Poetic articles on couplets

Bachelor's degree Qinglian Shangshu Red Star

Zhonglang Lv Qi Taishi Huang Ting

This is an old Beijing couplet (Bing Xin's Spring Festival couplets, Beijing Evening News, February 22nd 1985), with four colors of green, red, green and yellow representing four ancient celebrities. "Bachelor Violet" is a great poet in Tang Dynasty, whose real name is Violet, and a bachelor of imperial academy. Shangshu Red Apricot is a famous Song Qi in Song Dynasty, who is famous for writing "Red Apricot branches are full of spring". Luqi, a corps commander, was Cai Yong, an official admirer of Zhong Shulang in Han Dynasty. He is a performer, and he is good at playing drums, being green and playing the name of guqin. "Taishi Huang Ting" is a calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty, Wang Xizhi, who is familiar with internal history and once wrote Exterior Huang Ting. This couplet is beautiful, elegant, exquisite and unforgettable.

I am a madman in the state of Chu, and wuyue went far away to find mountains.

I walked once in a low voice. From this commanding height, sadness is everywhere.

This is a collection of sentences about Peng Yulin's visit to Mount Tai in the Qing Dynasty (article 565 of Liang Yusheng's "Tales of Tales"). The first part uses Li Bai's sentence of "Song of Lushan Mountain to Judge Lu Xuzhou", the second part uses the sentence of "Lu Ai Confucius" and Du Fu's sentence of "Climbing the Building". Peng is a native of Hunan and one of the commanders of the Xiang army. At that time, the Taiping Army had failed, but the internal and external troubles remained the same, so there was such a complicated mood. This couplet is neat and neat, making the past serve the present, and it is integrated. It's a masterpiece of couplets.

Baotu Spring, the former residence of Daming Lake, is deep in the weeping poplar.

There is a legacy of the late master in Yu Shu's concentrated epigraphy.

This is the couplet of Li Qingzhao Memorial Hall inscribed by Guo Moruo (Ming Lian Appreciation Dictionary by Gu Pingdan, Chang Jiang and Zeng Baoquan, 7 1 page). The first part describes the beautiful environment of Li Qingzhao's former residence, and the second part focuses on the masterpieces handed down by Li Qingzhao and her husband Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao's literary style. This couplet is fluent and meaningful, with few words, expressing the nostalgia and reverence for a generation of female poets.

It's a beautiful day when the swallow comes after Haitang bloom. I am so drunk that I want to sleep. Take your time.

Bi? Is it flat purchase? City ridge? What's the matter with you? br/>； This is the Flower Temple Association in Jiading, Shanghai (Ming Lian Appreciation Dictionary, page 104). This couplet is written in the language of words and songs, integrated with the theme of the flower god, and fascinating with beautiful words.

By the way, there are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese, and there are no couplets in real life. Therefore, when learning couplets, you should get used to reading them without punctuation marks. Couplets are not only antithetical sentences, but also self-aligned words and sentences on the same side. The rules are clear. It is not difficult to break sentences after reading it several times.

1.2 couplet definition

Couplets are elegant names of couplets to emphasize their literariness. Couplets are a general term for couplets, which can include word games. Generally speaking, the two can be used in combination.

Couplets are an independent style, which consists of two equal-length written and antithetical Chinese character sequences. In other words, there is no limit to the number of words in the upper and lower couplets, but they must be equal; The joint article is meaningful or understandable; The level and level should conform to the law and the confrontation should be neat; Couplets are independent texts, not part of other texts. Those who meet these conditions are couplets, otherwise they are not couplets.

The antithetical couplets in regular poems or parallel prose can only be called couplets if they exist independently of regular poems or parallel prose.

We didn't put the requirement that the upper couplet and the lower couplet are interdependent in the sense (which is the requirement that general couplets should meet) into the definition, just to admit that "no love pair" is also a couplet. For example:

Samsung brandy

Huangmeitian in May

This couplet is flat and even, word for word, absolutely neat. The upper and lower couplets are written separately, but the upper and lower couplets are irrelevant in meaning. The first couplet is a wine name, that is, Samsung brand brandy. The second couplet is the rainy weather in May in the south of the Yangtze River, which is also the season when plums are ripe. It is said that in order to advertise "Samsung Brandy", he deliberately left the alliance. Its great role can be imagined.

