What are the climatic characteristics of Hotan?

Hotan area belongs to extremely arid desert climate in warm temperate zone. Its main characteristics are: hot summer and cold winter, distinct seasons, abundant heat, large temperature difference between day and night and annual variation, long frost-free period, scarce precipitation, strong evaporation, dry air and obvious vertical distribution of climatic zones. In Kunlun area, the annual average temperature drops by 0.5 ~ 0.7 degrees Celsius for every 100 meter temperature increase.

The temperature changes greatly, the sunshine time is long (the annual sunshine time is 2500-3500 hours), the precipitation is less, the air is dry, and the annual average precipitation is about150 mm.

There are many ethnic minorities in Hotan, with different customs and strong religious color. Eating with ethnic comrades must be halal, that is, no pork, dog meat, etc. Don't say anything. This is a taboo in their lives and cannot be violated. But don't absolutely change your eating habits, pay attention to the collocation of meat and vegetables, drink more water and eat more fruits. Hotan is the hometown of melons and fruits. Eating fruit in Hotan is a great pleasure, but don't drink hot tea after eating fruit to avoid diarrhea. You should take relevant medicines and some standing medicines for treating diseases, such as band-AIDS, cold medicines or medicines for treating gastrointestinal discomfort.

The geographical environment of Hotan

topography

Kunlun Mountain Range, the Nanyue Mountain Range in Hotan area, reaches the northern Tibetan Plateau, with a length of about 670 kilometers from east to west and a width of 600 kilometers from north to south, with a total area of 247,800 square kilometers. The Kunlun Mountain in the south of Hotan region is curved across the east and west, with overlapping peaks and steep mountains. The northern slope is a low mountainous area with shallow hills and canyons, while the southern slope is gentle. The highest peak of the mountain range is generally around 6000 meters above sea level, and the highest is over 7000 meters. Due to the dry climate, the height of the desert is generally 3300 meters, and in some areas it can reach 5000 meters. The snow lines on the north and south slopes are above 6000m and 5500m respectively. Linqitang Depression was formed at the geographical boundary between Kunlun and Karakorum Mountains, and modern salt lakes and saline-alkali swamps developed, forming alpine lakes.

From the foothills to the north in Hotan area, Gobi is horizontally distributed, alluvial fan plains and river oases continue to be distributed, and the fan edge connects Taklimakan Desert and the center of Tarim Basin. The remnant vein of Mazatage Guyushan remains in the northwest of the northern desert area, with an altitude of 430 meters.

Geomorphological units in Hotan area can be divided into:

1, the highest mountain area: 5200 ~ 5500 meters above sea level, which is a modern glacier and permanent snow belt, mostly composed of hard metamorphic rocks, granite and other ancient rocks, and the mountain is magnificent.

2. Alpine zone: 4200 ~ 5200 meters above sea level, generally bare land. There are many ancient glacial remains. Such as the ancient moraine in Chelaiya Gate, the ice bucket area at the source of Tahe River in Coucal, and the moraine lake in Keqikekule.

3. Subalpine zone: the altitude is 3400 ~ 4200m, the soil layer is deep, the parent rock of the mountain peak is exposed, the rock wall is steep, the hillside is obviously eroded and cut, and the mountain is undulating, with a general slope of 20 ~ 38 degrees.

4. Zhongshan Belt: 3000 ~ 3400 meters above sea level, with undulating mountains and obvious peaks. The mud garden at the top of the mountain is a quasi-plain landform with a grassland soil type formed by thick loess. There are vast and excellent grasslands here, and it is an important animal husbandry base in Hotan area.

5. Low mountain area: at an altitude of 2,200-3,000 meters, the mountain is gentle, the covering soil layer is very thick, a large amount of Kunlun loess is accumulated, and farmland is distributed on terraces along the river, which is a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry.

6. Slope plain below the mountain: elevation 1250 ~ 2200m. Altitude 1700 ~ 2200m, it is Gobi, covered with coarse sand and gravel, with sparse and ultra-dry vegetation; At an altitude of 1450 ~ 1700m, it is a bare coarse gravel Gobi, at an altitude of 1250 ~ 1450m, with an ancient oasis distribution area, long-term irrigation siltation and continuous soil.

7. Desert area: The northern area below1250m above sea level is connected with the hinterland of Taklimakan desert, where drought-tolerant vegetation grows.

Location context

Hotan area is located at the southernmost tip of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with the center at 79.92 east longitude and 37. 12 north latitude. Kunlun Mountain in South Vietnam reaches the northern Tibetan Plateau, adjacent to Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture in the east, deep into the hinterland of Taklimakan in the north, adjacent to Aksu region in the west, adjacent to Kashgar region, and bordering India and Pakistan in the southwest, with a boundary line of 2 10 km long. It is about 670 kilometers long from east to west and 600 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 247,800 square kilometers.

hydrology

There are 36 rivers in Hotan area with an annual runoff of 7.4 billion cubic meters. The seasonal contrast of rivers is great, with flooding in summer, severe drought in autumn and winter and extreme water shortage in spring. The inflow from April to May only accounts for 7% of the whole year.

Most rivers in Hotan area are inland rivers. Generally, it is divided into five inflow areas: Pishan, Hotan-Moyu-Luopu, Qira-Yutian-Minfeng and Qiangtang Plateau Lake Area. In addition, there is the outflow area of Chipchapp River flowing into India (annual outflow of water is 293 million cubic meters). There are 36 rivers in the plain area, and 30 rivers are used for irrigation and drinking water for people and animals.

