wulongtan-the north side of Daming Lake Park-the old east gate-Qinglong Bridge, with more than 0/00 natural springs/kloc-,the moat flows to Daming Lake and the surrounding Qianfo Mountain and Queshan Mountain. It has also become a rare city that integrates "mountains, springs, lakes, rivers and cities". Since ancient times, there has been a reputation of "weeping willows in every spring" and "lotus flowers on all sides and willows on three sides, a city with mountains and a half city with lakes".

In addition, the rivers in Jinan mainly include the Yellow River and Xiaoqing River, as well as the moat around the old city, as well as the Dashahe River, Yufu River, Jiangxiu River and Juye River running north and south. Lakes include Daming Lake in Lixia District (water comes from Baotu Spring and other springs) and Baimai Spring in Zhangqiu District, as well as Daxiaoquan Pool in parks such as Yanming Spring.