We have not written the concept of modern syntax into the definition, because the concept of "sentence" in China's classical literature is different from that in vernacular or English. Some couplets are hardly complete sentences. For example:

One two three four five six seven

Filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, righteousness and sincerity

This pair of hidden characters satirizes riddles. The upper part can't be a sentence, the lower part can't be a sentence, and it can't be a sentence together. But the upper part is meaningful, the lower part is meaningful, and the meaning is more obvious when put together (forgetting eight/shameless). So we only need to know that this couplet is a seven-character quatrain, and we can understand the literal meaning and implied meaning. There is no need for in-depth syntax analysis. Couplets, like poetry, ci, qu, fu and parallel prose, belong to the category of classical literature. The basic sentence patterns of couplets come from parallel prose and metrical poems. Analyzing the structure of couplets with modern grammar is a big misunderstanding in the current teaching of couplets. Because the couplet structure is a tone structure, not a grammatical structure, although in most cases the two are the same. It goes without saying that there is little difference between couplet grammar (or grammar) and general grammar (or grammar). The "sentence" mentioned below refers to the "sentence pattern" of poetry or the "sentence reading" of ancient Chinese, not the "sentence" in modern grammar.

Step 2 write couplets

The basic requirements of couplet creation are: level, uniformity and harmony, neat antithesis and to the point. The three are interdependent and cannot be neglected. Horizontal parallel method is the foundation, and illegal couplets are unqualified couplets. The key is to fight neatly, but not neatly. Even if the law is even, it can only make up for it. The purpose is to make the meaning to the point, to be impartial and uniform, but not to the point, that is, to shoot at the wrong target and even to have the opposite effect.

2. 1 Flat and oblique tones

Poetry has meter, words have score, and songs have titles. Although the ancients did not formulate the joint law, the law was in the joint. Because of the unlimited length and complex structure of couplets, people have different understandings of couplets. However, most common couplets are within twenty or thirty crosses, and the longer the better. Therefore, this paper mainly talks about the basic sentence patterns and the best structure of couplets, so that our understanding can be made public and good for the public, so as to achieve * * * knowledge.

The difference between couplets and other styles lies in the structure. Couplet structure is a tone structure, not a grammatical structure, that is, the coordinate order relationship within sentences and between sentences. Because the basic sentence patterns of couplets are derived from regular poems and parallel prose, it is beneficial to understand the sentence structures of regular poems and parallel prose first.

2. 1. 1 the pattern of metrical poetry.

Seven-character rhyme has the following four structures, with "0" as the level, and "1" as the ambiguity, namely:

00 1 1 100 / 1 100 1 10 / 1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 1 00 / 00 1 100 1 / 1 100 1 10 / 1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 / kloc-0/00 00 1 100 1 / 1 100 1 10 / 1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 / kloc-0/00 / 00 1 100 1 / 1 100 1 10 / 1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 100 1 100 1 10 / 00 1 1 100 / 00 1 100 1 / 1 100 / kloc-0/ 10 / 1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 100 / 00 1 100 1 / 1 100 1 10

1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 100 / 00 1 100 1 / 1 100 1 10 / 1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 100 / 00 1 100 1 / 1 100 1 10

Seven-character verse requires the third and fourth sentences, and the fifth and sixth sentences constitute seven-character couplets respectively, so there is only a case of flat feet, such as the antithesis in Li Shangyin's seven-character poem Untitled:

001100/1001001165438 Although my body doesn't have bright wings like a phoenix, I can feel the harmonious heartbeat of the sacred unicorn.

11001/001100 across the spring wine, while it warms me up, I'll remind you how to bet/there, in groups, we are at the crimson light.