Hotan scenic spot

Ying' airike RES

Ying 'airike Reservoir is located at the edge depression of alluvial fan at Hotan City 18km, belonging to plain reservoir. The storage capacity is 42.25 million cubic meters, the regulated storage capacity is 25 million cubic meters, and the average water depth is 6.5 meters. On the west side of the reservoir is Yinglike Dune, and on both sides of the north bank outlet are fish ponds and gardens.

Niya ruins

The Niya site is located in Minfeng County, the lower reaches of the Niya River, the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert, and the south road of the ancient Silk Road, with an average elevation of1.300m. Niya site is a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Niya site is the residential site of ancient residents. It is about 140 km away from Minfeng County, and is located in the hinterland of the desert due north of the county. It is the seat of the "exquisite country" of Han and Jin dynasties about 1800 years ago, and it is one of the most important ancient sites in the Taklimakan desert. It is about 27 kilometers long from north to south and 8 kilometers long from east to west. This is a valuable written material for studying the history of the western regions. Due to the precious cultural relics unearthed from the site, it has not been open to ordinary tourists.

A Qin folk-custom garden

A Qin Folk Garden is located in the south of Mo Yuxian, 40km away from Hotan City, in Qinabag Village, Aksalayi Township. At the end of 2007, it was rated as 3A scenic spot at autonomous region level, national industrial and agricultural demonstration site and five-star farmhouse music. There is a buttonwood tree in the garden, which is called "A Qin" in Uyghur, and "A Qin" is China's English translation of Uyghur, meaning "Paulownia China". The height of the tree is more than 30 meters, the diameter of the main pole is 3 meters, and the crown covers the ground 1.5 mu.

Baiyuhe scenic spot

Baiyu River, also known as Yulong Kashi River, has been named for producing Hetian jade since ancient times. Baiyu River is the main producing area of white jade, with 36 kinds of Hetian jade such as sapphire, sapphire, topaz, jasper and white jade. Baiyu originated from the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain, with a total length of 504 kilometers and an annual runoff of 2.26 billion cubic meters.

Further reading: What's the climate like in Hotan, Xinjiang?

Hotan area is deep inland, far away from the ocean, surrounded by high mountains (Tianshan, Kunlun and Pamir), and influenced by ocean airflow, it is continental. It is difficult to reach the cold and humid airflow from the west and the hot and humid airflow from the Indian Ocean. The southeast monsoon prevailing in eastern China is also difficult to drift because of its long distance. This area is located at low latitude, and the cold wave is blocked by Tianshan Mountain, so the temperature is high and it belongs to the extremely arid desert climate in warm temperate zone. Its main characteristics are: hot summer and cold winter, distinct seasons, abundant heat, large temperature difference between day and night and annual variation, long frost-free period, scarce precipitation, strong evaporation, dry air and obvious vertical distribution of climatic zones. In Kunlun area, the annual average temperature drops by 0.5 ~ 0.7 degrees Celsius for every 100 meter temperature increase.

Due to the large scope and area of the whole region, there are great differences in biology and climate under different landform conditions, which can be roughly divided into three climate types: southern region, oasis plain region and northern desert region.

Southern mountainous area: It includes the Qian Shan Valley area with an altitude of1800 ~ 3000m, and belongs to temperate or cold temperate climate zone. According to the meteorological data of Nurbangan (altitude 1970m) and Montenegro (altitude 1800m) in Qira County, the annual average temperature is 4.7℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 34.0℃. The annual precipitation 127.5 ~ 20 1.2 mm, and the active accumulated temperature greater than 10℃ is below 3400℃, with short summer and long winter. The inversion layer is obvious in some areas, and the temperature in winter is 65438 0-2℃ higher than that in plain areas.

The climate in mountainous areas above 3000 meters above sea level is cold, and there are no four seasons, only the difference between cold and warm. The cold season is longer than the warm season, and the precipitation distribution is extremely uneven. The average annual precipitation is about 300 mm, and the growth period above 0℃ is 120 ~ 150 days. Above 5500 meters above sea level, it is a permanent snow belt below 0℃ all the year round.

In the oasis plain area, the basic characteristics of the four seasons climate are: long and windy in spring, hot and dry in summer, cool and fast in autumn, less snowfall and not cold in winter. It belongs to warm temperate zone and extremely dry desert climate. The annual average temperature is11.0℃ ~12.1℃, the annual precipitation is 28.9 ~ 47. 1mm, and the annual evaporation is 2198 ~ 2790 mm.

Northern desert area: The climate is very dry, with little rain, strong sunshine and drastic changes in hot and cold, mostly sand wind, which is a very typical continental desert climate area.

The accumulated temperature ≥0℃ in plain area is 4507. 1 ~ 4783.0℃, and ≥ 10℃ is 406.1~ 431.6℃. The accumulated temperature in desert areas is higher, such as the accumulated temperature of Hotan Tawakule ≥0℃ is 50000. For example, the accumulated temperature of Hotan Montenegro ≥0℃ is 2453.4℃, that of Hotan Montenegro ≥ 1865.2℃, that of Kangxiwa ≥0℃ 1090.3℃, that of ≥ 10℃ is 293.3℃, and that of sweet water sea.

The frost-free period in plain area is 182 ~ 226 days, mostly more than 200 days. The first frost period in desert and mountainous area is later than that in plain oasis area, such as Tawakule in Hotan, 200 ~ 2 10 day, and about 100 day in Montenegro.

There is little snowfall in winter, with an average snowfall of 6.3 days, an average snowfall of 3.6 mm, a maximum snowfall of 2 1 day and a snowfall of 23.2 mm, which is not cold in winter. The annual temperature is between 23 and 35℃, and the daily range is between 12.8 ~ 16.3℃.