How do countries manage smog?

Over the past few days, more than 0/00 cities in China/Kloc have suffered from "smog on ten sides", with the value of PM2.5 exceeding the warning line, shrouded in smog and serious air pollution. Smog is not only a problem in China, but also a headache for all countries. Many countries are also trying various methods to control smog. Britain has introduced a series of air pollution prevention and control bills; The implementation of the coal control plan in the United States has reduced the emission of pm2.5; Japan's Ministry of the Environment formulates the PM2.5 standard; Germany has formulated long-term and short-term emission reduction measures ... taking stock of national measures to control smog.

Britain: The legislation delineates the "smoke control zone" where coal burning is prohibited, and vigorously promotes the substitution of natural gas for coal. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, Britain entered a period of rapid industrial development, and the exhaust gas produced by London factories formed extremely thick grayish yellow smoke. 1February 5, 952 to1February 5, 0, the "London Smog Incident" occurred. In these four days, the death toll in London was as high as 4000. Since then, the British have learned a lesson and made great efforts to improve the environment. The government has taken a series of measures, including: using smokeless fuel, promoting electricity and natural gas; Give priority to the development of public transport, curb the development of private cars and reduce automobile exhaust emissions; Expand the green area; Strive to build a low-carbon ecological society. Today, London has made remarkable progress through 70 years of hard work.

United States: Focus on limiting emissions from motor vehicles and power plants. 1In July, 1997, the US Environmental Protection Agency took the lead in proposing PM2.5 as the national ambient air quality standard. In 2006, the standard was improved to realize 24-hour monitoring of ambient air quality in China, and the monitoring results of PM2.5 and the forecast data of the next day were published in official website. People can also download the mobile phone application to check the overall air condition, real-time condition, PM2.5 value and ozone monitoring data at any time. After taking office, US President Barack Obama implemented a series of laws and regulations to increase coal costs and control greenhouse gas emissions based on his commitment to "climate change response action". After the implementation of the coal control plan of the National Environmental Protection Agency, it also brought benefits to the smog control plan in the region. Controlling coal combustion also reduces pm2.5 emissions, thus weakening the basis of smog.

France: Providing health advice to the public In order to reduce pollutant emissions, improve air quality and prevent air pollution from endangering human health, France promulgated an air quality decree in 20 10, which stipulated the upper limits of PM2.5 and PM 10. In addition, the French government has also implemented a series of schemes aimed at reducing air pollution, such as emission reduction scheme, particulate matter scheme, carbon emission trading system, local air quality scheme and atmospheric protection scheme.

Japan: * * The Ministry of the Environment of Japan published the environmental standard of PM2.5 on September 9, 2009, stipulating that the annual average value of PM2.5 is below 15 μ g/m3, and the daily average value is below 35 μ g/m3. The air pollution lawsuit in Tokyo promoted the local government's legislation on PM2.5. From June 5438 to February 2000, Tokyo formulated relevant laws and regulations, stipulating that diesel vehicles that did not meet PM2.5 emission standards were prohibited from driving in Tokyo. From June 5438 to February 2002, at the summit meeting of seven counties and cities in the capital circle, it was decided to strengthen cooperation, promote the installation of filter devices as soon as possible to reduce PM2.5 emissions, and set up the "Diesel Countermeasures Promotion Headquarters". Today, the Capital Circle has developed into a blue sky network organization in nine counties and cities, and regularly conducts relevant inspections at highway entrances and rest areas. Most car companies will install filters when designing diesel vehicles, and more and more old cars are also installing filters.

Germany: Formulate long-term and short-term emission reduction measures. In Germany, if air pollution is serious, emergency action should be taken first. If we want to fundamentally reduce urban air pollution, we need to take some long-term measures in legislation and management. Germany usually has the following practices: First, Germany is vigorously encouraging motor vehicles to install exhaust gas purification devices, and car owners who install filters can get state subsidies. Second, strict emission standards for large boilers and industrial facilities. Europe unified industrial emission standards and issued industrial emission orders. Third, formulate emission standards for small boiler equipment, such as house heating and other heating equipment. Fourth, formulate emission standards for machinery and equipment, such as construction machinery.

In the early 1990s, Seoul was rated as one of the top ten polluted cities in the world because of its serious air pollution. With the upgrading of Korean industry and the improvement of public awareness of environmental protection, the air quality in Seoul and even the whole of Korea has been substantially improved. Seoul controls the total number of new and expanded facilities such as factories and schools that lead to population concentration. When Beijing used the lottery to control private cars, Seoul used taxes and fees to curb the growth and use of private cars. At the same time, Seoul also has a "limit number". Car owners can register with the traffic control department and choose not to drive for one day during work from Monday to Friday, so the congestion charge will be halved when passing through Nanshan Tunnel in the remaining four days, and the tax will also be reduced by 5% when buying a car.

In Milan, Italy, because of the serious air pollution, the government decided to tax the most polluted cars. From 7: 00 to 19 on weekdays, cars with serious pollution must pay 2 to 10 euros to enter the city. Rome carries out "Green Sunday" activities, and only eco-cars such as electric cars can drive on the streets. In 2007, the municipal authorities tried to push a ban, stipulating that when the pollutants in the air per cubic meter exceeded 50 mg for 12 days, motor vehicles were prohibited from going on the road. However, many environmentalists believe that banning cars is not the fundamental way, and the government should strengthen the construction of public transport and encourage everyone to travel by public transport.

As many as 20 million people live in Mexico City, the capital of Mexico. Although Mexico City has been separated from the ranks of major polluted cities in the world 10 after years of treatment, the air pollution problem in Mexico City has become more and more prominent with the doubling of the number of cars in the city and the unfavorable geographical conditions surrounded by mountains. In June 5438+10, the Mexican government installed a special external wall with a height of 2,500 square meters outside the hospital under construction. This special wall can effectively remove all kinds of pollutants in the air. Any organic particle that touches the surface of this wall will be decomposed by chemical reaction. The catalyst is carbon dioxide, which can only be carried out by sunlight. This technology has been applied in Australia and Dubai before and is expected to be widely promoted in more countries.

In Tehran, Iran, in recent years, the content of various pollutants, especially the content of inhalable particles in the air, has seriously exceeded the standard, and the air quality has deteriorated sharply. The authorities tried to carry out artificial rainfall or artificial airflow to blow away the "smog" that enveloped Tehran. In addition, they have taken measures such as promoting clean energy, eliminating old cars and improving automobile exhaust emission standards, but the effect is not obvious.

As one of the emerging economies, Brazil suffered serious environmental pollution and destruction in the 1960s and 1970s. 1985 to 1994 in the first stage of treatment, Kubatang city focused on controlling the discharge of "three wastes" from major pollution source enterprises, and 1992 was awarded the title of "global ecological environment treatment demonstration city" by the United Nations. Since 1994, Kubatang City has shifted the focus of governance to vegetation restoration and urban re-planning, and launched an emergency plan for environmental accidents. In more than 20 years, local enterprises have invested 654.38 billion US dollars in pollution control. At present, there are 54 enterprises engaged in petrochemical, metallurgical and fertilizer production in Kubatang Industrial Park, and the monthly emission of atmospheric particles has dropped to 300 tons, only 1% of that year.