Five-character verse also has four structures, as long as the first two of each seven-character sentence are removed:

1 1 100 / 00 1 10 / 000 1 1 / 1 1 100 / 1 100 1 / 00 / kloc-0/ 10 / 000 1 1 / 1 1 100

1 100 1 / 00 1 10 / 000 1 1 / 1 1 100 / 1 100 1 / 00 / kloc-0/ 10 / 000 1 1 / 1 1 100

00 1 10 / 1 1 100 / 1 100 1 / 00 1 10 / 000 1 1 // 1 / kloc-0/ 100 / 1 100 1 / 00 1 10

000 1 1 / 1 1 100 / 1 100 1 / 00 1 10 / 000 1 1 / 1 / kloc-0/ 100 / 1 100 1 / 00 1 10

The five-character rhyme requires the third and fourth sentences, and the fifth and sixth sentences form a five-character couplet respectively, such as the antithesis in Du Fu's poem "Spring Hope":

Petals fall like tears/Lonely birds sing their sorrows.

After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold.

Please refer to Wang Li's Poetic Metrics for the specific requirements of poetry leveling, and don't say much.

2. 1.2 Parallel Prose Mode

Parallel prose does not have a fixed number of words and sentences like regular poetry, nor does it need rhyme; However, there are fixed sentence patterns, mainly four sentences and six sentences, and some add a word into five sentences or seven sentences. Its antithesis is limited to two sentences, and it is flat and informal in non-rhythmic points. Parallel prose's feet are up and down, and there are also up and down. For convenience, just take Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting as an example:

1100/0011resorts are rare/feasts are hard to find.

00111100 Hong Xiaoyu Ji/Cai Qu

00-1100/111sunset (and) lonely Qi Fei/autumn water (* *) The sky is a color.

00 1 1,111100,00110 years of leisure, winning friends like clouds/welcoming thousands of miles, wedding.

1 100,001/0011,1100 He became more and more courtly, so he never accompanied carp. /This morning, he was charming. Xituolongmen

00 1 1, 00-111,1/1/.

Outstanding people, Xu Ru (below) Chen Fan's bed

1100-11100/00 1 1-00,001/.

Yuwen (from NSW, Fan Yi) is temporarily stationed in Yu Wei.

2. 1.3 couplet pattern

The sentence pattern of couplets we are talking about is a standardized sentence pattern, and the non-rhythmic points in actual use are flat and irregular.

The four-character and six-character couplets are derived from parallel prose and can form four-character couplets and six-character couplets:

Four words: 00111100 (Ge Zheng) Take a friend of literature/be a disciple in the past (Ding Shangzuo).

1100/001(change) Wei Chu Youcai/Yu Si Zechang (Yuelu Academy Alliance)

Six words:1100111100 (Ge Zheng) When did the cold start in spring/where did the peak come from (Dong Qichang)?

001100/10011(abnormal) revolution has not yet succeeded/comrades still have to work hard (Sun Yat-sen)

The five-character and seven-character sentence patterns of couplets come from metrical poems, which can be divided into five-character and seven-character couplets:

Wuyan Type A:110010010 Room: Elegant and Fragrant (Zheng Banqiao)

Wuyan Type B: 000111100 If you hear from Mei/wait for the crane to return.

Seven-character type a; 001100111/0 Spring Breeze Yuanlang 3000 Guest/Yue Ming Yangzhou First Floor (Zhao Ziang)

Qiyan Type B:1100111100 The Eastern Han Dynasty article was written in Pian Yu/Xiling Calligraphy (Zhu Jingyi).

Both a and b are indispensable in metrical poems, and one in couplets is enough. Because the B-type sentence pattern is close to the parallel prose sentence pattern, the structure is simple and easy to combine, so it is best to choose the B-type couplet when combining.

Couplets also introduce one word, two words and three sentences (usually used as quotations and lining words) from poetry to parallel prose, thus forming the best couplet system including one word to seven sentences (there are two types of three sentences):

1 / 0, 1 1 / 00, 00 1 / 1 10, 0 1 1 / 100, 00 1 1 / 1 100, 000 1 1 / 1 1 100,

1 100 1 1/ 00 1 100, 1 1000 1 1 / 00 1 1 100

With these sentence patterns, we can form couplets with a certain length according to our needs.

2. 1。 4 the best structure of couplets.

For those with one sentence on each side, use four-word, five-word, six-word, seven-sentence style; For those who have two sentences on each side, you can combine four sentences with yourself and five, six and seven sentences in pairs according to the requirements of the foot of the sentence to get the following optimal structure. Writing couplets according to the best structure is like writing poems to fill a temple. You can do whatever you want without overstepping the rules. Because at the point of non-rhythm, it is even and beautiful, but in fact it still has great elasticity. After skilled use, you can arrange sentences according to the feet of the four-character model, increase the number of sentences, increase the collar and interlining, and be even and natural.

The following is an example of the best couplet structure:

Siyanlian 00111100 Looking at the ocean and sighing/Being a neighbor of ghosts (Xu Tong)

Wuyanlian 001111100 Building Watch the Sea Day/Gate of Zhejiang Tide (Excerpt from Song Poetry)

Liu Yanlian11001/001100 This is Yin Shan Road/Rulai West Lake (Shaoxing East Lake Lotus).

Qiyanlian1100111100 Don't let the spring and autumn have a good life/coming to Sun Xingyan is the hardest.

Eight-character couplets1100,001/0011,100.

The human world is scarred, and the sages/folks in the poem suffer, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent (Guo Moruo Du Fu Caotang Union)

Hypericum japonicum1100,000111,100.

Those who can be kind in flowers and rain, may Song Ling for a hundred years/Park Mao in Tan Zhi and Gong Haidian ride three times ("Wanshou Festival")

1 1 100,00 1 1 / 000 1 1, 1 100

Heaven and earth are self-contained, lakes and mountains are beautiful, and peaches and plums are speechless (Peng)

Shiyan Company 1 100,111/001/00.

The gate opens to the sky, with a three-day scenic spot/Rank of 10,000, overlooking the wonders (Nantianmen, Mount Tai).

00 1 100,00 1 1 / 1 100 1 1, 1 100

Those who achieve great things are cautious, cautious all their lives/proud of portraits and always lofty (Wuhou Temple Trade Union)

Eleven words 1 100,110001/00100100.

Where is the evocation? Vanilla also gives birth to three families./At that time, Xiang Liu should know the heart of nine songs (Quyuan Temple Alliance)

1 1 100, 1 100 1 1 / 000 1 1,00 1 100

Eight hundred miles of lakes and mountains, knowing the year of the map/100,000 lights, all belong to this tower (Xu Wenchang)

Twelve-character couplets1100,110001/000165438.

I left in a hurry. I rode Crane Immortal to see my guests off/visit my family as soon as possible. I went upstairs in the autumn of Plum (Qian Kai).

2. cadence in1.5 long couplet.

According to the traditional point of view, those with more than 1 1 words on each side are called Changlian (Cao Xueqin), and "at most, there are twenty or thirty words" (Liang Zhangju), which makes sense. Because the advantages of couplets are concise, pleasing to the eye, suitable for hanging, not too long. Qiyan (1 100111 100) is a metrical sentence pattern, with eight characters (1100,000).

The structure of long couplet is complex, but the arrangement of sentence feet can be simplified to four-character pattern (00 1 1,100,11,001.

Couplets composed of two sentence patterns have the following footings: -0,-/kloc -0/-1,-0.

In the couplets composed of three sentence patterns, the footings are: -0, -0,-1-/kloc -0/,-/kloc -0/,-0 or-0,-1.

In a couplet composed of four sentence patterns, the foot sounds are:-1, -0,-1 -0,-1,-0.

And so on. Of course, each sentence is not necessarily four words, and you can also add a collar and an interlining. Can be applied flexibly. But in general, this is the pattern. The arrangement of this footing is mainly due to the need of long-term association and self-alignment with the same side.

2.2 Dual neatness (parallelism)

Antithesis is the basic feature of couplets. Without antithesis, there would be no couplets. The creation of couplets must work hard on antithesis. The antithesis of metrical poems is limited to two sentences, which are generally used in parallel prose and necklaces, and the antithetical sentences and antithetical sentences are not allowed to be repeated. Parallel prose antithesis extends between the first two sentences and the last two sentences, allowing appositive function words. The antithesis of couplets is as strict as metrical poems, and the form of long couplets on the same side is developed to the highest level.

2.2. 1 Relative words of the same kind

When it is true, what is false is true.

Only inaction.

This is the fifth couplet of Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions, which is very neat. Relativity of similar words is the basic principle of duality. The couplets "true", "false", "you" and "nothing" are highly abstract philosophical terms. "Left" and "Wei" are verbs with similar meanings. Time and place are adverbs in grammar. Literally, time can be understood as time, and place can be understood as space. "Yi" and "Huan" are adverbs with similar literal meanings, which can be considered as omitting the verb "Shi" in grammar. But we must understand that there is also self-esteem in the sentence, and "truth" versus "falsehood" and "being" versus "not being" are all reused once. This is the essence of this couplet.

When it comes to duality, people often make grammatical analysis to show that "the parts of speech are the same" or the grammatical structure is the same. However, too much emphasis on grammatical analysis sometimes complicates simple things. When talking about poetic style, Wang Li said: "Sentences with the same grammatical structure (that is, sentences with the same sentence structure) are antithetical sentences, which is certain. But at the same time, it should be noted that there is another situation in the antithesis of poetry, that is, it only requires literal relativity and does not require the same sentence pattern. " The same is true of antithesis of couplets (page 127 of Poetic Metrics). Couplets are very ornamental art, so sometimes they only need literal opposition, that is, words of the same kind are relative, especially function words to function words and content words to content words. Some similar words have a narrow range of choices, such as numbers, people's names, place names, book titles, animal names, plant names and so on. , so don't easily go beyond the scope. In particular, as long as the self-alignment is neat, it is not necessary to require each other to have the same part of speech.

2.2.2 Avoid crossing your hands.

Business is booming all over the world.

Rich in financial resources, reaching three rivers.

This couplet is the Spring Festival couplets commonly used in old shops. Occasionally, the neat antithesis complements the atmosphere of "congratulations on getting rich" in firecrackers, which is very popular among business people. However, further study will reveal that "connecting the four seas" and "reaching the three rivers" have the same meaning and are suspected of "crossing hands". It's a pity that seven words plus a * * * only have 14 words, of which six words can only be used as three words. Couplets are the most concise style in the article, and it is absolutely not allowed to waste pen and ink. In order to provide more information with fewer words, it is necessary to avoid two conjunctions saying the same meaning. For example, the use of "shocking the world", "announcing family news", "spreading auspicious words" and "auspicious light" in Spring Festival couplets can emphasize the festive or prosperous atmosphere, but it is still suspected of "crossing one's hands".

Yuan Mei mentioned in Poems with the Garden that "the Yellow Garden becomes a cloud: the mountain is like a screen standing in front of the window/the road is like a snake bypassing bamboo. Li intoned the cloud of Chongxian Temple: Huaming is about to turn from bamboo. Both happen to coincide. But yellow is not as heavy as folded, just as heavy as words and as heavy as similar words. Zhu Ji picked out more than 100 sentences to release Weng, which later generations often thought was a warning. " This passage shows that the antithesis of synonyms in poetry should not use "like" or "right". Although the glyphs and sounds are different, the meanings of words are the same. This seems a bit demanding, even for great poets. How can our generation not commit crimes? However, it should be noted that to avoid crossing hands, we must start with avoiding synonyms.

2.2。 3 it is better to object.

The breeze and bright moon are priceless.

Get the moon first by being close to the water.

Liang Zhangju's antithesis obtained by editing Canglang Pavilion. The upper part is connected with Ouyang Xiu's sentence, and the lower part is connected with Su Shunqin's sentence, all of which are Canglang Pavilion skills. This couplet uses antonyms "yes" to "no" and "all beings" to "priceless", which means that the breeze and the bright moon are everywhere, but for laymen, money can't buy them; Yamamoto, who has the advantage of getting the moon first, is a heartless thing, but in the eyes of the poet, it has become a sentient thing with strong contrast. It is more interesting to say that "the distant mountain is close to the water" is neat to "the breeze and the bright moon", that is, "the distant mountain is neat to" the water "and" the bright moon "is neat to" the breeze ".

Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long", "Natural formation, support must be double, rational use, things are not lonely." He also said that "there are four pairs of beautiful words: words are easy, things are difficult; Opposition is better, opposition is worse. People who tell the truth are better than those who talk empty words. When things are right, they will be tested by others. Those who oppose it are also those who are interested in it. If you are right, you will have the same meaning. " (Wen Xin Diao Long, Volume 7, Poem 35). "People who oppose it, people with different reasons and interests" means that although the meaning and reason are different, the main idea is the same. That is, opposites are complementary and all roads lead to the same goal. This is the essence of duality. In Spring Festival couplets, "ten years' official life is colder than plum blossoms/spring comes with firecrackers one night" (Article 289 of Talking about Music in Famous Couplets), the coldness of the first couplet reflects the excitement of the second couplet, which is also a good example of "opposition is the best".

2.2。 Self-adjustment in four sentences

Eyes full of green and red, Yingying Yan Yan.

Up and down, year after year, night after night.

This is the old couplet of the West Lake Flower Temple (Volume 6 of Conghua), which consists of four words and six sentences. Red to green, swallow to warbler, rain to wind, morning to dusk are all overlapping words in the sentence, and the whole couplet uses overlapping words. It can be seen that as long as the self-pairs in the sentence are all working pairs, then the whole couplet must be working pairs.

It must be reiterated that the "sentence" mentioned in this paper is not a sentence in modern grammar, but a pause in reading a sentence in ancient Chinese or a sentence pattern in poetry. This couplet is one sentence in grammatical structure and two sentences in tone structure (four-character and six-character combination). Five-character couplet or seven-character couplet is just self-correction in the sentence. When there are two or more sentences, there are not only self-righting within the sentence, but also self-righting between sentences or self-righting on the same side.

2.2。 5 ipsilateral self-alignment

When I wrote thousands of words, osmanthus fragrance was the yellow queen of Sophora japonica.

Go out and laugh at the full moon in the West Lake, and the east of Zhejiang will have a tidal wave.

This is Ruan Yuan's antithetical couplet, which consists of three four sentences and one word (positive/negative). Hiram Hospital is a place to test juries. This is a good season to talk about exams. During the exam, there are a lot of thoughts and a thousand words, and there is hope in the exam. "Gui" and "Huai" mean "winning laurel" and "Huai Tang", that is, studying, taking exams and being an official. The place where the second couplet talks about exams is very beautiful. After the exam, no matter what your grades are, you should relax and go to the West Lake to enjoy the moon and Qiantang to watch the tide. It is really ingenious to do political and ideological work for candidates in poetic language. This couplet "Osmanthus fragrans is fragrant, Sophora japonica is yellow" is on the same side as "The West Lake is full, and the tide rises in eastern Zhejiang", which has great artistic charm.

The development from self-linking of short sentences to self-linking of long couplets on the same side is an important symbol of the development of couplets. Self-confrontation on the same side is the basic form of long couplet. Mr. Lu has made outstanding contributions to the theory of the same side inverse problem. He said, "antithesis is the soul and essence of couplets. Without antithesis, there will be no couplets. Without understanding antithesis, it is impossible to write, appreciate, comment and study couplets. " He also said, "If the two sides are compared to the crown of couplet art, the self-confrontation on the same side can be compared to the diamond in the crown." (Lu couplet page 17 1- 172)

Relative phase weight

World-famous, never leave home.

I have never said a word.

This couplet was hung in Qian Xiangling's room in Qing Dynasty and written by Shi Shuoba of Sanfeng. Liang Zhangju said: "Liunan Essays" contains: Qian Xiangling and Lu Shen lived in Yushan in their later years, living in an old house with three trees, and the next place is Shi Mei, which is lush and green, like eyebrows. Mr. Wu sat among them, holding thousands of books in his hand, without stopping. People who enter the door often stop to wait and linger, and the gentleman is not at ease. Couplets are listed in the room, as above (Volume 1 of Couplets Conghua). Qian Luchan, a native of Changshu, whose real name is Xiangling and whose real name is Yuan Sha, is a juren of Shunzhi. He has a rich collection of books, teaches between Changzhou and Jinling, and travels widely. Xu Qianxue of Kangxi Middle School was the annual meeting of that year. Lu Can was 84 years old and had a high reputation. At the meeting, everyone was brothers. There is a collection of "Yun Zhai". This couplet should have been written in the early Qing dynasty, but it doesn't look like self-writing in tone. It is also rare to emphasize seven words in cross couplets. It shows that the couplets in Shunzhi and Kangxi periods are still allowed to share the same position and weight, and now no one will make such couplets again.

The basic law of couplets is "emphasis" and "rightness", which develops from "relative emphasis" to "self-respect".

having self-respect

Buddha's words are beyond words.

Confucius said, like what?

This is a couplet written by Yuan Youan (Yuling), the magistrate of Jingzhou in Ming Dynasty, when he was down and out in Jinling. "King Kong Prajna Paramita Sutra" has "what the Tathagata said is not desirable and cannot be said". In The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong, "Confucius said: If you don't say what it is, I will do what I didn't do." This couplet, from the classic, has been rewritten, so it is not a definite sentence. There is sarcasm in solemnity and grumbling in words. There are three words in the upper and lower couplet, which can strengthen the tone. Self-respect is far better than mutual respect, which naturally becomes the development direction of couplets.

2.3 Stick to the theme.

One of the differences between couplets and other styles is that there is no problem with couplets on the surface, but there is actually a problem. Couplets are pasted, hung, written and engraved on the entity, which becomes an integral part of indoor environment or places of interest, so the topic is self-evident. In the fifth lecture of A Dream of Red Mansions, Baoyu was tired and wanted to sleep. At the moment, Qin Keqing led a group of people to the building. Baoyu saw a couplet that read: "Only when everything is clear can you learn/people's understanding is an article." After reading these two sentences, even if the room is exquisite and beautifully decorated, he would never want to be here. Then everyone came to Qin's bedroom. As soon as he entered the room, there was a faint fragrance. Baoyu felt that his eyes were all over the place and his bones were weak. He even said, "It smells good!" When I entered the room, I saw a picture of "Sleeping in the Spring of Begonia" painted by Tang Bohu hanging on the wall. On both sides were couplets written by Qin Taixu, a scholar of the Song Dynasty: "The tender and cold dreams are fragrant because of the cold spring." These two couplets set off two indoor environments and two personal styles.

The meaning of couplets must be relevant, that is to say, to cut people, things, time and scenery. When Liang Zhangju comments on couplets, he often regards relevance as one of the criteria.

2.3. 1 It must be Mrs. Sun.

Homesick tears fall on the Wujiang River.

It is difficult for the emperor to return to Shu Road.

This is an inscription by Xu Wenchang for Mrs. Sun's ancestral couplet (Volume 6 of Conghua Lian). According to Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms", "the late Lord (Liu Bei) sent Zhuge Liang to bind Sun Quan himself. Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and other tens of thousands of water troops were sent to join hands with their predecessors to fight Tsao Kung (Cao Cao) in Chibi, which was a great disaster. . . . . . Qi (Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi) died of illness. The group pushed down the ancestors for Jingzhou animal husbandry public security. The right is a little fearful, and the sister is solid. " It can be seen that Sun Quan's marrying his sister to Liu Bei is the need to consolidate the alliance between Sun and Liu. This couplet fully reveals Mrs. Sun's emotional dilemma. Literally, there is no word Mrs. Sun, but every word expresses Mrs. Sun's feelings, which is very touching.

2.3.2 Only Wu Zetian is suitable.

All the powder girls in the sixth house suddenly became dim.

Foreign ambassadors and officials came to worship the emperor.

This is the couplet of Wuhou Temple (Volume 12 of Conghua). The first part uses Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow to illustrate that Wu Zetian began to become as popular as Yang Guifei. The second part uses Wang Wei's "Early Audience with Guangming Gongdiao and Poems by Minister Jia Zhi" to say that Wu Zetian later became a queen. Empress Dowager Cixi is not an emperor. Therefore, this couplet is the most suitable one for Wu Zetian in the history of China.

2.3.3 Huqiu Flower Temple is different from West Lake Flower Temple.

One hundred and eight rings, arousing spring dreams.

Twenty-four return letters, blowing incense in Qili Mountain Pond.

This is Suzhou Huqiu Flower Temple Alliance. Tiger Hill is in Qili, northwest of Suzhou, and Hanshan Temple is in Qiao Feng, ten miles west of Suzhou. One hundred and eight bells rang from Hanshan Temple. There are many flower farmers near Tiger Hill. Therefore, the clouds in Qilishan pond blow incense. Liang Zhangju commented: "But it can't be associated with the flower beds in the West Lake".

2.3.4 Write both Flower God and Moon Old.

Four winds blew open the red calyx and realized that it was always karma, and the fragrant country was taken away by flowers.

A hundred years is a red rope. May Li Yao and Tao be strong and good, and their love is long and round.

This is Wei Zibo's couplet of the West Lake Flower God Yuelao Temple. The first part is about the flower god, and the second part is about the old moon. Liang Zhangju commented: "Soft words in beautiful language are commensurate with the topic" (in the third volume).

2.3。 5 play the crown to celebrate, still shudder.

The meeting was full of champions.

There should be no scratching in this place.

In the Qing Dynasty, Dong Bangda wrote this couplet in a barber shop in Beijing, which was praised by a prince. From then on, his paintings and calligraphy became famous in Beijing (Volume 4 of Couplets Continuation). Fortunately, this couplet is a metaphor for both haircuts and officials. Yue's "Ode to the Suburb" has the sentence "If you don't resign, you will return to agriculture, and if you don't play the crown, you will become an official". A champion is an official. Song Luyou's "Climbing the North Gate in Autumn Night" has a saying that "the mountains and rivers are prosperous and the waste is scratching your head, and your life experience is stable." Scratching your head but having a haircut, I hope you will be an official, all the best and celebrate together. The couplets, which are also barbershops, make officials shudder:

Sharply ask how many heads there are in the world.

Let's try how the old lady does it.

According to legend, this couplet was written by Shi Dakai, a barber shop in Guixian, Guangxi, which was a liaison station before the Taiping Rebellion. Shi Dakai wrote this pair of couplets in order to attract the attention of heroes (Ancient and Modern Couplets, p. 32).

2.3.6 Seeking truth from facts

Refine the stone to make up the star, and work hard for two months.

The thousand-year-old remains of chiseling mountains and vibrating rivers and seas are in Sanjiang.

This is the Tang Shaoen Temple couplet inscribed by Xu Wenchang. Floods often occur in the coastal areas of Shaoxing. When Tang Shaoen was the magistrate of Shaoxing in the Ming Dynasty, Su Yingmen was built to solve the flood problem. So later generations set up a shrine to commemorate. This couplet is not a general praise, but a record of the engineering situation at that time, which can be regarded as the local water conservancy history. Liang Zhangju commented: "Dual-purpose idioms have everything and their surnames. The more people are willing to describe them."

The above three levels to talk about couplets. Levelling is the structural layer, duality is the text layer, and meaning is the ideological layer. In fact, the three are closely combined. When we analyze, we should first talk about equality, then talk about duality, and finally talk about meaning. It's just the opposite when writing couplets. First of all, we should make up our minds, determine the form according to the content, choose the corresponding optimal structure, then draw up sentences according to the level, and then consider the confrontation according to the sentences. The level and parallel antithesis of sentences and antitheses can be adjusted repeatedly, or even reinvented, and the best structure can be re-selected until it is satisfactory. In the case of instigation, the same is true except that the judgment is determined to be irrevocable.

Reference:

http://bbs.taisha.org/archiver/? tid- 13 1683 . html